Paper Keywords: Waldorf Anthropology overall education overall curriculum
Abstract: Waldorf education founded by Steiner has developed so far, and its curriculum has formed a prominent holistic view. Anthropology? Theory, proposal? Body? 、? Heart? 、? Spirit? All-round development, treating people as a whole; The whole-person education theory also includes Waldorf education, which puts forward the characteristics of whole-person curriculum transmission, exchange and transformation.
? Rudolf, Austrian philosopher, scientist and educator? Rudolf Steiner proposed in 19 13? Anthropology? This concept was founded with Austria? Anthropology society? . Rely on? Anthropology? This concept, after World War I, was developed by the factory owner Emile? Emile mault supported the establishment of the first Waldorf School in Stuttgart. Up to now, Waldorf education with a history of nearly one hundred years has developed 92 1 complete 12 Waldorf schools, 98 Waldorf teacher training institutions and other kindergartens, adult education institutions and special education institutions distributed in more than 70 countries around the world.
? As early as the beginning of the 20th century, the educational thought of democracy and freedom gradually prevailed in Europe. New education movement? As a trend of thought, after nearly a century's updating and testing of theory and practice, many schools of thought have still been formed, among which Waldorf education is one. Waldorf education respects? Humanization? Development emphasizes people's spiritual freedom and liberation. Its curriculum and teaching philosophy advocate the individual? Body? 、? Heart? 、? Spirit? These three aspects are balanced and fully developed. At the same time, we should oppose oppressive learning and give full play to students' creativity in an independent and real environment. For a long time, the holistic concept advocated by Waldorf education has been fully exposed in its curriculum. Body? 、? Heart? 、? Spirit? All-round development, taking people as a whole, forming such a curriculum view, its theoretical basis is Steiner's? Anthropology? The thought of holistic curriculum theory and the system of later generations.
1 Waldorf education courses? Anthropology? basis
? At the beginning of the 20th century, Steiner proposed that the real educational thought must have its philosophical thought as the basic theoretical basis, so Steiner insisted on his anthropological research until his death. Steiner's research absorbed Goethe and Ludwig? After Ludwig Witgenstein's knowledge about mental science, he turned research into a special way to explore the human mind and understand the nature of self. Psychiatry? Namely. Anthropology? (Anthropology). This is a complete theory, which is the philosophical theoretical basis of Steiner's Waldorf pedagogy's educational thought, curriculum thought and teaching method, and is applied to architecture, art, medicine, agriculture and other fields.
? The literal interpretation of anthroposophy can be? The wisdom of mankind ",but Steiner explained anthroposophy as follows in 1924:? Anthropology is not equal to human wisdom, but? Human consciousness? Think everyone is? Body, mind and spirit? Anthropology explores the essence of human beings and the interactive relationship between human beings and the universe and the world. Curriculum and teaching should be understood as human behavior? The whole person? And then what? A comprehensive person? Development, fully and evenly tap their creative potential. The purpose of anthroposophy is to help us transcend phenomena, seek the essence, and provide a new independent cognitive approach for the change of will, cognitive experience and the same experience of the fate of the times.
? In Steiner's opinion, to what extent has human consciousness developed since the middle of15th century (14 13)? The fifth cultural era? (The Fifth Era). In the development process of the fifteenth cultural era, individual consciousness has awakened, and everyone can independently develop their own spiritual life and have the ability to reach the highest spiritual realm through individual activities. Therefore, human freedom and independence become the primary conditions for spiritual development. This kind of freedom and independence transcends personal feelings, transcends the influence and restriction of blood, geography, politics, culture and religious beliefs, and the individual's pursuit of spiritual freedom and independence must be realized through appropriate education and self-transformation. The purpose of education is to help individuals develop physically, psychologically and spiritually.
? Anthropology believes that in human development, human body, mind and spirit complement each other and cooperate with each other (see table 1- 1). People know the external material world with the senses of the body, including: brain/head, chest /L, limbs/hands; After receiving external information, the sensory system transforms external phenomena into inner consciousness and pursues truth through willingness, filling and thinking. On the spiritual level, the spirit guides the direction of life. This highest state can only be perceived by developing people's potential ability, such as meditation training. Everyone can acquire this ability and enter a higher cosmic level. At this stage, people's state of consciousness includes lucid, semi-lucid dreams and unconscious sleep.
At the same time, Steiner denied the limitation of self-perception of the world. On the other hand, there is no boundary. This perceptual process is the key to nature. Through this key, we know what it is and why it is. The only way to understand the natural world is to lead to the self and the spiritual world. In Steiner's view, the spiritual world must be realized through spiritual activities. In his view, self-awareness does not directly affect the process of people's going to the spiritual world, but is formed through the control and balance of physical and self-desire by mental activities. The education of deep mind is that children train their own mind unconsciously, transform themselves under the influence of ego (ego), and transform their personal habits, temperament, character and memory unconsciously, so as to achieve the goal of transforming the whole life.
2. All courses of Waldorf education? Holistic curriculum theory? basis
? The whole course is not a specific course form, but a course ideal and vision in essence. What should the curriculum be under the care of the concept of holistic education? The inquiry-driven curriculum is interdisciplinary and comprehensive, based on obvious assumptions such as relevance, completeness and multidimensional existence. In the late 20th century, Waldorf education was brought into this broad vision. Miller once praised Steiner. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, anthroposophy was introduced into pedagogy as a science related to spirit, and he expanded the concept of holistic education more than other educators and thinkers? .
? Holistic education, starting from the three dimensions of nature, society and people, is a kind of education? All of them? Holistic view of education. Andrew as a holistic educator? Andrew johnson once used such a metaphor. The real teaching is based on the philosophy of personal internalization. Teaching with other people's philosophy is like a monkey tap dancing? However, in practical teaching, holistic educators are inevitably forced to use some philosophical frameworks }fal are inconsistent with their purposes and principles. Andrew put forward his understanding of holistic education: teaching is transmission; Teaching is communication (teaching? As? Transaction); Teaching is transformation (teaching? Deformation. Looking at education from the perspective of transformation is a principle of holism, which does not conform to the basic elements of constructivism, but gives the whole education meaning, intuition and connection.