1. What is a graduation (degree) thesis?
Graduation thesis is an article with certain academic value submitted by graduates. It is a landmark assignment for students to complete their studies, a comprehensive summary and review of their learning achievements, and a written summary of graduate research.
Second, the purpose of writing graduation thesis
There are two main aspects: one is to comprehensively assess students' theoretical knowledge and ability. The second is to summarize the training of students' basic scientific research skills.
III. Types and specifications of graduation thesis
Stylistically, graduation thesis belongs to the category of academic papers in argumentative essays. That is, an article that proves his point of view is correct.
As far as its content is concerned, graduation thesis can solve a problem in the discipline and answer it with its own research results; You can also just raise a problem in the discipline, synthesize other people's existing conclusions, and point out the direction of further discussion; There is also a kind of partial answer to a question in the proposed discipline with one's own research results. The graduation thesis pays attention to the rational analysis of objective things, points out its essence, and puts forward personal academic opinions and methods and opinions to solve a certain problem.
As far as its form is concerned, graduation thesis has the general attributes of argumentative essay, that is, argument, argument are the three major elements of the article. This paper focuses on logical thinking, emphasizes the fact-based, shows the rigorous reasoning process and draws convincing scientific conclusions.
(A) the type of graduation thesis
1. Graduation thesis can be divided into theoretical papers according to different content, nature and research methods.
And descriptive papers.
There are two kinds of theoretical papers: one is purely abstract theory, the research method is rigorous theoretical deduction and mathematical operation, and some also involve experiments and observations to verify the correctness of the argument. The other is based on the investigation of objective things and phenomena, the observation data obtained in the investigation and related literature. The research method is to analyze, synthesize, summarize and abstract the relevant data, and put forward some new theories and viewpoints through induction, deduction and analogy.
2. Graduation thesis can be divided into thesis and rebuttal thesis according to the nature of discussion. Argumentative graduation thesis refers to expounding and demonstrating one's own views and opinions from the front. Writing a thesis requires clear arguments, sufficient arguments, rigorous argumentation, convincing people with reason and convincing people with facts. Argumentative thesis refers to establishing one's own arguments and propositions by refuting others' arguments.
3. Graduation thesis can be divided into macro thesis and micro thesis according to the size of research questions. A paper that is overall and universal and has certain guiding significance for local work is called a macro paper. It has a wide range of research and influence. On the contrary, the papers that study locality and specific problems are microscopic papers. It is of guiding significance to specific work and has a narrow influence.
4. There is also a comprehensive classification, that is, graduation thesis is divided into thematic type, argumentative type, comprehensive type and comprehensive type.
Four types of combinations:
1) monograph. Based on the analysis of previous research results, this paper expresses opinions in the form of direct discussion and puts forward academic problems of a certain subject from the front.
2) Argumentative paper. This is a paper aimed at others' views on an academic problem of a certain subject, with sufficient arguments, focusing on exposing its shortcomings or mistakes, and expressing opinions through debate.
3) Summarize the paper. This is a kind of paper that introduces or comments on an academic problem of a certain subject on the basis of summarizing the research results of predecessors or present people to express their opinions.
4) Comprehensive papers. This is a paper written by organically combining summary and demonstration.
(B) the specifications of graduation thesis
The standard level of graduation thesis. The master's thesis needs more than 20 thousand words.
Its academic level is higher than bachelor's thesis. Must be able to reflect the depth of the author's knowledge and have the author's own new ideas. Article 5 of the Regulations on National Academic Degrees stipulates that graduate students in institutions of higher learning and scientific research or personnel with the same academic qualifications as graduate students can obtain a master's degree if they have a solid basic theory and relatively systematic professional knowledge in this discipline and have the ability to engage in scientific research and professional and technical work independently. In other words, the master's thesis emphasizes that the author should have his own new ideas and originality on academic issues, and the length is generally long, and he should read more relevant important documents before writing.
(C) the basic requirements of language expression
Simple, vivid, vivid, accurate and scientific.
(d) thesis and logic
First, the content of the paper conforms to the objective reality and can be convincing.
Second, the concept is clear, the judgment is appropriate and the reasoning is coherent.
Third, the content of the paper is closely related, and the whole paper forms a unified whole.
1, the logical structure between the contents of the paper
1) vertical structure.
It refers to the logical order between general argument, sub-argument and minor argument, and the logical order between sub-argument and minor argument. To talk about logic is to pay attention to the whole article, the whole structure, the beginning, the middle and the end should be related, and they should be internally related and not conflict with each other.
In order to explain the general argument, a paper should list several sub-arguments, each sub-argument extends to a part, and each sub-argument and each part should have internal relations. Each argument is divided into several small arguments, and each small argument is expanded into a paragraph. There should also be internal relations between small arguments and paragraphs. This reflects the vertical logical connection of the whole paper, and accordingly forms a complete system and rigorous structure of the paper.
