Three-dimensional high-efficiency cultivation is a development direction of solar greenhouse at present, which can create higher economic benefits in limited space. The interplanting cultivation of strawberry and melon broke the single cultivation of strawberry in traditional solar greenhouse. When the strawberry harvest in early spring is coming to an end, the melon planted in the ridge will once again get considerable economic income and be welcomed by farmers. The related cultivation techniques are briefly described as follows.
Variety selection of 1
1. 1 Dzheniya strawberry
It is a Spanish variety, and its introduction code is A (also called TODLA). Plants grow upright, with medium fecundity and thin seedlings. After survival, the plant becomes stronger from weak. The leaves are large, nearly prismatic, with clear veins and pink stipules. The inflorescence spreads to the leaf surface, and the average single fruit weight of the first-order fruit is 33g (g), and the maximum single fruit weight is 75g. The fruit is flat and wedge-shaped, bright red, smooth and shiny. The seeds are embedded in the fruit surface, and the sepals roll back slightly. The flesh is pink, delicate in texture, sweet in fruit, hard in flesh and extremely resistant to transportation. Plants have strong stress resistance, strong disease resistance and high yield. At the temperature of 5 ~ 18℃, dormancy can be completed within 1 ~ 2 weeks. Generally, it can be harvested in June+10 in 5438, and greenhouse cultivation can produce 4-5 inflorescences continuously, forming multiple fruits for 2-3 months, and the conditions are suitable for up to 4 months. Generally, the yield of 666.7m2 (mu) is 3000kg, and the highest yield can reach 5000kg, with about 8000 seedlings per 666.7m2.
1.2 Qitian 1
This variety is a thin-skinned melon cultivated by vegetable research institute of Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province. High sweetness, rich flavor and good commodity characteristics. The growing period is about 75 days, and Ziman and Sunman both bear melons. The fruit is pear-shaped, the young fruit is green, it turns white or yellowish white when ripe, the meat is thick 1.9cm, the texture is crisp and sweet, and the aroma is palatable. The content of soluble solids is 13.5%, and the highest is 16.0%. The average fruit weight is 300 ~ 500 g, and the yield of 666.7m2 is over 2000kg.
2 stubble arrangement
Strawberries and melons are arranged in rows. Dzheniya strawberry can be planted in Liaoning in mid-September, and the temperature can be increased as early as 65438+1early October, and the fruit will gradually mature from late February of 65438+to early October of 65438+1early October, and it will end in April-May. Qitian 1 Melon was first cultivated in greenhouse and then planted in strawberry fields from late March to early April. Generally mature from late May to early June. Artificial improvement of soil fertility after harvest, and then the next year's production cycle.
3 Strawberry cultivation
3. 1 colonization
Before planting 666.7m2 strawberries in solar greenhouse, 5000kg of high-quality farmyard manure was applied, and the ridge was turned up, with a width of about 80cm and a height of 20cm. The seedlings were planted in two rows on the ridge, with row spacing of 40cm, plant spacing of 15cm and each hole of 1 seedling. Cover the plastic film along the ridge in advance, and dig holes in the plastic film to plant seedlings in mid-September, so that the seedlings are "deep without burying their hearts and shallow without exposing their roots". It is best to lay drip irrigation pipe if possible, so that the air humidity is low, the occurrence of diseases is obviously reduced, and the soil humidity is high, which is beneficial to strawberry growth and fertilizer and water management. 3.2 The heating time after temperature and humidity control heating should be determined according to the greenhouse type, dormancy depth of varieties and cultivation methods. Dzheniya strawberries were planted in mid-September, and the temperature rose in the first half of June at the earliest, 65438+ 10. At the beginning of temperature rise, all vents and stuffy sheds should be closed, and the temperature should be 30 ~ 35℃ during the day and not lower than 8℃ at night. If the temperature can't reach at night, it is necessary to add a layer of paper quilt, build a small arch shed, and use heating equipment if necessary. Attention should be paid to ventilation during flowering, otherwise humidity will affect pollination effect and abnormal fruit will increase. If conditions permit, bees can be used for pollination, and the yield will increase obviously. The temperature is 20 ~ 25℃ during the day and 6 ~ 7℃ at night, and the air humidity is controlled at 40% ~ 60%. The maximum fruit expansion period is not more than 22℃, and the minimum is 2℃.
