Investigation report on rural labor force loss
In recent years, the State Council City, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has attached great importance to China's "three rural issues", and issued the document 1 1 for many years, focusing on the "three rural issues", and introduced and implemented policies and measures such as direct grain subsidies, subsidies for improved varieties, comprehensive subsidies for agricultural materials, subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, and raising the minimum purchase price of grain. It can be said that the grass roots of agriculture and rural areas have been consolidated and the living standards of farmers have been significantly improved. However, it is found that there is still a problem worthy of attention, attention and solution in rural economic and social development, that is, the serious loss of rural labor force, which is a common phenomenon in rural areas in underdeveloped western regions and deserves the attention of party committees, governments and society. Below, I will make an analysis based on the investigation of districts and towns. I. Basic information
The township is located in the southwest of the hilly area in the middle of Sichuan, and it is a typical pure agricultural township. It is adjacent to the town in the east, the town in the south, the town in the west and Guanyin Township in the north. Covering an area of 56.3 square kilometers, it governs 20 administrative villages, 1 community and 255 villagers' groups, with a total of 96 17 households with 34,042 people, and the floating population is about 2 1.700 people, accounting for 63.7% of the total population. In 20 13 years, the per capita net income of farmers was 7450 yuan, and the proportion of migrant workers was as high as%. The age of migrant workers is between 18-50 years old, accounting for about 93.4% of the total number of people in this age group.
Second, the main reason for the loss of labor
According to a survey of families in 60 villages, the main reasons why farmers go out to work are low family income, staying in the countryside with nothing to do, and hoping that their children will receive a better education, accounting for 36.7%, 25% and 10.3% of the total number of people surveyed respectively.
(1) Family income is low. Now in rural areas, a child needs more than 65438+ 10,000 yuan from kindergarten to university. The general expenditure on children's marriage is about 50 thousand yuan; In addition, the expenditure on purchasing means of subsistence in daily life. It is difficult for farmers to pay such a large sum of money for planting crops near the land. This is reflected in interviews with the masses, mainly focusing on middle-aged people who are old and young.
(2) The labor force is saturated. The existing land resources are limited, and agricultural machinery is being popularized. In addition, agricultural production is seasonal and does not require more labor input. Young people in rural areas think that it is better to go out to work than to stay at home with nothing to do and no income.
(3) Low production efficiency. Agricultural management mode is decentralized, production cycle is long, and it is greatly influenced by natural conditions. In addition, the characteristics of high risk, low income and low income lead to farmers' low enthusiasm for farming and farming.
(D) Rural development lags behind. In recent years, the state and government have invested heavily in rural areas, but generally speaking, transportation is still inconvenient, medical and health infrastructure is still weak, and spiritual and cultural life is still poor. In addition, township enterprises are underdeveloped and cannot absorb surplus labor, which will inevitably lead to brain drain.
(5) The temptation of the city is great. Cities provide more job opportunities and richer ways of leisure and entertainment. Some workers, especially young people, are tempted by the colorful life and convenient and comfortable conditions in the city. They look down on the agricultural production industry ideologically, and are unwilling to inherit the farming life of their fathers "facing the loess and facing the sky" and go out to work or do business in various ways. According to the interview, this is mainly reflected in young people under 35.
(6) create good conditions for future generations. Cities have good basic conditions such as education and health. Some middle-aged people with children have basically stayed in the city after having a certain amount of capital savings. They didn't buy a house in time and rented it in the city for a long time. They want their children to receive a good education. Among the 3 1 middle-aged people surveyed, 23 families moved to the city and jumped out of the agricultural gate. Judging from the village, many houses are vacant all the year round, and some have become dangerous buildings. Hollow village has become one of the main problems facing rural areas at present.
Third, the influence of migrant workers on the outflow areas.
positive impact
First, it increases family income. This town is a big labor export town. In 20 13 years, the amount remitted by the bank reached1450,000 yuan.
