Conservation agriculture is divided into two parts: conservation gardening and conservation tillage. Facility agriculture mainly includes aquaculture and animal husbandry.
(1) Main types of protected horticulture and their advantages and disadvantages. Protected horticulture is generally divided into four categories according to technical categories: glass /PC board multi-span greenhouse (plastic multi-span greenhouse), sunlight greenhouse, plastic greenhouse and small arch shed (sunshade shed). ① Glass /PC multi-span greenhouse has the characteristics of automation, intelligence and high mechanization. The greenhouse is equipped with heat preservation, lighting, ventilation and sprinkler irrigation facilities, which can be planted in three dimensions and belongs to a modern large-scale greenhouse. Its advantages are long lighting time, strong wind resistance and compression resistance, and the main limiting factor is high construction cost. Glass /PC multi-span greenhouses in Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other places have a good demonstration role in preventing and resisting natural disasters such as typhoons, but they are still in their infancy. Plastic multi-span greenhouse is mainly made of steel frame structure, which is mainly used for planting vegetables, melons and fruits, ordinary flowers and so on. Its advantages are long service life, good stability, rain and wind resistance and high degree of automation; Its disadvantages are similar to those of glass /PC multi-span greenhouse, with large one-time investment and high technical and management requirements. Generally, as a substitute for glass /PC board multi-span greenhouse, it is more used for demonstration and popularization of modern facility agriculture. (2) The solar greenhouse has the advantages of good lighting and thermal insulation performance, convenient material acquisition, moderate cost and obvious energy-saving effect, and is suitable for small mechanical operations. The new energy-saving solar greenhouse popularized in Tianjin has good lighting, heat preservation and heat storage performance, and is convenient for mechanical operation. Its disadvantage lies in its poor ability to adjust the environment and resist natural disasters. It mainly grows vegetables, fruits and flowers. Solar energy-saving greenhouses are widespread in Qinghai province, and Liaoning province also regards solar greenhouses as an important type of facility agriculture. Solar greenhouses are widely distributed in Gansu, Xinjiang, Shanxi, Shandong and other places. ③ Plastic greenhouses are traditional greenhouses in northern China, which are easily accepted by farmers. Plastic greenhouses can be divided into bamboo-wood structure, all-bamboo structure, steel-bamboo mixed structure, steel pipe (welded) structure, steel pipe assembly structure and cement structure. Generally speaking, plastic greenhouses are lower in cost, simpler in installation and disassembly, better in ventilation and light transmission, and longer in service life than solar greenhouses, and are mainly used for the cultivation and planting of fruits, vegetables and melons. Its disadvantage is that there are too many columns in the shed, which is not suitable for mechanized operation and has weak disaster prevention ability. Generally not used for overwintering production. ④ Small arch shed (sunshade shed) is characterized by simple manufacture, less investment, convenient operation and very easy management. Its disadvantages are that it is not suitable for using all kinds of equipment and facilities, with high labor intensity, poor disaster resistance and no obvious effect of increasing production. Mainly used for planting vegetables, melons and edible fungi.
(2) The main types of protected culture and their advantages and disadvantages. Facility agriculture mainly includes aquaculture and animal husbandry. ① Aquaculture is divided into purse seine culture and cage culture according to technology. In aquaculture, purse seine culture and cage culture technology have been widely used. Cage culture has the advantages of saving land, making full use of water resources, simple equipment, convenient management, high efficiency and flexibility. Cages and aerators are widely used in aquaculture in Anhui. Farmers in Guangxi mainly use cage culture. Tianjin has popularized the pond bottom film culture technology suitable for local development, which has solved the problem of pond dredging and reduced the loss of water. Shanghai put forward the idea of "practical aquatic greenhouse", and adopted simple and low-cost measures such as heat preservation, oxygen enrichment and water purification to solve the wintering problem of some rare fish. Land farming is also a new farming method popularized in Shanghai in recent years, but it is difficult to be accepted by farms (households) because of its high input cost and long payback period. ② In animal husbandry, the breeding facilities of large-scale farms or breeding experimental demonstration bases are mainly open (open) and window-opening, and the closed farming is mainly scattered farming by farmers. Open (open) farming equipment has low cost, ventilation and air permeability, which can save energy. The advantage of window maintenance is that it can create good environmental conditions for livestock and poultry, but the investment is relatively large. Anhui, Shandong and other provinces are mainly open-field farming and window farming, and closed farming is relatively rare; Most of the conservation tillage in Qinghai is window storage. At present, the breeding facilities in Guizhou are mainly used for the breeding of pigs, cattle, sheep and poultry, mainly in the form of windows, with a small part open and less closed. The breeding facilities in Heilongjiang are mainly cattle and pig farms with a certain production scale, which mainly adopt window-opening and open pens. Closed facilities are the main facilities for protected culture in Henan Province. Farming in Gansu is mainly carried out in greenhouses, with large greenhouses, open-window farming in greenhouses in autumn and winter, and open-air farming in spring and summer.
