Dadufu, established in the 21st year of Yuan Dynasty when Zhu Yuanzhang became a relatively independent regime (136 1), perished in the 13th year of Ming Hongwu (1380) when extreme monarchy was established, and only existed for 20 years. Ancient and modern theorists often regard it as the embryonic form or primary stage of the system of the five armies' governor-general's mansion, while their position in political history is often regarded as a part of the crude system of the Red Army in the south of the Yangtze River at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, it was only the setting of rights and interests before the perfection of the autocratic system. Therefore, the relevant officials and military systems recorded in Huidian and Shi Ming are based on the situation in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and the system of the Ministry of War, the commander-in-chief of the five armies, is introduced in detail, but the formation process of this system is not clear. Among them, the rise and fall, separation, function and status of the metropolitan government in recent 20 years only followed the general theory of scholars in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, but it was inherited by people who discussed the Ming Dynasty system for a long time. Such a conclusion is not only brief, but also superficial or taken for granted, which is not enough to understand the truth of institutional changes, let alone explore the nature of the changes in power distribution hidden behind institutional changes. Although many contemporary scholars have thoroughly explained the evolution of the metropolitan government by combing the materials in Historical Records, no one has made a key study on the evolution of the metropolitan government. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the three key links of "reform", "emphasis" and "division" in the change of metropolitan government and reveal its political and historical background.

"change"

As for the establishment of the Government House, the details are as follows: In March of 21, the Privy Council was changed to the Government House. 1 Therefore, the relevant records in Huidian and Shi Ming are vaguely recorded as "change". According to the records before and after the records, Nan Bingwen proved that the so-called "Privy Council" was wrongly called "Privy Council". It is speculated that Zhu Yuanzhang was dissatisfied with the shackles of Longfeng and wanted to establish his own Wang Ye, so he no longer used the name of the Privy Council with the meaning of local institutions to avoid excessively stimulating the Longfeng regime. Therefore, he did not call it the Privy Council, but adopted a clever means of renaming it as the Dudufu. Combined with the analysis of the political background at that time, the background and significance of the word "change" are not limited to this.

About Zhu Yuanzhang's "discontent", it is generally based on Liu Ji's curse on Han Liner and the realization of Zhu Yuanzhang's legend. Jian attributed it to the third day of the first month of this year, and Qian pointed out that Liu Ji "should not make waves like this." So I still don't want to attribute the name change to Zhu Yuanzhang's "dissatisfaction".

At the beginning of the 21st year of Zheng Zheng (136 1), Zhu Yuanzhang was made the Duke of Wu by the Longfeng regime, and then the reform of the Ministry system was carried out. The Privy Council's change to the Dudufu was the key link in this big reorganization. In order to avoid this matter, Shi Lu did not hesitate to advance the matter of Wu Guogong to five years ago and fabricated a lie that people would support. Therefore, the record of the specific links and background of the reorganization is extremely chaotic, which almost drowned this important event.

Previously, Zhu Yuanzhang was in charge of the military and political affairs as a prime minister or even as a book province in the south of the Yangtze River, that is, the book province in the south of the Yangtze River was the highest institution headed by Zhu Yuanzhang, and the Privy Council under it was the place where generals appointed officials. At present, Zhu Yuanzhang is the Duke of Wu above Zhongshu Province and the king of a country. So he imitated the central system of the Yuan Dynasty and established an independent system. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central government and the provincial governments had similar institutional setup and power distribution, but the central government had an emperor in charge of the overall situation, controlling the provincial government and the Privy Council, while the local governments only controlled the Privy Council, with provincial officials or prime ministers in charge. Zhu Yuanzhang rose from the head of the province (even the prime minister) to the head of a relatively independent regime. Changing the institutional setup to adapt to the situation should be justified within the Longfeng regime, not a manifestation of "dissatisfaction." Only from this perspective can we understand the background of this reorganization.

In name only, the word "line" of the Privy Council may not be unbearable for Zhu Yuanzhang, because at the same time, the word "line" of Zhongshu Province has been used for several years. The Governor's Mansion originated in the Yuan Dynasty and was established by the Prime Minister Yan Tiemu, who was in charge of all the guards. Liu Ji, Song Lian and others who participated in the customization must be familiar with this point, so the "reform" may be regarded as Zhu Yuanzhang's rising status and becoming a symbol of the "powerful minister" of the Dragon and Phoenix Club. However, the nominal wording is only superficial. From the differences between the former Privy Council and the Governor's Office in terms of subordinate institutions, power operation and appointment of officials, it can be seen that the purpose of renaming is to adjust the power distribution system.

Previously, the "central" organization of Zhu Yuanzhang's department was the Privy Council, and the officials in Zhongshu Province were generally only Zhu Yuanzhang, and all military commanders were Privy Council officials; The local government set up a general's office and a government office in the former Yuan Dynasty to unify the military and political affairs, and then set up a Privy Council on it to take charge of the military and political affairs. In this way, the upper and lower systems of Privy Council-Privy Council-government (government for the people and marshal government) have been formed. Different from the system that provinces were subordinate to states, counties and military departments in Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang's subordinate institutions were subordinate to the Privy Council rather than provinces. At that time, every big city in Zhu Jun needed senior military commanders to guard it. Military commanders were all promoted by the presidential system and marshals to the courts of the Privy Council for trial, and they got to know each other, which naturally formed a central-local guard system composed of military commanders at all levels. However, although the relationship between the central command organization in China and the Privy Council has not been destroyed, there is no clear governance relationship with other places.