2) Transverse structure.
Refers to the logical connection between arguments and arguments, viewpoints and materials. A paper should be convincing and logical, and the most important thing is that the argument is clear, the argument is sufficient and the argument is rigorous, revealing the inevitable connection between arguments. First of all, only by organically combining the general argument with the materials can the paper have vitality and receive good results. Secondly, we should properly handle the relationship between sub-arguments and materials, even the relationship between minor arguments and materials, which can not only directly prove sub-arguments or minor arguments, but also indirectly play a role in highlighting the general argument.
3) Combined structure.
The logical connection between the contents of the paper is criss-crossed. The concrete performance is the vertical and horizontal structure of the paper, which is called combined structure for short. Some papers with this structure are mainly vertical and some are mainly horizontal.
2. Give priority to meaning and be unified from beginning to end.
It means the center of the article. If you want to write your graduation thesis well, you must grasp the center. The requirements of this center should be simple and clear. Grasp this center, stick to it, go all the way to the end, don't change the topic halfway, don't stop, don't jump, so that the development of the central idea can be continuous.
As a paper, as far as the development of ideas is concerned, we should talk about it layer by layer, and then talk about the meaning of another layer. The questions raised at the beginning should be analyzed and answered at last, so that there is a call before and a response after.
3. The first is orderly and coherent.
The article should be hierarchical and organized, which has a lot to do with the arrangement and handling of materials. Different material relations have different treatment methods. You can't be confused, the level is unclear, and naturally there is no organization.
1) parallel relation. There is no master-slave relationship between the materials in each part of the article, and whoever comes first does it in order, which has little influence. For example, introduce life insurance, including traditional insurance, dividend insurance and investment linkage. No matter which one is introduced first.
2) Progressive relationship. It is a deeper relationship, and if it is reversed, it will cause logical confusion.
3) Continue the relationship. The former part and the latter part have a direct logical connection. Although the levels are divided, the truth is exhausted. There are unfinished needs at the previous level, and then continue, without interruption.
4) antagonistic relationship. The reason discussed in this paper is the unity of opposites. For pros and cons, internal and external, before and after, quality, victory and defeat, performance shortcomings and so on. They are both related and different. The focus of the discussion is to clarify that they are dialectical and unified, and cannot be viewed in isolation, and one side cannot be emphasized while the other side is ignored.
4. The tenon is thin and the transition is natural. Make the article seamlessly connect from top to bottom, leaving no broken marks.
5. Look ahead and adjust the structure.
Structure is the organizational arrangement of the content of the article, and the structure of the paper should be smooth and orderly, with clear levels and strict logic. The modification of the structure mainly starts from three aspects: first, whether each level is clear, whether there is repetition or contradiction, whether there is omission or redundancy, whether the meaning is coherent and smooth, and whether it meets the proof requirements of each argument; Second, look at whether the transition and care between levels are consistent, whether the transition is natural and appropriate, and whether the cohesion between paragraphs is close; Third, look at whether the preface theory, theory and conclusion are coordinated, and whether there is a situation that the former should not answer after calling, and the former does not answer after asking.
Fourthly, the evaluation of graduation thesis
1, graduation thesis grading standard
According to the relevant regulations, the grading results of graduation thesis can generally be divided into five grades: excellent, good, medium, passing and failing.
1) Excellent
(1) can make good comprehensive use of the learned theories and related knowledge of this major.
(2) Be able to closely contact the actual work of this system, this department and this unit. The analysis of the problem is correct and comprehensive, with certain depth or originality, which has certain guiding significance for practical work.
(3) the center is prominent, the arguments are sufficient, the structure is rigorous, the level is clear, and the expression ability is strong.
(4) Rich materials and reliable data can be processed and sorted by scientific methods.
2) Good
(1) can make better use of theoretical and professional knowledge.
(2) Being able to better connect with practical work and correctly and comprehensively analyze problems has certain reference function for guiding practical work.
(3) The center is clear, the arguments are sufficient, the levels are clear, the sentences are fluent, and the expression ability is good.
(4) The materials are rich, the data are basically reliable, and they can be well processed and sorted.
3) Pass the exam
(1) There are no mistakes in principle in theory, and I can basically master and apply the relevant knowledge I have learned in this major.
(2) I can also connect with practical work, basically express my views, and have certain ability to analyze and solve problems. However, the analysis of the problem is superficial, or it can only list the phenomena, and the center is not prominent enough.
(3) There are certain arguments, the main data are basically reliable, and the sentences are fairly smooth.
(4) There are certain original materials, which have been processed and sorted out.
4) Medium
Its requirements are between good and pass.
5) Failure
Any of the following circumstances shall be deemed as unqualified.
(1) There is a principled error in theory, and the relevant professional knowledge is poorly mastered.
