flute
Musical Instrument Name: Flute
Musical instrument tone: c key.
Application clef: treble clef, no shift notation.
Scope of application: a group of small characters c- a group of small characters C.
Structure: pipe body (including blowing joint, main joint and tail joint) and key system.
Material: common type: seamless nickel-silver tube, professional type: hard real silver.
Musical instrument features: fresh and thorough, cold timbre. The high notes are lively and bright, and the low notes are beautiful and pleasing to the ear, which are widely used in orchestras and military bands.
Flute has been circulated for centuries, and its history can even be traced back to ancient Egypt, when it was just a perforated clay tube. By Haydn's time (1732- 1809), flute had become a fixed instrument in the symphony orchestra. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, with the invention of the key device by theobald Bohm (later used for clarinet, oboe and bassoon, etc. ), the flute is finalized.
Flute has a soft and clear tone and a wide range: the tenor is as clear as the first sunshine in the morning; The bass area is as elegant as the cold moonlight; Moreover, he is good at coloratura and his playing skills are gorgeous and diverse. He often plays the main theme in the symphony orchestra and is an important solo instrument.
There are many kinds of flutes, except ordinary flutes in C-flat and E-flat, alto flutes in G-flat and bass flutes in C-flat, but they are rarely used.
Blow a hole to make the instrument sound. Woodwind instruments widely used in modern orchestras, sometimes used for military music, often used for solo and ensemble. Its family includes piccolo, tenor flute, alto flute and bass flute. Bohm-style standard flute in C key is its representative. The flute was first introduced to Europe from Asia in the12nd century. It looks like China flute (a kind of stuffy flute without membrane). For about 600 years, it has been continuously improved before it became a modern flute. In the Middle Ages, the early keyless flute was mainly used for military music. Since the middle of17th century, it has been used as an important instrument for operas and court bands. The first major improvement of flute was completed by J. Ottel, a French woodwind instrument manufacturer, and his family in the late17th century. more importantly,
T. Bohm of Munich carried out a fundamental reform in the early 1930s in 19.
Structure and pronunciation principle The flute is a wooden or metal tubular body with a total length of 62 cm. The flute head is closed, the plug head is about 5 cm away from the pipe end, and the flute tail is open. In order to be easy to carry and adjust, it consists of 2 or 3 sections. The tank body is a cylinder with an inner diameter of 1.9 cm, and the inner diameter gradually tapers to 1.75438+0 cm from the joint with the tank body to the plug. Take the distance from the plug 1.7 cm as the center, open an oval air hole, cover it with the air hole cover, open the same oval hole, and connect it with the air hole, so that the cover surface forms an acute angle with the hole wall, and the air flow impacts this edge, which excites the edge to make sound. The pipe wall is opened with several key holes, and the fingertips will be used to control the opening and closing of the sound keys, thus changing the length of the air hole and generating different pitches.
The range of the ancient six-hole flute was only over two octaves. After repeated improvement,/kloc-0 was D 1 ~ A3 at the beginning of the 9th century, and the chromatic scale was complete. Bohm flute is extended to C 1 ~ D4. Modern composers have higher requirements, flute making is becoming more and more sophisticated, fingering is innovated repeatedly, professional flute tail is lengthened, and it can be played down to B note, which is related to playing overtones such as # F4. Therefore, the current range is extended to B ~ # F4 and * * * 44 semitones.
The bass area B ~ # C2 is rich and mellow, but its penetration is poor. The timbre of alto D2 ~ # C3 is clear and smooth; High-pitched areas D3 ~ B3 have bright timbre and strong penetration; The ultra-high-pitched region C4 ~ # F4 has sharp and exciting timbre and strong penetrating power. Modern works are sometimes played in a staccato way to show special effects.
When playing the flute with both hands, you can sit up or down. You can use the mixed breathing method of chest and abdomen to form a certain basic mouth shape. The airflow is concentrated at the acute angle of 75 degrees formed by the cap and the hole wall. Its special skills are: ① overtone: blowing octave or 12 degree or 15 degree with a relaxed mouth to produce a voiceless effect similar to a stringed instrument; (2) Sliding sound: fingers gradually slide on the keyhole to achieve the effect of sliding up and down; ③ Humming at the same time: humming while playing flute; (4) Simulated percussion: the sound effect of simulated percussion can be produced by tapping the keys quickly and making a "click" sound in the mouth; ⑤ Whistling method: the mouth contains all the blowholes, and it blows a lot quickly, and moves the fingers quickly according to the music score to produce a whistling effect; ⑥ Simulate a brass instrument: Keep your lips close to the mouthpiece and open a small hole to blow, which sounds like a trumpet. All the above playing methods can achieve special effects and are often widely used in avantgarde music.
