In our country, no matter what age, many of us are very short of some first aid knowledge. On the other hand, in some countries, their primary school students already know some simple first aid knowledge like the back of their hands. Occasionally, I will meet some unexpected situations of people around me in my life. Faced with such a situation, most of our reactions are panic and panic, so this often leads us to regret. It is the most basic and necessary for us to learn some knowledge of home emergency nursing. Let's take a look together.

1. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Indications: the aortic pulse disappears and the mind suddenly loses.

First aid: it must be completed within 4 minutes before breathing and heartbeat stop, and the time to check the patient's consciousness, breathing and pulse should be completed within 10 second. Specific operations can refer to the following items:

(1) Call the emergency number first, and then perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation quickly after asking for help.

(2) Open the airway for mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Before the operation, the patient's breathing must be cleaned.

Foreign bodies, secretions or vomit in the road make him lie on his back on a hard surface and tilt his head backwards. The rescuer lifts the patient's jaw with one hand; Hold the patient's nostril with the other hand, and after breathing normally, slowly blow air into the patient's mouth for more than 1 s to ensure that enough gas enters and the chest fluctuates. For coma patients with respiratory arrest, artificial respiration should be performed twice before chest compressions. For unresponsive patients with pulse but respiratory arrest, artificial respiration should be performed without chest compressions. The frequency of artificial respiration is 10~ 12/min for adults and 12~20/min for infants or children. For coma patients with respiratory arrest, artificial respiration should be performed twice before chest compressions.

(3) Perform chest compressions. Let the patient lie on his back on the hard bed or on the ground, with his head low and his feet slightly higher. The rescuer stands or kneels on the right side of the patient. The root of his left palm is placed at the intersection of the patient's two nipples and the sternum. The palm of the right hand is pressed on the back of the left hand, the elbow joint is straight, and the arm is perpendicular to the patient's chest. Press rhythmically to make the sternum sink 4 ~ 5cm each time, every minute 100 times. Each press can ensure the elastic recovery of the chest, and the press time and release time are basically the same. Carry out cardiac compression and artificial respiration according to the ratio of 30:2, that is, carry out artificial respiration twice every 30 cardiac compressions, and the interruption time shall not exceed 10 second.

(4) If there is only one person at the scene, both cardiac compression and artificial respiration should be done during the rescue. If there are two or more people besides the patient at the scene, it is best to carry out artificial respiration by one person; The other person performs chest compressions, and after completing five cycles of cardiac compressions and artificial respiration (30 cardiac compressions and 2 artificial respiration per cycle), the cardiac compressions are exchanged to ensure the compression efficiency.

2. heatstroke

Symptoms: After the high temperature environment lasts for a period of time, the whole body is tired, weak, sweating, dry mouth, inattention, body temperature rises above 37.5℃, pulse is accelerated, blood pressure drops, nausea and vomiting. In severe cases, high fever, fainting, coma and spasm occur.

First aid:

(1) Leave the high temperature environment quickly and move to a cool and ventilated environment.

(2) Rest quietly, wet your body with ice water or cold water, and drink some salty and cold drinks.

(3) In severe cases, immediately send them to the hospital for emergency treatment.

3. Gas poisoning

Symptoms: headache, fatigue, dizziness and nausea appear in mild cases, and cherry red skin appears in severe cases.

Dysphagia and coma.

First aid: immediately cut off the gas disaster, send the patient to a place with fresh air, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, stay in bed, keep warm, correct hypoxia, or send him to the hospital for further treatment.

Burns and scalds

Symptoms: burns and scalds can cause local skin and muscle lesions, redness, blisters and necrosis, and even serious systemic changes such as infection and shock.

First aid: immediately rinse or wet compress the injured part with cold water continuously; Avoid re-injury of the injured part, avoid wound pollution, stabilize the mood of the injured, relieve the pain, pay attention to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and send it to the hospital for active treatment as soon as possible.

5. Electric burns

Symptoms: the light person looks pale and the reaction to the outside world disappears briefly; In severe cases, he immediately fell into a coma and stopped breathing.

First aid:

(1) cut off the power immediately. If you close the switch, cut off the circuit; If you get an electric shock due to contact with damaged wires or leaking wires, you can use dry wooden sticks, bamboo poles and other insulating tools to take the wires away from the electrocuted person.

(2) Immediately check the breathing and heartbeat of the person who gets an electric shock. If the heartbeat is very weak or has just stopped, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be performed at the scene immediately.

(3) At the same time of first aid, we should immediately send them to the hospital for further treatment.

Step 6 rupture

Symptoms: after fracture, there will be symptoms including deformity, abnormal activity, bone rubbing or bone rubbing feeling. The local symptoms are pain and tenderness, swelling, ecchymosis and dysfunction; The common symptoms are shock and fever.

First aid: First aid is to save the patient's life, such as anti-shock. Secondly, the treatment of fractures should be gentle and careful. If there is a broken limb, it should be fixed in a safe way and sent to the hospital as soon as possible.

7. Take the wrong medicine

Symptoms: Mistaking different kinds of drugs can lead to different symptoms, such as dyspnea, blue lips or pale face. In severe cases, people will go into shock or even die.

First aid:

The key to first aid is to quickly expel toxins from the stomach. Generally, fingers or wooden sticks can be used to stimulate the throat to induce vomiting; If you feed plenty of water first and then induce vomiting, you can spit out the poison even with water, and the effect will be better. In order to reduce the absorption of poisons, you can take 500 ml of milk; Soymilk or egg white water (a glass of water with egg white) and lotus root starch paste also have a certain detoxification effect. If you take a lot of sleeping pills by mistake, you can induce vomiting quickly, but if you take corrosive drugs such as carbolic acid by mistake, you should not induce vomiting. You should feed milk, soybean milk and egg white water as soon as possible to reduce toxicity.

8. bitten by a dog

Symptoms: If rabies is caused by a dog bite, the early symptoms are: low fever, panic, numbness, itching, pain and other abnormal feelings around the wound, and may be accompanied by painful convulsions all over the body. Later, it gradually calmed down, the spasm stopped, paralysis appeared, and he died of respiratory and circulatory failure.

First aid: Immediately and thoroughly washing the wound is the key to the success of first aid. The wound bitten by a dog is often small in the outside and deep in the inside, so when washing, try to enlarge the wound as much as possible, squeeze the surrounding soft tissue hard, wash the contaminated dog saliva as much as possible, and then quickly send it to the designated medical point for further washing the wound and vaccinate the rabies vaccine.

9. Foreign body in external auditory canal

Symptoms: dizziness, tinnitus, earache and hearing loss.

First aid: if it is a moving foreign body, such as an insect, you can drop alcohol or oil into the external auditory canal to stop it from moving, and then rinse it with instruments or water to make it fall. If it is a plant foreign body that is not swollen, you can take it out with a foreign body ring, and be careful not to take it out with pliers to avoid pushing it deep; If the plant foreign body has expanded, drop 95% alcohol to dehydrate it before taking it out. If you encounter difficulties in taking foreign bodies, you should go to the hospital for treatment as soon as possible.

The above is the common sense of first aid that we introduce to you in view of these different situations. I hope you can understand this knowledge after such study. We suggest that if you feel that the written content is not well understood, you'd better go to some training institutions to learn first aid knowledge, or search some online teaching videos to learn.