(3) Application of facilities and equipment. In facility gardening, bamboo and wood are often used as the skeleton of small arch sheds and sunshade sheds, and other materials such as plastic film and straw are simply covered; Bamboo shed, using bamboo chips or bamboo poles as skeletons, each skeleton using cement columns or wooden stakes as columns; Steel pipes are used to build steel greenhouses. At present, connectors are widely used to fix steel pipes instead of welding technology. Plastic multi-span greenhouses are mainly composed of steel frames. Glass /PC board multi-span greenhouse is a greenhouse with transparent glass or PC board as covering material. The frame of this greenhouse is galvanized steel pipe, and the door and window frames and roof are aluminum alloy light steel. The main mechanical equipment or devices used in greenhouse facilities include micro-tiller, micro-drip irrigation device, ozone pest control machine, electronic defogging and disease prevention machine, motor and manual pesticide application equipment, smoke purification and carbon dioxide gas fertilization device, frequency vibration electronic insect killing lamp or yellow light insect trapping lamp. Mechanical equipment used outside the greenhouse facilities include grass pressing (insulation quilt) rollers, film winding machines, etc. In production operation, mechanical farming is more common, and other production links are mostly manual operation. In terms of facility farming, the equipment used should include feeders, spraying equipment, fans, cold water curtains and manure treatment equipment, and large cattle farms are also equipped with automatic milking, sterilization, refrigeration and other equipment. Large chicken, duck and goose farms are also equipped with automatic incubation equipment. Closed aquaculture facilities are simple. At present, the cage made of polyethylene net is the most widely used, and the equipment is mainly aerator. Window culture is mainly equipped with ventilation equipment and cooling equipment. However, there are few equipment for excrement cleaning, feed conveying and automatic egg picking, many manual operations, backward epidemic prevention and disinfection facilities and inadequate feed processing.
Input components and operating conditions
(1) Enter the composition. From the comparison of various types of protected gardening, glass /PC board multi-span greenhouse has the highest cost and the largest investment, followed by plastic multi-span greenhouse, sunlight greenhouse and greenhouse, and small arch shed and sunshade shed have the least investment. The investment cost of glass greenhouse is 600-800 yuan /m2, and the cost of PC greenhouse is 700- 1000 yuan /m2. The cost of main greenhouse plus surrounding roads, heating and other supporting facilities is about 1 1,000 yuan/square meter, and the cost of plastic multi-span greenhouse is mainly steel frame structure, which is between 60- 1 1,000 yuan/square meter; According to different building materials, the cost of solar greenhouse varies from 40- 150 yuan/square meter. The material and cost of bamboo shed are about 10 yuan/square meter; Steel pipe shed, the equipment investment cost is high, and the cost is about 25 yuan/square meter. Since 1996, more than 80,000 square meters of high, medium and low-grade steel frame greenhouses have been built in Fujian Province, mainly invested by agricultural enterprises. The average cost of small arch shed and sunshade shed is 5 yuan /m2, which is 5 1.80 million in Gansu province, with a scale of 84.3505 million m2. Judging from the survey data, local governments attach great importance to facility farming, invest a lot of money to guide the development of private capital investment, and the scale is gradually expanding. The scale of facility culture in Liaoning Province has reached 1 1.6 million square meters, with a total investment of 8,738.76 million yuan, including 555.82 million yuan from the government and 916,382 employees. * * * There are 458,943 various facilities in Shanxi Province, covering an area of 6.5438+04594 million square meters, with a total investment of 5,224.848 million yuan, including 827,654.38+060 million yuan invested by the government and 336,626 employees. The total investment of facility culture in Qinghai Province is 22010.0062 million yuan, including 8.9310.32 million yuan invested by the government and 0.310.693 million yuan raised by the masses. The total investment of facility agriculture in Shandong Province is 4,473.77 million yuan, including 50.27 million yuan from the government and more than 590,000 employees. According to the survey, the unit input cost of facility farming (including aquaculture and animal husbandry) is very high for individual farmers. According to the survey data of Gansu province, the investment of 1 greenhouse is about 2500 yuan, which still needs the strong support of government departments.
