First, the marketization of German driving and training industry.
Germans must go through driving school training to get a driver's license. It is illegal to drive without a driver's license in Germany. Similarly, it is illegal to teach people to drive without a coach's license. So there is only one way, into the driving school training.
German drivers usually charge 1.500 euros for training, plus 300 euros for government management, totaling 1.800 euros (about RMB 1.8 million yuan). The specific fees can be slightly adjusted by each driving school according to its own situation. Different from the domestic situation, the charging method in Germany is hourly, and students can pay according to the time when driving schools provide driving training services. Driving training time can also be discussed by students and coaches. The coach will give the students advice on the technical maturity and the possibility of passing the exam, and the students will decide whether to increase the class hours. If students are not satisfied with the service provided by the driving school, they can change doors at any time. Of course, because the service level of each family is basically the same, in order to avoid the trouble caused by changing the procedures, the students are basically loyal to their driving and training service providers.
At present, there are nearly 30,000 driving schools in Germany. It can be said that Germany is full of driving schools. Take the capital Berlin as an example. It has nearly 65,438+0,000 driving schools, providing training services for more than 4 million people in Berlin. There are often about 60,000 drivers in the city every year. In the words of Berliners, you may have a driving school after a circle in Berlin. The driving school scale is generally 1-3 coaches, which is basically a personal family model. A driving school with nine coaches is a large driving school. This is the result of the market-oriented operation of German driving and training. Citizens must learn to drive to really stay at home.
Because the driving school is workshop-style, there is naturally no venue training conditions. From the first touch of the steering wheel to the final exam, all the students embarked on the real road. Germany's good traffic order provides the foundation for its realization. The skills honed by practice are naturally genuine, and the students trained by German driving schools can basically cope with most road traffic conditions and quickly integrate into the orderly traffic environment. There are also Germans who complain that it takes too long to learn to drive, because all kinds of driving such as streets, at night, country roads and highways have legal minimum learning time. The road test will last about 45 minutes, and most traffic rules will be tested. So strict, the "road killer" has no chance to get on the road.
Second, the conditions for driving license examination
Except for the driver's license (A, A 1, M, L, T), which is relatively simple to operate, slow to drive and poses little threat to safety, drivers' licenses of other vehicles must be obtained first.
In Germany, the legal age for obtaining a driver's license is usually 18. Generally 17 years old can get a B photo (that is, a passenger car driver's license). However, when you get your driver's license, you must be accompanied by an adult until you reach the age of 18. Age 18, you can get a C photo (that is, a truck driver's license). But it should be noted that at this time, you will not become a professional driver to transport goods until you are 2 1 year old. In addition, those who get C photos must return to driving school for another five days every five years. These five days can be intermittent or continuous.
The driver's license applicant must meet the health requirements (the applicant can't suffer from epilepsy, mental disorder, uncontrolled diabetes and other diseases and physical disabilities that affect driving), vision requirements (wearing corrective glasses to see the motor vehicle license plate 20 meters away), and participate in rescue measures and first aid training at the scene of the accident. After the comprehensive training of driving instructors, they took the exam and obtained the certificate of driving motor vehicles. The driver's license issuing authority can inquire whether the students have the quality of motor vehicle drivers and whether they have chronic diseases and physical injuries (such as epilepsy) in the driver's license data center. ) affecting driving. In addition to illness and disability, if the driver's license applicant has drug abuse, alcoholism and personality defects, the driver's license management authority will doubt his driving quality and require him to show relevant identification if necessary.
When issuing a driver's license to an applicant, the relevant departments will confirm that the applicant meets the following conditions:
(1) According to the instructions on the driver's license of 9 1/439/EWG(ABI). No 10. L237S. 199 1 promulgated on July 29th, where the applicant's official residence is his own country (i.e Germany);
(2) The age has reached the prescribed minimum age;
(3) Suitable for driving motor vehicles;
(4) According to relevant laws and regulations, the applicant has received motor vehicle driving training;
(5) Having passed relevant theoretical and practical examinations and obtained a motor vehicle driving ability certificate;
(6) Master the basic methods of nursing accident victims or be able to give first aid;
(7) Don't hold a driver's license of this level issued by EU member states or other signatories of EU economic regional agreements.
Three. Training methods, courses and class hours
German driving training is divided into two parts: theory and practice, which are closely combined and crossed, and theory guides practice.
