Abstract: Zhao Yun was originally Liu Bei's cavalry guard, and later gradually became one of the important generals of Han Shu Group. Zhao Yun in history is by no means a mediocre man. He has some outstanding personalities. Zhao Yun is more sober than many people at the same time. He can not only consider the long-term interests of Liu Bei Group, but also pay attention to winning the hearts of the people. Zhao Yun has followed Liu Bei for many years and has always been self-denying. ...
The characters in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are vivid and widely circulated among the people, especially some outstanding figures, which are well-known at home and abroad and have far-reaching influence, which is incomparable to other historical paragraphs. Over the past 60 years, such shining stars have constituted the special features and lasting charm of the characters in the Three Kingdoms.
Among so many people in the Three Kingdoms, besides Zhuge Liang, whose wisdom is eternal, the most popular one is probably Changshan Zhao Zilong.
As real figures in history, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Huang Zhong, Ma Chao and even Wei Yan are better than Zhao Yun in terms of talents and contributions to the Shu and Han regimes. However, Zhao Yun, as an artistic image in the novel, is more deeply rooted in people's hearts than the above people. When Zhao Yun is mentioned, everyone will give a thumbs up.
Zhao Yun first followed Gongsun Zan in history, and then Gongsun Zan sent Zhao Yun to help Liu Bei. Liu Bei liked Zhao Yun very much, so he kept him. Because Liu Bei was kind and Gongsun Zan were classmates, Gongsun Zan readily agreed. Zhao Yun was originally "riding as the first master", that is, Liu Bei's cavalry guard, and later gradually became one of the important generals of Han Shu Group. At the end of the Han dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and heroes rose together, with advisers like rain and warriors like clouds. Zhao Yun is not the most outstanding person.
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both have "ten thousand enemies", both of whom are contemporary tiger ministers, and Cao Cao and other opponents think so. In his letter to Guan Yu, Zhuge Liang called Ma Chao "an outstanding person, an outstanding person all his life". Huang Zhong "always stuck in the past and bravely crowned the three armies". In the battle between Liu Bei and Cao Cao for Hanzhong, Zhao Yun calmly rejected the enemy, winning more with less, and was praised by Liu Bei as "everyone has courage" and was named General Hu Weiwei. But on the whole, Zhao Yun is still slightly inferior to Zhang Guan and Macelo Wong, so in history, when Shu Han was ranked as a five-tiger general, Zhao Yun ranked last.
On the merits, Zhao Yun is inferior to Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Wei Yan and others. Guan Yu has been loyal to Liu Bei since he became sworn. He is Liu Bei's most valued subordinate and occupies an important position. As early as the fourth year of Jian 'an, when Liu Bei recaptured Xuzhou, he sent Guan Yu to "guard Pi City and do things in a satrap"; Before Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei had only two troops: one was the Jiangxia Army led by Liu Qi with 10,000 men, and the other was the "Guan Yu Water Army with 10,000 men"; After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei got six counties in Jingzhou, "taking Yu as the prefect and general of Xiangyang and stationed in Jiangbei"; Liu Beixi decided Yizhou and "worshiped the feather to supervise Jingzhou", which shows Liu Bei's trust and esteem for Guan Yu. Guan Yu flooded the Seventh Army of Jingzhou, repelled Coss, captured him alive in the Forbidden City and defeated Pound, which was "a great shock to China". Several small counties around him broke away from Cao Cao's rule and were willing to be controlled by Guan Yu, scaring Cao Cao out of Xudu, which was a great achievement. Although Zhang Fei's achievements are not comparable to Guan Yu's, he is also a minister of Liu Bei's thighs and arms. After Battle of Red Cliffs, "it is advisable to fly as a satrap and recruit generals"; After Liu Bei captured Yizhou, he "led the Brazilian satrap to fly", and Zhang Fei defeated Cao Cao's brave general Zhang He in Brazil, which made Cao Cao dare not attack Brazil for many years. Ma Chao, who surrendered to Liu Bei late, is not a veteran figure, but he is already famous for his bravery and good fighting. Liu Bei was surrounded by the loyal opposition, Liu Zhang, but as soon as he heard that Ma Chao voted for Liu Bei and was outside the city, he immediately surrendered in Kaesong, which was a great contribution to Liu Bei. Huang Zhong killed Xia, a famous soldier in the 24th year of Jian 'an, and made great contributions to Liu Bei's capture of Hanzhong. When Wen Yuan died, Cao Cao burst into tears. Wei Yan has been guarding Hanzhong since the 24th year of Jian 'an. After Liu Bei's death, as the first general of Shu Han, he moved to the north and south and made great contributions. However, Zhao Yun followed Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang for a long time and served as the general of the guard. He didn't have a chance to lead the troops alone, and his grades were not as good as those of his predecessors, so his natural position was not as good as that of a horse.