The second is to broaden the horizons of local people. By the time they reach some more developed metropolises, migrant workers will have a wider range of knowledge and more advanced ideas. They brought the experience and wealth accumulated in foreign cities back to their original mountain villages, awakened the conservative people in the mountain villages with advanced ideas, and led the villagers to go out to work and become rich in business.
The third is to promote local development. After many migrant workers became rich, they never forgot the development of their hometown, which gave strong support to the construction of infrastructure such as repairing bridges and paving roads. Since only 20 13, the town has received 3.8 million yuan from successful people for repairing bridges and paving roads. After accumulating a certain amount of capital and experience, a few successful people returned to their hometowns to set up some small-scale industries to promote local development. For example, Li Feng, the current secretary of the branch of Shuangancestral hall village in the town, is a typical representative of a successful entrepreneur who has gone out to return to his hometown. 20 1 1 After returning from Chengdu, Li Feng invested nearly 5 million yuan to set up Yuan Shuxiang Food Factory, which promoted local farmers to develop more than 3,000 mu of special vegetables.
(B) the negative impact
First, the utilization rate of cultivated land has declined. First of all, the cultivated land area is reduced and the land is abandoned. Among the 20 families with migrant workers visited, 9 families have completely abandoned their soil and 5 families have partially abandoned their soil. According to incomplete statistics, the proportion of abandoned cultivated land area in the whole town to the total cultivated land area is about 78.5%. Secondly, it is manifested in extensive cultivation, extensive planting, and thin harvest. Idle fields can be seen everywhere in the province, and the fields are getting thinner and thinner, and the grain depends on hybrid rice for high yield. Furthermore, the development of high-efficiency cash crops lags behind and the adjustment of agricultural structure is slow. Many farmers no longer pin their economic development on that acre of land. The annual crop planting area is 1. 1.00 million mu, of which grain crops account for 88.2%, and cash crops such as oil crops, vegetables and melons account for1.8%.
The second is to increase the burden on local governments. First of all, problems such as education, medical care, medical insurance, assistance and disputes caused by left-behind children, left-behind elderly people and left-behind women have increased the burden on the government. Secondly, the problem of public security in rural areas has deteriorated, and the theft of villagers' private property and public property has become more serious, especially in winter, when poultry are stolen.
Third, it is not good for the growth of left-behind children. Going out to work leads to children staying at home, and children are separated from their parents for a long time in childhood. Children will feel insecure, which is not conducive to the timely expression of children's emotions, and it is easy to cause personality distortions such as autism and violence (give specific cases). On the other hand, the ancestors' own education level is limited, so they can't carry out cultural education and scientific guidance training for left-behind children. Education management depends entirely on school teachers. There are nearly 800 left-behind children in this town, which highlights four difficulties: it is difficult to discipline and supervise the next generation, it is difficult to love education, it is difficult to lack management security, and it is difficult to grow up without management.
Fourth, the left-behind elderly have no one to support them. Children work outside for a long time and can't go home on time, which leads to an increase in loneliness of the elderly. Because most young people go out to work, in order to maintain a normal life, the elderly at home are still active in the fields and engaged in farm work, and their lives are very difficult. Once you get sick, you have to rely on yourself. Even sometimes, children who go out to work have poor living conditions outside, and the elderly have to take out their only savings to help their children. For example, Mr. and Mrs. Tang Zhijun and their two grandchildren in 4 villages rely entirely on their income from farming at home for their education.
Fifth, the problem of left-behind women affects family harmony. Due to the long-term shortage of male labor in the family, left-behind women bear the responsibility of productive labor, educating their children and caring for the elderly in the family. Most husbands of left-behind women go home 1-2 times a year, and some even haven't gone home for several years. Left-behind women are under physical and psychological pressure, which leads to marriage crisis in many families. (For example)
Sixth, it is not conducive to local development. There are 48 village cadres over 50 years old in the town, accounting for 78.6% of village cadres. Because the cadres of the two committees are older, their ability to accept new things and drive villagers to develop and become rich is weak, and outstanding young people who go out to work are not willing to be village cadres. The departure of young adults has led to a lack of labor in some local infrastructures. Take the new rural construction under construction as an example. Because there are no suitable young people in the local area, 90% of the ordinary workers involved in the project construction are recruited from other places.