Flute is a high-pitched instrument in the woodwind group of the orchestra, with beautiful timbre, wide range, diverse playing methods and rich expressive force, and strong affinity with string, woodwind and brass instruments. Generally speaking, symphony orchestras should use at least three piccolo, and the third piccolo and alto flute are used for larger bands. As a solo instrument, flute can be played without accompaniment, such as J.S. Bach's sonata in A minor. There are also many solos and concertos accompanied by piano, harp, guitar or band. In chamber music, flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon become wind quartet; Add a trumpet to form a wind quintet. In addition, there are various combinations, such as three flute quartets written by W.A. Mozart, with
Flute replaces 1 violin and consists of small, medium and cello. There are also many flute combinations in this family. In modern works, piccolo, high, medium and low flutes are combined with flute quintets, sextets and decathlons.
Great composers of all ages have composed flute music, such as Bach's six sonatas, three Brandenburg concertos and suite in B minor. L.van Beethoven's sonata in b major; Mozart's three concertos; A. Vivaldi's 13 concertos; G.P. Teleman's 12 fantasy; Seven sonatas by g.f. del; Haydn's concerto and three sonatas.
The flute repertoire of China composers mainly includes Meditation by Lu Ting, Sonata Morning by Tian Paul and Song of Tianshan Mountain by Huang Huwei.
The flute family is piccolo, a commonly used small flute. The length of the pipe is only half that of the flute, which is mostly used by the third flute player of the symphony orchestra. Bikro is
C key, range D2 ~ C5. The notation is the same as flute, but the actual pronunciation is eight degrees higher, which is the highest instrument among all wind instruments. The timbre is sharp, bright and penetrating. On the orchestration, no matter how big the band is, it is enough to expand the range and increase the depth ability. Especially important for brass bands. Often used in jubilant and warm scenes. In the victorious March of the last movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, it is used to increase the spirit of holding one's head high and going forward bravely. In the fourth movement of his Sixth Symphony, piccolo is used to describe the scene of lightning and thunder. □. п. In the symphonic poem "Night on a Barren Mountain", Musorgskiy used it to describe the gloomy and mournful cry of demons dancing around.
Solos for piccolo include four concertos by Vivaldi.
Alto flute, 1854 G flute for Bohm. The basic modeling is to enlarge and lengthen the flute in C key, and the fingering remains unchanged. G flute has a length of 82.75cm, an inner diameter of 2.6cm and a range of G ~ C3. The pronunciation is rich and round, loud and powerful, consistent from pp to ff, and sounds like a trumpet. It plays an important role in chamber music, ensemble and symphony.
Bass flute, in C key, is an octave lower than the standard flute. The pipe at the lower end of the flute head turned two bends and went straight down. In modern works, it plays an increasingly important role, especially in flute ensemble, which can make the timbre seamless, comparable to string ensemble.
Bamboo Flute
Bamboo flute is one of the oldest musical instruments in China. It was called Shu in ancient times. Flute is one of the most distinctive playing instruments in China. In May, 1986 and 16 vertical bone flutes (made of bird limb bones) were excavated at the early Neolithic site in Jia Hu Village, Wuyang County, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8,000 years. For vertical blowing, the sound holes range from five to eight, and most of them are seven-tone flutes, which have roughly the same scale as the China tradition we are familiar with now. Bone flute is engraved with an equal sign next to the sound hole, and some sound holes are punched, which completely conforms to the timbre of China today and can still be used to play the folk music Chinese Cabbage. During the period of the Yellow Emperor, that is, about 4000 years ago, a large number of bamboos grew in the Yellow River basin, and bamboo was chosen as the material for making flutes. According to historical records, "The Yellow Emperor asked Ling Lun to chop bamboo in Kunming, cut it down to make a flute and blow it to Feng Ming". Taking bamboo as village material is a great progress in flute making. Bamboo vibrates better than bones, and its pronunciation is crisp. Both kinds of bamboo are easy to process. There were seven kinds of flutes in Qin and Han Dynasties, and two kinds of flutes were invented. Cai Yong, Xunxu and Liang Wudi all made twelve flutes, that is to say, one flute is unified. The flute was called "Qi" in ancient times. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty recorded: "flute, seven holes, bamboo flute". 1978 Two bamboo flutes were unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province, and two bamboo flutes were unearthed from the tomb of Han Dynasty at Mawangdui No.3 in Changsha, Hunan Province. The unearthed gnats and the Chinese gnats recorded in ancient books are identical in shape except for a slight difference in length. The unearthed flute is the same as the record, and the word "pool" is written on the bamboo tube in the tomb. It's an ancient bamboo flute. Qi in ancient times was very similar to a flute. It is always said that Qi and flute are the same musical instrument, but there are differences. From the unearthed flutes and flutes, it can be seen that the flute, with 6 holes and closed mouth, can play five tones plus one tone sandhi and is covered all over; Flute, 7 holes, opening, can play seven notes plus two variations, without drawing. During the Warring States period, Qi was one of the main musical instruments for sacrificial ceremonies or banquets, and the flute was also very popular. Qu Yuan's student Song Yu also talked about the southern flute at that time, which is very similar to today's flute.