(2) Operating conditions. According to the investigation of various provinces, the input-output ratio of protected gardening is very high, and the economic benefits are very considerable. The average benefit of protected cultivation in Shandong province is more than five times that of open cultivation. The total income of a solar greenhouse can reach 17000 yuan, and the net income can reach 10000 yuan. The gross income of an acre of plastic greenhouse is 6000 yuan, and the net income is about 3000 yuan. According to the calculation of Zhejiang Province, the annual return on investment of small arch shed and sunshade shed is 153.42%, and that of plastic shed is 70.88%, which is lower than the average level. Relatively speaking, the average investment per mu of standard energy-saving solar greenhouse is 10720 yuan, and the annual depreciation cost per mu is 3050 yuan. Although the output value per mu is as high as 9 185 yuan, the annual net income per mu is 45 10 yuan after deducting depreciation and direct production costs. According to the statistical data of each province, the annual output value of a single closed breeding facility is 6.5438+0.55 million yuan, the annual output value per unit area is 742.94 yuan/square meter, and the annual output value per capita is 28,900 yuan. The annual output value of a single facility with windows is 6.5438+0.93 million yuan, the annual output value per unit area is 6.7402 yuan/square meter, and the annual output value per capita is 6.5438+0.69 million yuan. The annual output value of an open single facility is1.1.8000 yuan, the annual output value per unit area is 238.47 yuan/square meter, and the per capita output value is1.6700 yuan. From the perspective of return on investment, the closed annual return on investment in facility cultivation is the highest, reaching 38.02%, while the main types of window and open annual return on investment are 17.57% and 27.9 1% respectively.
Main policies and measures to promote the development of protected agriculture in various places
(1) The development strategy of facility agriculture has been planned. There are differences in resources, climatic conditions, production levels and farming systems in different places. Each province (municipality directly under the central government, autonomous region) has scientifically planned the development strategy of local facility agriculture according to the development requirements of different types of facility agriculture. Guangxi Autonomous Region has incorporated the construction of modern agricultural demonstration parks into the outline of national economic and social development; Gansu province put forward four advantages of facility agriculture; Hainan province has formulated the master plan of two development stages of facility agriculture, and put forward the key points of facility agriculture development in each stage; Anhui province takes the comprehensive development of protected horticulture as the main line, makes scientific planning and overall promotion, and focuses on building four greenhouse vegetable producing areas; Shandong Province has formulated and implemented relevant policies for the development of facility agriculture, and made the mechanization of facility agriculture the strategic focus of the development of agricultural mechanization in Shandong Province during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period.
(2) Formulate supporting policies for the development of facility agriculture. All provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) have formulated preferential fiscal and taxation policies for facility agriculture, and the interest subsidies and subsidies for farmers' loans have also increased year by year. Tianjin has also listed greenhouse roller blinds, micro-tillers, solid agricultural machinery and other facility agricultural products in the catalogue of agricultural machinery purchase subsidies, and implemented subsidy policies for farmers to purchase facility agricultural products. Some local governments have provided financial input for infrastructure construction such as water, electricity and tractor roads for protective agricultural production. Shanghai has adopted the model of "government support, multi-social investment and enterprise operation". For example, Agricultural Investment Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Songjiang District Agriculture Committee, introduced some horticultural companies from Shanghai to participate in the construction and operation of the market and base, and built "Songjiang Punan 10,000 mu flower base" and "East China flower trading market".