In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Liu Bei called Hanzhong King and worshipped Guan Yu as a former general. Worship Zhang Fei as the right general and have a holiday; Worship Ma Chao as the left general and have a holiday; Worship Huang zhong as the post-general and give him the title of Hou in Guannei; Wei Yan was promoted to be the general in charge of Zhenyuan, Hanzhong, and was in charge of the satrap of Hanzhong. And Zhao Yun is just the general of Yi Jun, and many people got the title of general with no three no four and no practical significance. In the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, Guan Yu and Huang Zhong died, and Zhang Fei moved his chariot and rode his generals, led a captain from the division, and entered Xixiang Hou; Ma Chao moved to a title of generals in ancient times, led Liangzhou animal husbandry, and entered the countryside; Wei Yan also went to visit General Zhenbei. At this time, Zhao Yun's official position has not been promoted. In the Han dynasty, the general of riding a car and the general of riding a table were all first-class generals; The general is a second-class general, so Zhao Yun's rank is far lower than other generals at this time. In the fifth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong, preparing for a massive northern expedition. At this time, Guan, Zhang, Ma and Huang Xun had died. As the general of Zhenbei and Hou Ting, Wei Yan served as the front committee of the viceroy, leading Sima and Liangzhou, the prime ministers, to study history. On the other hand, Zhao Yunze is still less important than Wei Yan as a general in Zhendong and a pavilion in Yongchang. This situation has not changed until Zhao Yun died.
However, Zhao Yun in history is not a mediocre person. He has many excellent qualities that others don't have:
First, deeply understand the righteousness. Zhao Yun's principle is to serve the country, go through fire and water for the people, not for personal gain. In feudal society, this is a rare ideal of life. He voted for Gongsun Zan first and then for Liu Bei, not purely out of personal feelings. It is this that makes Zhao Yun much higher than the average soldier.
Second, loyalty and righteousness dare to remonstrate. Yizhou has just settled down, and Liu Bei wants to give it to the generals with the house in Chengdu and the mulberry garden outside the city. Yun retorted, "Huo Qubing thinks that it is useless to have a home until the Huns are extinct. Nowadays, traitors are not only Huns, but also unable to make peace. The world should be decided, each against mulberry, each to his native land. The people of Yizhou, who suffered from the mutiny for the first time, can return their farmland houses, so that they can settle down and resume their jobs, and then they can transfer to the military and get their favor. " Visible zhaoyun than many people awake at the same time. He can not only consider the long-term interests of Liu Bei Group, but also pay attention to winning the hearts of the people. So Liu Bei immediately adopted his suggestion.
When Liu Bei was ready to crusade against Wu Dong and avenge Guan Yu, no one in Shu dared to persuade Liu Bei. Only Zhao Yun stepped forward to dissuade him and pointed out: "The traitor is Cao Cao, not Sun Quan ... You can't gather Wei and fight Wu first." But Liu Bei didn't listen and went his own way, which eventually led to the defeat of Yiling. Not only did he die, but he also killed 700 thousand soldiers of Shu Han, which made Shu Han badly hurt.
Throughout the history of Han Shu Group, among many military commanders, no one has bluntly advised Liu Bei on fundamental plans like Zhao Yun, which Zhao Yun knows.
Third, fairness. Zhao Yun has followed Liu Bei for many years, and has always been self-denying and devoted to public affairs, without favoritism. Before Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao's general Xia Houdun at Bowangpo. In the battle, Zhao Yun caught Xia Houdun's subordinate Xia Houlan. He and Xia Houlan are fellow villagers and childhood friends. In this case, the cloud did not let Xia Houlan leave privately, but reported to Liu Bei; And recommend Xia Houlan to Liu Bei according to his ability; Let him contribute to Shu. Business is business, which is really commendable! Zhao Yun's excellent quality has long been appreciated by Liu Bei, so Liu Bei used to be his stay camp, "taking care of things"; And he has always been a conscientious and impartial director.