4 Melon cultivation
4. 1 soaking seeds to accelerate germination
Sowing seeds need to be carefully selected. Before accelerating germination, the seeds should be dried for 2 days, then soaked in warm water at about 50℃ for about 15 minutes, and carefully stirred. After the water temperature cools naturally, soak the seeds for 5 hours, then take them out and clean them, and then disinfect them with liquid medicine. Soak in 0. 1% potassium permanganate for 2 ~ 4 hours; Soak in 500 times solution of 70% thiophanate methyl or 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution for half an hour. Wash the seeds soaked in the liquid medicine with clear water once, put them in a vessel, cover them with a wet towel, and put them in a thermostat or a hot kang to accelerate germination. The temperature is controlled at 30℃, 14 ~ 24 hours to germinate. The temperature is reduced to about 25℃ when the bud is exposed, and to 13 ~ 20℃ before sowing to prevent the high temperature from growing in vain. Pay attention to fertilizer and water management at seedling stage, and it is generally not suitable for watering.
4.2 Colonization
From late March to early April, melon seedlings were planted on strawberry ridges with a spacing of 50 cm. When planting, add a proper amount of soil bactericide and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer into the holes, and each hole has 2 melon seedlings, and then water them.
4.3 pruning
Qitian 1 melon mainly bears vines and sun vines, so it should be mastered flexibly when pruning. When the melon seedlings grow to 4 true leaves, they are pitted and a vine grows in the axils of 1 ~ 4 leaves. Generally, the branches and vines near the roots will be removed, leaving the first three branches. When each branch has 4 ~ 5 leaves, leave one sun vine to bear fruit. It is best to have 5-6 melons per vine. If the vines are sitting on fewer melons or can't sit still, they should leave the vines behind to bear melons. It is best to put 3-4 male vines on each branch, and pull each male vine again at the fourth leaf, so that the whole plant can sit 4-5 male vines. After pruning, it is advisable to leave 6 ~ 8 melons per plant.
4.4 Fertilizer and water management
Melon needs a lot of fertilizer in the growing season, so besides applying base fertilizer, it also needs topdressing. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can improve the quality of melon. Generally, more potassium fertilizer is applied and less nitrogen fertilizer is applied. The peak of nitrogen absorption in melon growing season is 2 weeks before pollination. Generally, 666.7m2 is about 5kg ammonium sulfate for topdressing, which can be carried out together with watering. During the young fruit expansion period (from the size of melon eggs), potassium fertilizer was mainly applied, with 46kg applied at 666.7m2 or foliar fertilizer sprayed once every 1 week. Before fruit setting, the soil moisture kept 70% of the maximum water holding capacity, the swelling period of young fruit was 80% ~ 85%, and the fruit entered the mature stage was 55% ~ 60%. There should not be too much water in the early stage to prevent excessive growth and falling flowers and fruits. Adequate water should be supplied during the fruit expansion period, and water should be poured once every 1 week.
4.5 temperature management
Melon is a thermophilic crop, and the temperature required for each growth period is different. After general planting, we must do a good job in temperature management in the early stage and adopt high temperature management. The temperature should be kept at about 25 ~ 35℃ (normal growth 15℃ ~ 45℃), and the flowering period is 25℃. If the temperature is lower than 17℃ at night, the flowering period will be delayed, and the most suitable temperature for fruit ripening is 30℃. During the growth period, when the temperature drops to 13℃, the growth of melon will completely stop at 10℃, and chilling injury will occur at 7.4℃. In early spring, the climate is changeable, so it is necessary to take measures to prevent cold and keep warm, combined with spraying K-3 stress-resistant and yield-increasing agent on the leaves, and the anti-low temperature effect will be better.
Five preventive measures
(1) botrytis cinerea and melon
Fusarium wilt is a very serious disease, and prevention is the priority. Commonly used fungicides for botrytis cinerea include Wanmeiling, botrytis cinerea, chlorpheniramine and Nongliling. Generally, it is necessary to do a comprehensive prevention and control of Fusarium wilt, such as soil disinfection, root irrigation, spraying, etc. before the onset of the disease, and 40% special-effect germicide EC and 80% methomyl can be used for prevention and control.
(2) Day and night temperature has a great influence on the growth and maturity of strawberry fruit. If the temperature is too high, it will ripen ahead of time, but it will affect the increase of strawberry fruit and reduce the yield. If the temperature is too low, the maturity will be delayed, but the output will increase. We should pay attention to this point, depending on the actual situation.
(3) Due to the influence of early spring climate and various factors, it is common to cultivate melons in protected areas. In production, artificial pollination should be carried out, the management of flowering temperature and fertilizer and water should be strengthened, and the temperature in the shed should be kept not lower than 25℃ to avoid excessive water management. Hormone treatment can also be used to prevent melon from melting, such as high-efficiency melon essence, anti-falling essence, melon essence, strong fruit essence and so on. It should be noted that the concentration of hormone must not exceed the dose, otherwise it will cause serious adverse consequences, and even lead to reduced production or no harvest.