(3) Organize scientific research and popularization of protective agricultural equipment. Local governments actively organize scientific and technological personnel, unite universities, scientific research units, leading enterprises and demonstration bases, and invest a lot of manpower and material resources to improve the scientific and technological content and production efficiency of facilities products. Zhejiang Province mainly introduces and promotes machinery and technologies for large-scale breeding, standardized production and harmless treatment, organizes agricultural technicians to focus on flower seedlings and popularize facilities cultivation technologies and equipment adapted to the local environment. Local governments are gradually building a socialized service system of facility agriculture, which is led by government agricultural technology extension agencies, based on rural economic cooperation organizations, with extensive participation of agricultural scientific research and education units and agriculture-related enterprises, division of labor and cooperation, and services in place. All localities have made full use of television, newspapers, internet, radio waves and other media and technology caravan villages to carry out technical services, and trained a large number of new farmers who learn, understand and use technology. Most counties in Xinjiang have established a three-level facility agriculture technical service system at county, township and village levels, and hired professionals to teach and train agricultural technicians and large vegetable growers on-site skills related to facility agriculture, which has achieved good results.
(4) Support enterprises and farmers and promote the road of industrialization. At present, all provinces (municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions) are developing characteristic economies, relying on leading enterprises to establish demonstration and extension bases for facility agriculture, especially increasing the protection and development of local characteristic products. Gansu put forward the idea of laying a good "anti-season" brand, improving consumer recognition, taking the road of promoting production and marketing with brand, and promoting the industrialization of facility agriculture. Relevant government departments actively support enterprises and farmers, help establish marketing networks and improve the trading environment. Xinjiang has also established three market circulation modes: origin trading, centralized wholesale and sporadic sales. Vegetable associations, edible fungi associations and melon and fruit associations have been established in many places. To promote the sales of local products through associations. Intermediary organizations and brokers play a bridge and link role with farmers in the market, providing rich production and marketing information for towel farms and expanding the sales volume of products.
Main existing problems
(1) From the perspective of government policies. Multi-head management of government departments, facility agriculture involves horticulture, animal husbandry, aquatic products and other departments, which restricts the coordinated and orderly development of facility agriculture from the system; Insufficient investment in support funds. Although all provinces have introduced various preferential policies, the investment in supporting funds is still insufficient. The standardization of facility agriculture is low, and there is no unified standard for facility agriculture in China recently; In addition, many enterprises only pay attention to the performance index and quality of the main structure and supporting equipment of the greenhouse, but ignore the integrity of the greenhouse and the standardization of its supporting products.
(2) From the perspective of facility agriculture technology. The investment in scientific research and technological innovation in protected agriculture is insufficient, and there are few technologies and innovative technologies with independent intellectual property rights in key links such as greenhouse design and manufacturing in China; The development of facility agricultural equipment is backward, the equipment is relatively simple, the environmental control ability is poor, and the degree of mechanization and automation is low; The lack of professional and technical personnel in facility agriculture, the low technical level of farmers, and the overall quality and service level are not suitable for the development of facility agriculture; The quality and safety situation of agricultural products is grim. Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers leads to the decline of the quality of fruits and vegetables, and the backward epidemic prevention and disinfection facilities for animal breeding endanger the health of consumers.
(3) From the perspective of market operation. There are few leading enterprises in facility agriculture, and the radiation-driven ability is poor; In exploring the international market, there are few leading foreign trade enterprises, and the export volume of bulk flowers, fruits and vegetables is small. Most farmers are small in scale and the industrialization level of facility agriculture is low; Farmers' lack of knowledge of the market, ineffective market information and blindness in production lead to unstable income and weak ability to resist risks; The role of specialized organizations in facility agriculture is relatively weak, and most professional associations are decentralized in management, with unclear subject status and weak market competitiveness; The mode of operation is still dominated by individual farmers, and the contradiction between the production and operation of the small-scale peasant economy and the big market and circulation is still outstanding.