(2) The article is unfocused, with unclear levels, confused logic and unreasonable sentences.
(3) The materials are messy or the main data are distorted, and the processing is poor.
(4) The main content basically copied the achievements of others.
Note: Any paper that plagiarizes others' achievements or is written by others will be disqualified from judging and defending once it is found and verified.
2. Writing of comments
There are two opinions on graduation thesis: one is the opinion of the tutor, and the other is the opinion of the defense Committee.
1) How to write the tutor's opinion?
Instructor's opinion mainly evaluates the whole paper from the perspective of writing. The evaluation points are as follows:
(1) Whether the viewpoint is correct and clear;
(2) Whether the argument is sufficient;
(3) Whether the analysis is comprehensive;
(4) Whether the structure is reasonable;
(5) Whether the sentence is fluent;
(6) Whether it has practical guiding significance.
2) How to write the opinions of the defense committee?
(1) What's your defense attitude?
(2) Whether the thinking is clear;
(3) Whether the answer is accurate;
(4) Whether the language is fluent;
(5) Whether there are remedial measures for the deficiencies in the original text.
3, the general procedure of graduation thesis defense
1) half a month before the thesis defense meeting, students must submit their graduation thesis together with the outline and manuscript to the defense Committee after being reviewed and signed by the instructor. On the basis of carefully studying the graduation thesis, the main defense teacher of the defense Committee draws up the questions to be asked, and then holds a defense meeting.
2) At the defense meeting, let students spend about 15 minutes outlining the topic and the reasons for choosing the topic, and introduce the main arguments, arguments and writing experience of the paper in detail.
3) The main defense teacher asks questions. Each defense teacher usually asks 1-2 questions. After the teacher asks questions, some colleges stipulate that students can prepare for 15-20 minutes independently, and then come back to the scene to answer them. Some colleges stipulate that after the main defense teacher asks questions, students are required to answer them immediately (there is no preparation time). It can be a dialogue, or it can be that the presiding teacher asks several questions at a time. After listening clearly and writing it down, the students will answer them one by one in order. According to the specific situation of students' answers, the main defense teacher and other defense teachers can ask appropriate questions at any time.
4) Students leave after answering all the questions one by one, and the defense committee collectively decides whether to pass or not according to the quality of the paper and the defense situation, and draws up the scores and comments.
5) When the students are recalled, the main defense teacher will summarize the situation in the process of thesis and defense when facing the students, affirm their advantages and disadvantages, point out their mistakes or shortcomings, make necessary supplements and guidance, and announce approval or disapproval when facing the students. As for the results of the paper, it is generally not announced on the spot.
For students who fail to pass the defense, put forward amendments and allow students to defend independently after half a year or one year.
4. Problems that students should pay attention to in their defense
(1) Bring necessary materials and supplies.
(2) Be confident and don't be nervous.
(3) After listening to the question clearly, think about it before you answer.
(4) Answering questions is concise and clear.
(5) Don't argue with unanswerable questions.
(6) When the main viewpoints in the paper are different from those of the main defense teachers, you can argue with them.
(7) be polite.
Five, how to write
Principle requirements:
1, adhere to the principle of integrating theory with practice.
2. The argument should be scientific and the viewpoint should be innovative.
(1) The argument should be scientific.
The scientific nature of graduation thesis means that the basic viewpoints and contents of the article can reflect the objective law of the development of things. The basic idea of the article must come from the analysis and research of specific materials, not from subjective imagination.
First of all, science comes from careful investigation and study of objective things.
Secondly, the scientific nature of the article usually depends on whether the author can adhere to the scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts when observing and analyzing problems. In scientific research, neither personal prejudice nor conformity is allowed, let alone imagination. But from the analysis, and strive to truly reflect the true colors of things.
Thirdly, whether the article is scientific or not depends on the author's theoretical basis and professional knowledge.
(2) Ideas should be innovative.
The innovation of graduation thesis lies in its value. The innovation of the article, in general, requires that we should not simply repeat the views of our predecessors, but must have our own independent opinions.
(1) In new fields that have not been explored by predecessors, on new topics that have not been done by predecessors.
Result.
(2) It can be manifested as further research on the basis of previous achievements, and new discoveries or
This paper puts forward a new viewpoint, which can also be expressed as a new summary and expression of existing materials or viewpoints from a new angle.
(3) The article can scientifically explain the new problems in real life and propose solutions.
(4) Only by putting forward some new phenomena and problems can people's attention and thinking be aroused, which is also a kind of creativity.
3. The arguments should be informative and rigorous.
The (1) parameter should be informative.
The graduation thesis must be based on a large number of argumentation materials.
And established pillars.
The argument of graduation thesis should be sufficient and used properly: it is necessary to take it and discard it.
Dispensable.