Fourth, be modest and prudent. Zhaoyun is second only to Guan Yu and Zhang Fei in Han Shu Group, and has the merit of rescuing Liu Chan. But he never takes credit, never strives for fame and gain, and always maintains a harmonious relationship with his colleagues. This is beyond the reach of Guan Yu, who is righteous and proud, and Wei Yan, who is high in sex. In the sixth year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan and was defeated by Jieting. The suspected soldiers led by Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi also lost in Ji Gu. In the retreat, because Zhao Yun personally broke off, the team was not chaotic. "There is nothing to give up on military assets." Zhuge Liang appreciated this very much and wanted to reward Zhao Yun and his soldiers. At this time, Zhao Yun was not complacent, but said sincerely: "What is a gift if the military merits are not beneficial? Please write it down in the red bank vault and give it in October. " Through these sincere and touching words, Zhao Yun is strict with himself and broad-minded and admirable. To sum up, Zhao Yun in history, although not as good as other military commanders in political achievements, has incomparable virtues. All these provide a solid historical foundation for the shaping of Zhao Yun's artistic image.
Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, has deep feelings for Zhao Yun. He successfully created a radiant image of Zhao Yun from his own perspective.
First of all, Luo Guanzhong surpassed the historical records and tried his best to establish Zhao Yunyong's image as a general of the three armed forces.
As mentioned earlier, Zhao Yun's martial arts and fame are not the most prominent in history. In order to make this hero in his mind bigger, Luo Guanzhong greatly developed his artistic imagination and fully rendered Zhao Yun's military courage in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Zhao Yun's first appearance in Romance of the Three Kingdoms was remarkable: at that time, after Gongsun Zan was defeated by Yuan Shao's general Wen Chou in Panhe, "Wen Chou drove Gongsun Zan out of the valley after the battle and ran away ... Zan's bow and arrow fell, his helmet fell to the ground, and his horse was thrown vertically, but he turned to the hillside, but his horse was lost and Zan rolled over and fell down the slope. Wen Chou drew his gun and wanted to stab it. " At this very critical time, I suddenly saw "a general on the left side of Caopo, immediately without armor, and the gun went straight to Wen Chou ... Wen Chou went to war on May 6th, and the outcome was not divided. Zan's men rescued the army, and Wen Chou brought the horse back. The boy is in no hurry. " I saw that the boy was "eight feet long, with heavy eyebrows and eyes, wide face and heavy face, handsome and dignified." [1] left a very deep impression on readers.
What really made Zhao Yun famous in the world was the thrilling battle between Han and Bo, but this classic example was compiled by Luo Guanzhong. Zhao Yunzhuan, a biography of the Three Kingdoms, said that Yun and his former master were hunted down by Tso Gong in Changban, Dangyang, abandoned their wives and went south, and held the weak son, the late master, to protect Mrs. Gan, the late master. According to this simple record, it can be seen that Zhao Yun can only stall and protect Mrs. Gan while retreating in a hurry, and it is impossible to run amok in the uneven lines. However, Luo Guanzhong weaved a series of tense and tortuous plots: first, Zhao Yun rushed into the array twice, rescued Mrs. Gan and Zhu Zhu, found Mrs. Elk, and took over Dou, which created special conditions for Zhao Yun to hug the young master alone. Then, Zhao Yun described the conflict between Cao Jun and Invincible with hearty pen and ink. "Cut down two banners, took three pieces, stabbed the sword back and forth, and killed more than 50 famous Cao Ying soldiers." [2] This earth-shattering battle made Zhao Yun's image stand tall in the hearts of millions of readers like a huge stone statue; Since then, "Changshan Zhao Zilong" has become the embodiment of courage and perseverance, and is synonymous with outstanding courage and martial arts.