Fourth, to resolve the negative impact of rural labor loss on rural countermeasures
The solution to the rural labor drain is to let people stay in the countryside, and the villagers are willing to stay. Specifically, they can earn money and have a good production and living environment. Proceeding from this idea, I think it should be strengthened from the following aspects.
(1) Strengthen rural infrastructure construction. Mainly rural road construction, so that farmers' production and living materials and planted crops can be transported smoothly. At present, there are still 1% villages in the town without cement roads, and the village roads of14.5km are not hardened. Increase investment in social undertakings, establish a basic production and living and medical security system for farmers, strengthen the construction of infrastructure such as culture and sports, and continuously enrich the spiritual and cultural life of rural people.
(2) Encourage scale operation. Make good use of the project funds given by the state to rural areas, explore and try to take the road of intensive land management, speed up land circulation, subcontract land to competent business owners with compensation, or cultivate and support large-scale farmers, improve the rational utilization of land resources through scale operation, and help solve the employment of local people.
(3) Strengthen the construction of township enterprises. Strengthen the ideological education of migrant workers, encourage some people who have the intention to set up enterprises in their hometowns to set up factories in their hometowns, and give preferential policies and support. Through the development of enterprises, some workers who don't want to engage in agricultural production can enter the factory without leaving the city.
(4) Strengthen the construction of boarding schools. Strengthen the construction of boarding schools in primary and secondary schools, so that students whose parents work outside the home all the year round can eat and live in the school, and the school will strengthen management in a unified way to enrich children's lives. After school hours, the school is responsible for monitoring and teachers give one-on-one guidance. Buy a computer, establish a group of parents of left-behind children, build a communication mechanism between teachers and parents, and students and parents to guide children to grow up healthily.
Article 2 Investigation Report on Rural Labor Loss
The word "migrant workers" is no stranger to society. With the continuous development of society, the interior of this group of migrant workers is also constantly updated. As one of the youth forces in contemporary society, the survival and living conditions of this special group of migrant workers are related to the future of the countryside. During the winter vacation, the reporter visited some rural areas in Yanting, XX and Zitong counties under the jurisdiction of Sichuan, a major labor export province in China. Part of the survey is aimed at the situation of young migrant workers after 1980s and 1990s. First, the origin of the tide of migrant workers
The idea of going out to work began in the middle and late 1990s. At that time, in addition to paying agricultural taxes, farmers had to pay advance withdrawals and various fund-raising (including village community fund-raising, township fund-raising and city and county fund-raising). All kinds of taxes and fees add up, and farmers have nothing left after a hard season.
A farmer in XX Town, XX County told the reporter: "I clearly remember that 1997, after my rape was sold, I took all the necessary money, and the rest was only used to buy a' cold dog' for our baby (a local ice cream, which sold for one yuan at that time).
"At that time, farmers really didn't have much money," a cadre of Jiaotai Township Government in Zitong County told reporters. "At that time, we went to the village to collect agricultural taxes and allocate funds, which was also troublesome, and it was useless to mobilize again. Some farmers who are not good at agriculture really can't get it out. Most farmers have no balance after paying taxes and fees. "
Since then, many rural young and middle-aged laborers have gone out to work, unwilling to work in farmers who have no way out. The tide of working has continued until now, even though the country has successively introduced many policies to benefit farmers, from changing fees to taxes to completely abolishing agricultural taxes. Most wage earners are still reluctant to go home to farm, and going out to work is still the first choice for many rural youths.