The materials and data cited in the graduation thesis must be correct and reliable, and can withstand scrutiny and
Verification is the correctness of argument. The specific requirement is that the cited materials must be confirmed repeatedly. First-hand materials should be fair, verified repeatedly, personal likes and dislikes and assumptions should be removed, and their objective truth should be retained. Second-hand data should be traced back to the source, find the exact source, and deeply understand its meaning, and cannot be taken out of context. Quoting other people's materials serves your own argument, not as an ornament to the chapter. When quoting other people's information, you need to make some efforts to screen and identify it, so as to be accurate.
(2) the argument should be rigorous
Argumentation is the method and process of proving an argument with arguments.
Must be: 1) accurate concept judgment, which is the premise of logical reasoning; 2) Be hierarchical.
Second, clarify the process of understanding objective things in an orderly manner; 3) It is necessary to take theory as the key link and combine reality with fiction, reflecting the leap process from "reality" to "emptiness" and from "thing" to "reason", that is, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge.
In addition, writing graduation thesis should also pay attention to the clarity and standardization of style. Academic papers, investigation reports, summary articles, etc. Everyone has their own characteristics, and they should not be confused with each other in writing methods.
Title, content and executive summary of intransitive verbs
1, title
The title is the eye of the article: the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article should be reflected in all or different aspects.
The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.
(1) general title
The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:
(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, On the Mode of Insurance Funds Utilization, On Insurance Interests and My Opinion on Motor Vehicle Insurance Reform.
2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is there no market for employer liability insurance?" .
③ Explain the content scope. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, on the compulsory insurance system of motor vehicle third party liability, on the advantages and disadvantages of separation of production and sales of life insurance companies.
4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. Such as "insurance market reform and supervision from the perspective of rate marketization", "legal perfection and liability insurance" and so on.
⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as Inspirational Marketing Management System and Dawn in the History of Health Insurance in China.
There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.
(2) Subtitles and Subtitles
In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title.
In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, "How to treat the salary difference of marketers at this stage-also on the rationality of personal income tax".
It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels.
Title requirements: first, clear. Second, be concise. Third, it must be novel.
2. Contents
The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. To make the directory really play the role of a guide map, we must pay attention to:
(1) accurate. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text.
(2) clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct.
(3) complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted.
There are two basic types of directories:
The first is a table of contents expressed in words.
The second is the directory represented by numbers. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method.
3. Platform for Action
Abstract is the epitome of the full text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper.
It can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary.
The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article.
Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Graduation thesis generally adopts indicative abstract.
The writing requirements of English can be summarized as "completeness, accuracy, conciseness, truthfulness and vividness". Specifically:
(1) The content summary should be complete. That is, the main contents (or viewpoints) expounded in the paper cannot be omitted. It should be written as a complete paper and can be used independently.
(2) to highlight the key points. The research results (or central arguments) and the content of conclusive significance of the paper should be highlighted, and other items can be written concisely.
(3) the text should be concise. Writing should be carefully worded and expressed in concise and general language, and it is not appropriate to demonstrate every content.
(4) The statement should be objective. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to write only the objective situation of the research, make a subjective evaluation of the work process, methods and research results, and make a comparative explanation with other people's research. The value of a research achievement has its own public opinion, and there is no need to advertise itself. Therefore, seeking truth from facts is also the basic principle of writing abstract.
(5) The language should be vivid. Writing should be concise, vivid and fascinating, and literary color should be reflected as much as possible in terms of text polishing, expression and structure, so as to arouse readers' desire to read the text.
4. Text
The text includes introduction, theory and conclusion. This is the most important part of the graduation thesis, which is discussed in detail in other chapters, so I won't repeat it here.
Step 5 refer to
References, also called bibliography, refer to the books, newspapers and periodicals consulted by the author in the process of writing his graduation thesis, which should be listed at the end of the graduation thesis. There are three advantages to listing references: first, when the author himself finds that there is an error in the quotation, it is easy to find and correct it. Second, teachers of graduation thesis defense committee can know the breadth of students' reading materials as a reference for graduation thesis review. Third, it is convenient for readers who study similar problems to consult relevant viewpoints and materials.
The listed references (footnotes) should generally clearly indicate the title or article, author, publisher and publication year. The format is usually:
(1) or 1. Jiang (or the same), China Insurance Industry Development Report 2004, Tianjin, Nankai University Press, 2004, p. 28. ..
② or ②. Salomon Hubner (USA), translated by Chen Xin, Property and Liability Insurance, Renmin University of China Press, 2002, p. 126. (The English version is also in this order)
③ or 3. Xu Feiqiong, "On Agricultural Policy Insurance in China", Economic Review, No.5, 2004, p.xx.
④ or 4. See: "Freshmen are most prone to make fatal mistakes", reference news, 2006-0 1-30.
(Note: Articles and data that cannot be found online cannot be used. )