Even if Luo Guanzhong made a bold fiction, he didn't flatter Zhao Yun too much. Nor did I write that Zhao Yun's martial arts surpassed those of Lu Bu, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao. However, Luo Guanzhong skillfully used a variety of artistic techniques, so that Zhao Yun's martial arts were more fully displayed than others, resulting in more outstanding artistic effects.
Secondly, Luo Guanzhong used a lot of pen and ink to show Zhao Yun's virtue in many ways.
In history, Zhao Yun's excellent character was artistically reproduced in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. For example, after he saved Gongsun Zan, he said, "Today, the party is surging, and the people are in dire straits. Yun is willing to show his deep understanding of righteousness by the Lord of benevolence and righteousness, so as to secure the world and not turn his back on Yuan. By discouraging Liu Bei from giving the famous farmland in Chengdu to officials, he opposed Liu Bei's revenge and showed loyalty and courage. Therefore, he put the pioneering work of Liu Bei Group in the first place and refused to marry Zhao Fan, the magistrate of Guiyang, to show self-denial and dedication; He showed modesty and prudence, did not compete with Huang Zhong, never boasted about his achievements in winning battles, and so on.
When Luo Guanzhong showed Zhao Yun's virtue, he particularly highlighted his agility and delicacy. Originally, Zhao Yun in history was not outstanding in this respect. Luo Guanzhong once again exerted his artistic creativity, vividly, vividly, making Zhao Yun's image more unique in Liu Bei Group. When Cai Mao invited Liu Bei to Xiangyang for dinner in an attempt to harm him, Zhao Yun led 300 troops to follow Liu Bei. When I arrived in Xiangyang, "it is not feasible for clouds to wear armor and hang swords." At the banquet the next day, Zhao Yun still "wore his sword", only because of Liu Bei's order, he reluctantly sat down in the seat in the outer hall. After drinking for a while, he became uneasy. He went in to watch and found that Liu Bei had escaped. He immediately led 300 soldiers out of the city to look for them. After searching for a long time, Liu Bei was nowhere to be seen. "Zilong wants to enter the city, fearing that there will be an ambush and lead the army to Xinye." When he returned to Xinye, Liu Bei was still missing. He searched everywhere all night until he found Liu Bei. His agility and delicacy can be seen in the whole process. Because of this, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang are particularly at ease with his work. Zhuge Liang sent an envoy to Wu Dong to ask Zhao Yun to meet him on the appointed date. Liu Bei went to Jiangdong to get married, and Zhuge Liang made it clear: "I made three plans, which are not feasible but not feasible"; After Zhou Yu's death, Zhuge Liang went to Chai Sang to mourn and was protected by Zhao Yun ... Zhao Yun was never as arrogant as Guan Yu, nor as reckless and careless as Zhang Fei. He is always timid, conscientious, and successfully completes the task again and again. This feature, together with his virtues of bravery, integrity and modesty, makes Zhao Yun the most perfect figure in the image series of military commanders in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Luo Guanzhong thought brilliantly again, and kept the bright spot of Zhao Yun until the end.
Zhao Yun's last important experience in history was his first northern expedition with Zhuge Liang in the sixth year of Jianxing. Zhuge Liang "raised his voice through Gu Jie Road, and Cao Zhen sent someone to get it. Bright clouds and Deng Zhi refused and attacked Qishan again. Yun and Zhi Dou were weaker than the enemy and defeated by. But they gathered all the people to persevere and didn't suffer a big defeat. The soldiers retreated and fell to the general of the town army. " [3] In this respect, Luo Guanzhong made a romantic transformation to a great extent. First, before Zhuge Liang sent troops, Zhao Yun, who was 70 years old, volunteered to be a pioneer. In Mount, he even killed four sons of Han De, a general of Wei, and scared Han De to death. "West cool soldiers know the name of the dragon, and see the hero is still there, who dares to play? ..... and walk away. " The next day, he confronted Wei Jun again, and in less than three rounds, he stabbed Han De who had the courage to commit all kinds of crimes. This struggle makes readers deeply feel that Zhao Yun and the main body of his works are still alive. Second, the fictional Zhao Yun stabbed Zhu Zan, the deputy pioneer of Cao Zhen, and made another meritorious military service. The third is to omit the fact that Zhao Yun "lost to Ji Gu". Fourthly, it vividly describes the process of Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi withdrawing troops calmly: Zhao Yun asked Deng Zhi to use his own banner to withdraw first, and he covered himself behind. This illusory arrangement made Wei Jun, who was afraid of Zhao Yun, afraid to let go. Zhaoyun sometimes rushed to Wei Jun and stabbed his pioneer Su Qing to death; He appeared behind Wei Jun from time to time and shouted: "The fall of Wei Bing shocked more than 100 people." . So Zhao Yun retreated safely to Hanzhong without any loss along the way. As a result of this description, this retreat seems to be a psychological victory for readers. The fifth is to describe Zhao Yun's rejection of Zhuge Liang's reward, which made "Kong Ming sigh:' When the first emperor was in Japan, he often called the virtue of Zilong. If this is the case today, it is true. "It is doubly respectful" [4]. This series of vivid descriptions made Zhao Yun maintain the reputation of "ever-victorious general" in his last expedition, and made his virtue glow in his later years.