Second, the growth experience and education status
There are two kinds of growth experiences of contemporary young migrant workers: one is to grow up in their hometown, enter the society after graduating from junior high school or vocational school, and start working in the field; The other is to follow parents and go to school where their parents work. Because they can't go to school locally or for other reasons, most of them go to work with their parents after graduating from junior high school, but this is rare. Because of the strict hukou restrictions in the past, most young migrant workers grew up in their hometown.
Among the 100 young migrant workers interviewed by the reporter, most of them only have junior high school education, accounting for 9 1%, while only 6% have high school education, and the other three have not graduated from junior high school. It should be noted that among the six people who completed high school education, five were born after 90.
Faced with such a result, Gong, a teacher from Tashan Middle School in XX County, told the reporter: "Nowadays, rural children usually go to high school after finishing junior high school to prepare for college. However, in the past, few people continued their studies after finishing junior high school. Generally, I went out to work after graduating from junior high school. "
Third, the industry and income situation.
Compared with their parents' migrant workers, the knowledge level of young migrant workers born in 1980s and 1990s has been improved to some extent. Most of them are engaged in some technical work outside, and some even boarded the console of CNC lathe after training. The industries that are engaged in more work are mostly service industries and various factories.
But their parents' migrant workers used to be very popular construction workers, and few young migrant workers are interested in domestic service. Tracing back to the source, He Youcong, an old migrant worker who works as a construction worker in Beijing, told reporters, "Construction workers and miners are so tired that they are covered in mud every day. This generation of young people simply cannot afford it. Most young men are willing to enter the factory, and their work is easy and clean. "
Shi, another migrant worker who has been a nanny in Chengdu for many years, told reporters that domestic service is very troublesome. Cooking, taking care of children and cleaning have been troublesome for many years. Only we old people can do it. Of course, people of our age don't understand the delicate work they do in the factory.
Fourth, the understanding of new trends.
Migrant workers after 8090, like other post-8090 s, pay special attention to and understand the times and trends.
They will also have nothing to do to find their companions to "go home for dinner", and they will also have nothing to talk about which store clothes are better and more affordable. They will also spend their leisure time visiting Adinik, and girls will go to see Perfect and L 'Oreal, although they seldom spend money on them.
Playing cards, surfing the Internet and shopping after work are their main entertainments. Compared with the days when they are busy at home with their backs to the loess and busy at home, this kind of city life is particularly comfortable and satisfying for them with a monthly salary of only about 2,000 yuan. "My wish may be that my salary can be higher!" Xing Xiaofang, a girl from Yanting who is now working in Shanghai, told reporters.
Verb (short for verb) Future plans.
When it comes to planning for the future, the general idea of older young migrant workers (mainly those born after 1980s) is to make money now and then consider other things. Huang Si, a migrant worker working in Shanghai, told reporters that he hasn't thought so carefully yet, and he just wants to make more money while he is young. When asked if she had any plans to buy a house and settle down in Shanghai, she smiled and told reporters: "Our generation will forget it, but we will continue to live in humble abode and can't afford to be house slaves in Shanghai. If possible, it depends on my son's generation.
Article 3 Investigation Report on Rural Labor Loss
According to the requirements of the Notice of the Provincial Employment Service Bureau on the Investigation of the Transfer and Employment of Rural Labor Force in Key Monitoring Towns, Shigaitang Town, Beihu District has truthfully filled out the Questionnaire on the Transfer and Employment of Rural Labor Force in Key Monitoring Towns, talked with village cadres, and worked at home. In the form of personal communication with villagers and telephone survey on the basic situation of individual migrant workers, through a series of surveys on the employment type, employment mode, employment area and employment income of rural labor force, I have mastered the first-hand information, and asked the villagers who work at home and the farmers who go out to work for advice on the difficulties and problems faced by rural labor force transfer and employment, how to enhance their employability and improve the quality of migrant workers. The brief analysis is as follows: Shigaitang Town, located in the southern suburb of Chenzhou City, is a "suburban new town, an important industrial town and a strong economic town" in Beihu District, and its basic economic competitiveness ranks among the top ten towns in the city. There are 8 administrative villages in the town, with a total population of 11950, including 9,406 rural residents, 2,544 urban residents and 2,343 rural surplus laborers (16 to 60 years old). The age structure of the workforce is: 16-20 years old, 180 people, accounting for 7.6%; 0-40 years old 265438+ 1506 people, accounting for 64.2%; 0-60 years old, 465,438+657 people, accounting for 28.0%. Knowledge structure: junior high school education or below 1533, accounting for 65.4%; There are 800 people with high school or technical secondary school education, accounting for 34. 1%.