The restructuring began at the level of local unified system: in February, "the Privy Council was divided into Chinese provinces." Seven provinces obviously refers to the "travel" of a book province. In the 18th year of Zheng Zhi (1358), the Yuan Dynasty established eight provinces under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province, which was imitated by Zhu Yuanzhang, who just occupied southern Zhejiang. Originally, the Privy Council was the institution in charge of local military and political affairs, but it was changed to the system of dividing Chinese books into provinces, which was in contrast with the system of military and political integration with Chinese books as the highest local institution in the Yuan Dynasty. In May, "Hu Dahai participated in politics for Zhongshu in various provinces and was in charge of military forces in Jinhua counties. Everything is left to Wang Kai as the minister and Shi Bing as the mirror. " 10 Hu Dahai used to be an official of the Privy Council, but now he is appointed as a provincial book; Wang Kai was originally the secretariat of the Chinese Book (1 1), but now he is the secretariat of the Chinese Book. This also solved the relationship between local civil servants and military commanders from the system. Since then, the military governments in various places have changed from the Privy Council-Privy Council system to the Chinese book province-Chinese book province system, and the Privy Council, the later governor, has become a purely "central" institution. This is the first substantive change of the Privy Council to the Governor.

Although the former Privy Council was nominally the office of military commanders at all levels, it did not have any power to handle military affairs. According to records, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jinhua, Yangzhou, Taiping, Zhuquan and even Wuyuan all set up branches, except Huizhou, the important town guarded by Privy Council official Deng Yu. Tang Guifang, who lived in Huizhou (Xing 'an) at that time, wrote: "The province will be opened next year ... Next year, the secret college will be moved to Xing 'an. "12 records show that Deng Yu was an official of the Privy Council, not a branch of the Privy Council, during his promotion from the imperial court to the hospital. It can be seen that Deng Yu moved to the Privy Council in the 17th year (1357), so there is no need to set up a branch of the Council in Huizhou. Deng Yu "Ding Younian" (according to: 1357) led the troops to the county in October, traveling between Jiangsu and Zhejiang, with the emblem as the garrison. "13 did not emphasize the position of the Privy Council, and the titles of civil agencies and leading officials under the Privy Council never appeared in historical materials. The above situation shows that the Privy Council is only the highest military body in name, and official posts at all levels are only used to arrange the ranks of military commanders. If we can "reposition" with the unimportant General Deng Yu, it is by no means the highest military organization with military affairs handling power.

The institution dealing with military affairs is the Ministry of Books of China. A letter about Tao An said: "Jiangnan and other places are provinces of China. 2004124, officials of the Senate and the left and right departments received the imperial edict: look up to the leaders of this province, report the housing allocation, take charge of the affairs ... armory ... events: protecting the wing, preventing the enemy, transferring soldiers and recruiting generals, receiving various rewards, calling the list, declaring official positions, guarding the entrance guard, reporting good news before the army, and seizing officials. 14 years; four years is eighteen years (1358). /kloc-at the end of 0/0, it was the eve of Zhu Yuanzhang's "personal expedition" to Wuzhou Road, and the leaders of various roads were in charge of the affairs of each room separately, similar to the rooms saved by Zhongshu in the Yuan Dynasty. It should be a temporary measure to strengthen the control of the affairs of Zhongshu Province during Zhu Yuanzhang's absence. Whether it is customized afterwards is unknown. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang was the prime minister of the province, and Li Shanchang, his highest civil servant, was only the Senate, so the institutions involved in military and political affairs must be the Senate and the left and right departments. Compared with the five armories set up in the right division of Zhongshu Province in Yuan Dynasty, the armory handled much broader affairs, covering almost all aspects of military operations, which proved that Zhu Yuanzhang handled military affairs not through the Privy Council, but through the subordinate institutions of Zhongshu Province.

When the Governor's Office was changed, "the Privy Council was appointed as the Governor, and together with Zhu Wenzheng, it controlled the military affairs of China and foreign countries. Li Shanchang and Sima in Chinese Book

Things, Song Siyan and military affairs, former school Tan Qizong for experience, history and hope for everything. "15 according to all military commanders, viceroy and civil servants of the Privy Council. Moreover, the posts of Sima and joining the army are very important, and they are not empty posts: "The formulation of military policies in previous dynasties or joining the army did help the monarch's prudence ... not a person, but also a mistake. The sergeant is not strong or weak, confused, and the rewards and punishments are not fine. There are many disadvantages. "16 Guo Jingxiang once went to the field as a soldier with Yang. In April of the 23rd year of Zheng Zheng (1363), Xie Zaixing defected in Zhuji, and the highest official held hostage was "Li Menggeng joined the army" 18. Twenty-four years to Zheng Zheng [source: paper world paper network lunwentianxia.com] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Next page.

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