Why in the reader's mind, Zhao Yun ranks first among all military commanders, higher than Zhang Guan and others?
First of all, this is because Zhao Yun in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a vivid artistic image that combines authenticity and originality.
Zhao Yun, written by Luo Guanzhong, is a legendary figure with extraordinary skills, and at the same time, a figure who meets the requirements of artistic truth. Most of the plots related to Zhao Yun in Romance of the Three Kingdoms are based on history, which makes Zhao Yun, an artistic figure, conform to Zhao Yun, a historical figure. Luo Guanzhong put Zhao Yun's heroic achievements in a specific atmosphere of the times, which made Zhao Yun's image have a strong atmosphere of the times. And because Luo Guanzhong pays great attention to the truth of details in his description. Among the single-riding saviors in Chang Hanbo, in this important plot dominated by fiction, Luo Guanzhong gave full play to Zhao Yun's extraordinary martial arts and courage, but he did not forget to set a credible environment and conditions for Zhao Yun: First, let Zhao Yun go without any other encumbrances; Second, in the process of killing Zhao Yun, except for fighting with Zhang He for more than ten times, his other opponents were all mediocre people in Cao Jun, and did not pose a real threat to Zhao Yun. Third, in order to subdue Zhao Yun, Cao Cao ordered "Don't stab him in the back, but take him alive". This makes it possible for Zhao Yun to break through. Therefore, although readers feel that Zhao Yun's courage is unattainable, they believe it psychologically.
On the other hand, Zhao Yun of Luo Guanzhong is an original figure. Before The Romance of Three Kingdoms came out, there was no such heroic image as Zhao Yun. The success of this image is mainly attributed to Luo Guanzhong. Among the hundreds of military commanders written in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there are dozens of famous generals who leave a clear impression, but there is only one image like Zhao Yun who is courageous and knowledgeable, intelligent and courageous, alert and cautious. People will never think that he has anything in common with other famous players.
Zhao Yun's popularity with readers is also related to the change of people's ideas. Take the impression of Guan Yu as an example. Today's readers have long lost their awe and worship of the king in feudal times. On the contrary, people don't like his arrogance, and often say that "going through five customs will kill six generals"; Regardless of the overall situation, people don't agree that he wants to enter Shu to compete with Ma Chao, claiming that he and Huang Zhong are not in the same column, and rudely rejected Sun Quan's proposal. For him to let Cao Cao take the Huarong Road, people think that it is a serious loss of position, regardless of the enemy and the enemy, and it is a betrayal of principle for self-interest. In today's readers' minds, Guan Yu's image has been greatly reduced.
In contrast, Zhao Yun's bravery and a series of virtues are more easily understood and appreciated by today's readers, and more critically absorbed by people. It is not surprising that today's readers prefer Zhao Yun to Guan Yu.
Bibliography:
[1] Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the seventh time, Yuan Shaopan River War, Sun Sun Jian crossed the river and hit Liu Biao.
[2]' Romance of the Three Kingdoms' Forty-first back' Liu Xuande and people crossing the river Zhao Zilong riding a savior alone'.
[3] "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" back to the ninety-second "Zhao Zilong beheaded five generals Zhuge Liang outwitted three cities".
[4] "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" back to the ninety-sixth "Kong Ming tears cut Ma Su Zhou Fu broken hair to earn Cao Xiu".