First, the current transfer of rural labor employment characteristics
1, strong nepotism. The rural labor force introduced or guided by relatives and friends accounts for the majority, and the number of people transferred through the government or professional intermediary organizations is relatively small. In particular, the flow cycle of young labor is long. Some rural youths are completely divorced from agricultural production and have been engaged in mobile employment for a long time. Those who have been floating for more than 5 years account for about 3% of the total number of migrant workers.
2. The flow area is relatively concentrated. Rural migrant workers in Shigaitang Town, Beihu District are all over the country, but the floating areas are relatively concentrated in the Pearl River Delta and Chenzhou City. With the economic strengthening of Shigaitang Town in Beihu District, Yuteng Chemical, Yuxiang Noodle Industry and other enterprises have expanded their production, and the number of migrant workers employed in the town has increased.
It has obvious part-time job. With the development of the secondary and tertiary industries and the improvement of agricultural productivity, a considerable number of farmers have not only retained the right to contract land, but also joined the tide of going out to work, planting land during busy farming hours and going out to work and do business during slack farming hours, which is a double transfer of industry and agriculture.
4, still mainly engaged in pure manual labor. Rural laborers who go out to work account for 65.4% of the education below junior high school. Because of their generally low quality and single skills, this is in contrast with the demand for high-quality and high-skilled talents in the job market. The space for them to go out to work is gradually shrinking, and most of them can only engage in industries with low labor skills, high labor intensity and high risks.
5, from simple migrant workers to individual and private owners. Some migrant workers have mastered certain skills, accumulated certain funds, accumulated certain practical experience, broadened their horizons, increased their knowledge, made full use of their favorable conditions, returned to their hometowns to set up economic entities, and really made a fortune.
Second, some problems in the transfer of rural labor force
1, the transfer mode of rural surplus labor is still blind. Since the reform and opening up, spontaneous transfer has always been the most important way for rural labor to go out. At the same time, due to the imperfection of grass-roots employment information network, the rural surplus labor force lacks sufficient information channels and employment guidance, which leads to great blindness. The disorderly flow of rural labor force makes it more difficult for governments at all levels and relevant functional departments to macro-control the labor force, organize labor export and coordinate urban and rural employment, reduces the utilization rate of labor resources, and also brings some negative effects to social security, urban transportation, housing construction and family planning in the importing areas.
2. The rural labor transfer employment income is relatively low. The survey shows that the overall income of migrant workers is low, of which 572 have a monthly income below that of 800 yuan, accounting for 24.4% of the total number of migrant workers; 800- 1500 yuan has 1480 people, accounting for 63.1%; There are 284 people whose RMB is more than 1500, accounting for 12438+0%. At the same time, their jobs are unstable. The survey shows that 38% of migrant workers work in one place for a long time, and 62% of migrant workers work in two or more places.
3. Rural labor employment is not completely reliable. Due to the long-standing dual economic structure between urban and rural areas, the rural labor force faces many institutional and policy obstacles in the process of transferring to the secondary and tertiary industries. For example, in terms of employment opportunities, compared with urban labor force, rural labor force is more restricted in employment opportunities; In terms of social security and labor protection and welfare, due to the lack of corresponding policies and legal protection and effective supervision, migrant workers are not only far below urban workers in social security and labor protection and welfare, but also have no guarantee. Among the migrant workers, 89.6% signed labor contracts with enterprises, and some of them signed indefinite contracts. 64% of employees participated in the old-age insurance, and a few participated in the industrial injury insurance. In recent years, although the central government has promulgated a series of policies and laws and regulations to protect the rights and interests of migrant workers, it will take some time to fully implement them.
