Ancient imperial examinations were divided into county examinations and government examinations. Those who pass the exam are called Jinshi, those who pass the provincial exam are called Juren, and those who pass the exam (also called Beijing exam) are called Gong Shi.
Gong Sheng took part in the imperial examination. After interview and written examination, he was divided into three classes by the emperor, namely, the first place, the second place, the flower exploration and the Jinshi. A can be an official directly, generally enter imperial academy to observe politics and have a bright future; Dimethyl biography, given Jinshi origin; The top three, given with Jinshi origin. The second, third and third need further study, and generally need training to be an official.
However, after winning the Jinshi, you can be an official (in the Qing Dynasty, juren was qualified to be an official. For example, Zuo became an official as a juren.
Extended data:
The influence of imperial examination system;
positive impact
1. Politically, the imperial examination system improved the employment system and gave talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels.
2. Education and social atmosphere: The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the atmosphere of scholars studying hard prevailed.
3. In terms of literature and art, the imperial examination system also promoted the development of culture and art, and Jinshi paid attention to the examination of poetry and fu, which greatly benefited the prosperity of Tang poetry.
negative impact
The later imperial examination system made Confucianism a tool for rulers to enslave their subjects; The bureaucratic ranks have grown, but the talents engaged in scientific and technological research are relatively weak.
According to Mr. Qian Mu's research on China's ancient political system: "If a good system can last forever, it will stifle politics." With the development of the imperial examination system, especially in feudal society, the imperial examination system will also have some negative effects.
1, because the rulers changed the content of the examination, the imperial examination became a shackle that bound the intellectuals' thoughts. Ming Taizu officially designated stereotyped writing originated in Yuan Dynasty as the imperial examination style. This style is composed of the following paragraphs: breaking the topic, accepting the topic, beginning, starting, pulling up, pulling up in the middle, pulling up later and pulling up. There are two opposite words in the last four paragraphs, which are * * * eight-part essays, so they are called eight-part essays.
The theme of eight-part essay should be expressed on behalf of saints, that is, writing articles under the guidance of Confucius thought. In the Qing dynasty, saints expanded to include Confucius disciples and Zhu and other philosophers, and asked Zhu's writing style. After Qianlong, poetry test became an important item in the imperial examination. Like the eight-part essay, the trial poem has a fixed formula, and it is also sixteen sentences in the eight-part essay, but the eight-part essay has become six sentences.
The first link is like a topic, the second link is like a topic, the third link is like a talk, the fourth link is like a middle share, the sixth link is like a back share, and the eighth link is like a bundle. We must carry forward the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius and Zhu, and we can't express our feelings at will. The original intention of stereotyped writing may always be to write in a unified and fixed format, which is convenient for examiners to score and reflects "fairness". Otherwise, everyone has his own writing style, and there will be a situation that "different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions".
However, it later became a tool for rulers to control their thoughts. Because of the eight-part essay examination, the thoughts of those who are not good at imperial examinations are suppressed, and some intellectuals cannot innovate academically and ideologically. This leads to backward thinking and stagnant development of science and technology. Yan Fu once described the imperial examination system like this: "Eight-part essay is not enough to help the world and serve animals."
2. Because of the single way of being an official, only those who pass the imperial examination can be an official, and many people have the idea that being an official can make a fortune, which leads to the abnormal values of some scholars who pursue being an official, thus giving birth to some family and social tragedies. People often have the tragedy that poor people abandon their wives and children after high school. Lu Xun's Kong Yiji is the epitome of many people's miserable lives. This is inseparable from the individual itself, but it has to be said that the imperial examination system gave it such a living soil.
3. The imperial examination system leads to official corruption. With the advance of the historical wheel, the imperial examination system became politicized, and the education of teacher-student relationship led to the prevalence of teacher-student relationship. This has caused a serious nepotism. These teacher-student relationships help each other in officialdom, and officials protect each other.
Xiao Shenyang, a corrupt official during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, is the best example. Under the favor of emperor Qianlong, he dominated the world, took bribes, and became rich. And many times, the title of the imperial examination is used as bait to ask for bribes from candidates. This is not conducive to the country to build a fair, just and open social good system. Caused the darkness of officialdom and social chaos.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Imperial Examination System