Training theory is divided into initial training and extended training. Initial training 14 hours (1 hour is 90 minutes), and extended training is 6 hours. Both initial training and outward bound training are taught in the form of basic teaching materials and auxiliary teaching materials. Basic teaching materials are applicable to all types of driver's licenses, and auxiliary teaching materials are selected according to different types of driver's licenses.
Theoretical training courses include: driver's physical condition, risk factors (mainly people), driving behavior norms and laws and regulations, road traffic system and railway intersection, basic laws and regulations, priority and traffic rules, traffic signs and traffic facilities, characteristics and behaviors of road traffic participants, driving style of speed, distance and environmental protection, behavior and observation while driving, traffic behavior at rest, driving under special circumstances, consequences of violating traffic regulations and overtaking. Theoretical courses are formulated according to the driving school training plan, and the theoretical training time is no more than 2 hours per day.
The exercise is divided into basic training and special driving training. B. BE driver's license shall receive 30 hours of basic driving training on urban roads and 12 hours of special driving training. Basic training generally ends before special driving training, and practical training should be at least 5 hours of road practical training, 4 hours of expressway practical training and 3 hours of suburban night training.
Practical courses include: preparation before driving, road leveling, starting vehicles up and down slopes, gear shifting, acceleration and deceleration, turning, lane changing, overtaking, reversing, U-turning, observing empty driving room, road surface and traffic, speed control, expressway driving, roundabout driving, avoiding pedestrians and cyclists, parking methods, defensive driving and complicated situations.
Four. Student examination
The examination forms include theoretical examination and practical examination. You must pass the theoretical exam before you can take the practical exam. Among them, there are 30 theoretical exams, each with 2~5 points, and the highest deduction is 10.
In the practical test, students should prove that they have mastered the necessary technical knowledge and can use safe, environmentally friendly and energy-saving driving methods to drive motor vehicles safely on roads such as cities, national highways and expressways. Students should make coaches and examiners feel comfortable through uniform acceleration and braking.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) practice
In Germany, two years after getting a driver's license is an internship. In the past two years, if there is any violation or accident, you must go back to the driving school to return to the furnace. If it is a general violation, you need to go back to the driving school to study and take the exam. If it is a serious accident, the driver's license will be revoked for one year. A year later, I will go to a driving school to study and pass the exam to get a driver's license. I was an intern for two years when I got my driver's license. Only through the two-year internship period can you be regarded as a formal driver.
As an official driver, if the deduction points reach 12 points a year, he will be advised to return to the driving school to return to the furnace; If the deduction points reach 18 points a year, you must go back to driving school.
If the driver's license applicant is caught driving a "black car" during driving training, the driver's license management authority will doubt his driving quality and cancel his driver's license qualification, that is, he will not issue a driver's license.
After the internship expires, if the driver often violates traffic rules and causes personal injury accidents, the administrative organ will assess the driver's quality.
Six, according to the requirements of coaches
In Germany, you need a license to be a driving instructor. After training in a coach training institution (or center) for five and a half months and passing a professional examination, you can obtain a BE-level restricted driving coach license; After training in a driving training school for four and a half months, you can get a BE driving instructor's license indefinitely. The total training time is 10 month. If you need to increase the quasi-teaching mode, you need to receive additional training of 1~2 months.
The contents of coach training include: various laws and regulations (70 hours); Automobile structure and technology (90 hours); Environmental protection (10 hour); Traffic behavior (280 hours); Traffic education (235 hours); Driving skills (15 hours); Practice week (70 hours). The total training time is 770 hours.
To obtain a coaching license, the applicant should also meet certain conditions: (1) at least 22 years old;
(2) Psychological, physiological, professional and other aspects meet the relevant requirements, and no previous medical history makes him unable to engage in coaching work;
(3) Having received vocational training or having equivalent academic qualifications;
(4) Those who have obtained A, BE and CE driver's licenses and taught DE driver's license training should also obtain DE driver's licenses;
(5) Motor vehicle driving experience with corresponding driver's license;
(6) Having been trained as a driving teacher in the last three years;
(7) Pass relevant examinations and prove that they have professional skills according to relevant laws and regulations.
After getting the instructor's certificate, it does not mean that the instructor can formally teach, but practice. Practice can be divided into three stages: practice coach participating in teaching, guiding teaching and autonomous teaching. After these three stages of training, the coach can formally teach the students.
In addition, coaches should also receive compulsory continuing education every four years to continuously improve their comprehensive quality.
Compared with German driving training, China still has a lot to learn, but at the same time, training in other countries also has advantages. I hope that the driver's license training in our country can be more and more perfect.
Million car purchase subsidy