4. Low quality restricts the transfer of surplus labor. The low quality of rural labor force is an important factor restricting the transfer of rural surplus labor force, especially the improvement of transfer level, which is manifested in too many low academic qualifications and very few high academic qualifications; There are many types of physique, and few have received professional training. Affected by the objective conditions of low quality and skills of rural labor force, it is difficult for rural labor force to enter higher-level industries, and the transfer field is getting narrower and narrower.
Third, countermeasures and suggestions to speed up the transfer of rural labor force
1. Improve the system and constantly improve the urban-rural integrated labor market. Take effective measures, increase investment, strengthen the hardware and software construction of labor market for urban-rural communication, strengthen the construction of rural labor security platform and village-level information liaison team, and strive to establish and improve the government-led, socialized service-supported, market-oriented rural labor employment service, training and management system, so as to effectively promote rural surplus labor to go out to work. At the same time, it is necessary to improve policy support, strive to create a good social environment, improve the land contract responsibility system, speed up the orderly transfer of land, and separate the land contract right from the aquaculture management right; Support farmers to work in cities for employment, and implement urban and rural overall employment and equal employment; Actively explore rural endowment insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, etc. So that rural laborers can enjoy the most basic social security and gradually transition to a unified social security system for urban and rural laborers.
2, do a good job in training, and constantly improve the quality of rural labor. First of all, we must carry out ideological guidance. Guide the rural labor force not to blindly crowd the doors of universities and realize that vocational skills education is also a good way to make a living. Secondly, it is necessary to increase training. With the development of market economy and the change of growth mode, people from all walks of life have higher and higher requirements for the quality of labor force. Governments at all levels and labor training institutions should strengthen the training of rural labor force, establish and improve the vocational skills education and training system of rural labor force on the basis of popularizing nine-year compulsory education, expand the scope of running schools according to market demand, actively develop diversified continuing education projects such as vocational education, television education and correspondence education, and encourage and help farmers to learn and master new things through various forms of education and training.
3, build a nest to attract phoenix, and strive to realize the local transfer of rural surplus labor. In recent years, Shigaitang Town, Beihu District has attracted a number of enterprises to settle in Shigaitang Town, Beihu District by paying close attention to attracting investment, and absorbed many rural surplus laborers to transfer employment. For example, Yuteng Chemical Company * * resettled 56 1 surplus rural laborers, Yuxiang Noodle Industry * * resettled more than 5 19 rural laborers, and about 1080 people in the whole town were absorbed and resettled by park enterprises. In the future, it is necessary to create a good investment and entrepreneurship environment, further formulate preferential policies and encouragement policies, actively attract investment, strive to expand the development space of secondary and tertiary industries, increase jobs, promote the employment transfer of rural surplus labor, support the development of investment enterprises and various individual and private economies outside the county, encourage migrant workers with a certain capital base to return to their hometowns for entrepreneurial development, and give more tangible benefits and support to entrepreneurs who return home, such as project construction support and support.
4. Do a good job in service and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. First of all, we should strengthen the publicity of labor law, social insurance and other relevant laws, regulations and policies in conjunction with the judicial department to improve the self-prevention ability of the broad masses of workers. Secondly, we should actively seek the support of overseas offices, adopt various ways and means to establish corresponding management and service organizations or institutions in areas or cities where the floating population is relatively concentrated, and provide a series of employment tracking services such as legal policy consultation, labor information and employment guidance for rural laborers to help them solve some practical difficulties in their work and life, such as labor disputes and emergency handling.