The pattern of international division of labor is related to the development space and orientation of a country, and its evolution trend will naturally attract people's close attention. Many documents have analyzed the deepening and changes of international division of labor. In fact, the division of labor system between developing countries and developed countries is undergoing profound changes: 1. The traditional vertical division of labor is changing to mixed division of labor, showing a multi-level new pattern of inter-industry division of labor, intra-industry division of labor and intra-product division of labor. International division of labor is carried out between different industries, and its main characteristics are that developing countries are engaged in the production of resource-based primary products and developed countries are engaged in the production of finished products; Or developing countries are engaged in the production of labor-intensive products, such as toys, shoes and hats, which belong to the low-end products of manufacturing industry; Developed countries are engaged in the production of capital and technology-intensive products, such as machinery and electronics, which belong to the high-end products of manufacturing industry. In this pattern of division of labor, the industrial boundaries are clear, forming an international division of labor and cooperation system characterized by vertical division of labor.
Intra-industry division of labor. International division of labor is carried out according to different links in the internal industrial chain of the same industry. Specifically, the industrial chain can be divided into three major links: first, technical links, including research and development, creative design, improvement of production and processing technology and technical training; The second is the production process, including logistics procurement, motherboard production, system production, terminal processing, testing, quality control, packaging and inventory management; Third, marketing links, including distribution logistics, wholesale and retail, advertising, brand management, after-sales service. After years of economic transformation and industrial upgrading, developed countries gradually focus on R&D and brand marketing, control core technologies and management skills, and transfer processing and manufacturing links to form a typical "dumbbell-shaped" production structure; Developing countries, on the other hand, seek their own development space, define their own development orientation, undertake this industrial link transfer, and focus on the processing and manufacturing links in the global value chain. Nike, for example, is a typical micro case. Nike has mastered product design and key technologies, authorized foreign manufacturers such as Viet Nam and China to produce products according to their product specifications and technical standards, and established its own global marketing network to publicize and sell products and provide after-sales service.
Intra-product division of labor. International division of labor is based on different technologies of the same product or different technical contents of parts. Generally speaking, high-tech processes and parts with high added value are completed by developed countries, while developing countries mostly undertake the production of primary parts with low added value, or the main parts rely on imports to undertake the final processing and assembly, thus producing a large number of "Wan Guo brand" products. For example, China's four major aircraft manufacturing companies, Shanghai, Xi 'an, Chengdu and Shenyang, have all undertaken the manufacture of the flat tail, vertical tail and CFM aero engines of Boeing 737.
In this multi-level industrial division pattern, the division of labor is not only manifested in the vertical division of labor-intensive industries and capital-technology-intensive industries in the traditional sense, but also in the horizontal division of labor between different links in the same industry and the same product value chain. Up to now, because some developing countries are still unable to get rid of primary products and still participate in the international division of labor in a vertical way, the vertical division of labor is still playing a role. However, it should be said that the horizontal division of labor is more suitable for the background of production globalization, and more and more shows its important position in the international division of labor, which makes the production activities of all countries in the world no longer be carried out in isolation, but become an organic part of the global production system and a link in the commodity value chain.
2. Under the new pattern of international division of labor, the traditional international industrial transfer is correspondingly evolving into industrial chain, product process decomposition and global allocation. For example, in East Asia, the traditional pattern of division of labor is that Japan has successively transferred labor-intensive industries (textiles and clothing in the 1960s and 1970s and household appliances in the 1980s). ) Entering into the recession stage, it has shown the characteristics of industrial gradient transfer to the "Four Little Dragons" in Asia and ASEAN, and then to the coastal areas of China. Japan, the Asian "Four Little Dragons", ASEAN and China have different stages of economic and industrial development, forming a pattern of flying geese and industrial division of labor with Japan as the "leading geese". However, with the evolution of international division of labor, the boundary of international division of labor is changing from the industrial level to the value chain level. A country's competitive advantage is no longer reflected in a specific industry or a specific product, but in the links or processes occupied in the industrial chain, because from the perspective of industrial chain segmentation, technology-intensive industries have their labor-intensive links (such as processing and assembly of high-tech products) and labor-intensive industries have their knowledge-intensive links (such as clothing design of clothing industry). On the basis of value chain decomposition, each enterprise can only shrink its business field and engage in a certain link or process in the value chain according to its core competence and superior resources. Any enterprise can survive and develop better only if it is integrated into a certain value chain and positioned accurately in the value chain. For developed countries, under the background of production globalization, as multinational companies seek the best allocation of resources on a global scale, they will inevitably seek to organize production in countries or regions with the lowest cost. Due to the large regional differences in labor costs, not only the traditional labor-intensive industries, but also the labor-intensive links of high-tech industries will inevitably shift overseas, thus providing new opportunities and conditions for developing countries to intervene in emerging industries and fully participate in international division of labor and international competition.
3. Under the new pattern of international division of labor, the promotion of a country or region's position in international division of labor will mainly be manifested in the promotion of the position and value-added ability of industrial chain or product process. In the new international division of labor system, the promotion of a country or region's international division of labor status is not only manifested in the promotion of industrial level, but also in the promotion of the status and value-added ability of industrial chain or product process. Because with the deepening of international division of labor, the industrial boundary of international division of labor is weakening, and the role of industrial chain or product process is improving. Specifically, at the level of industrial chain, the shift from manufacturing to R&D, design and brand marketing is a significant symbol of the improvement of value-added ability and division of labor; The production process can be subdivided into upstream production (production of key components, such as chips in computers and magnetrons in microwave ovens) and downstream production (processing and assembly of terminals). The closer to the upstream production, the higher the technical content and the greater the added value. The closer to the downstream production, the lower the requirement for knowledge and skills, and the smaller the added value. Therefore, in the production process, the progress from downstream production to upstream production also means the promotion of division of labor status and value-added ability.