Keywords: college students; Employment; Countermeasures and suggestions
China Library Classification Number: F24 1.4 Document Identification Number: A.
In recent years, the employment difficulty of college students is no longer a local or limited field of higher education. With the expansion of colleges and universities, the number of graduates has reached a new high, and the employment situation of college students is getting more and more severe year by year. In 2007, there were 4.95 million graduates and 6.5438+0.44 million unemployed. In 2008, there were 5.59 million graduates, and the number of unemployed people was about 6.5438+0.6 million. The global financial crisis since 2008 has made the employment situation of college students more severe. The Report on Youth Rights and Interests in China issued by China Youth Research Center shows that the unemployment rate of college graduates in China has reached about 15%, which is much higher than the social average unemployment rate. In 2009, the number of graduates reached 665,438+million, and with the accumulation over the years, more than 7 million college graduates will join the employment force in 2009. Because the human capital stock of college students benefits from the long-term human capital investment of the government, society, families and individuals, the idleness of college students' human resources has caused the waste of human resources and accumulated social instability factors, which is extremely unfavorable to the current construction of a harmonious society. It is becoming more and more difficult for college students to find jobs every year, which has become a realistic problem to be solved urgently.
First, the reasons for college students' employment difficulties
As for the reasons why it is difficult for college students to find jobs, various scholars have expounded this problem from different angles. To sum up, there are mainly the following types: the number of college students exceeds demand caused by the expansion of university enrollment, resulting in an imbalance in the total amount; The specialty setting of colleges and universities can't meet the market demand; College students' employment expectations are too high, but their abilities are limited. It can be seen that scholars mainly analyze it from the perspective of pedagogy and sociology. In my opinion, these explanations are more or less convincing in a certain respect, but there are also some one-sidedness. Is there really a surplus of college students? At present, the gross enrollment rate of higher education in China is 15%, which is only in the primary stage of higher education popularization, while the western developed countries reached this level as early as the middle of last century.
Admittedly, there is a certain relationship between the enrollment expansion of colleges and universities and the difficulty in employment, but it must not be misjudged as the main reason for the difficulty in employment. Imagine, if the college students who graduated today didn't go to college that year, would there be no employment problem? The answer is obviouslyno. As a "factory" for producing college students, colleges and universities are fundamentally in line with the requirements of the times. Students studying in universities are helping and promoting their employment, not creating employment problems. Relevant data show that among the 700 million employees in China, high-level talents are scarce, and only about 5% of them have received higher education. These statistics fully show that there are not more but fewer college students in China, and the expansion of the scale of higher education is a reasonable need of social development, not a direct cause of employment difficulties.
In this way, under the illusion of seemingly "surplus", why is it difficult for college students to find jobs? There are many different understandings and opinions in society and academia, including objective factors and subjective factors, mainly involving society, universities and students.
(A) objective reasons
1, the dual effects of international division of labor and economic crisis. Because China is at the bottom of the international division of labor, the newly-added jobs are mainly labor-intensive, which makes China's employment "white-collar demand is insufficient", and there is a huge scissors gap between the employment of college students and the huge number of graduates after the expansion of enrollment. Due to the global economic crisis triggered by the financial crisis, the global economic development is facing severe challenges, and the negative impact on China's economy has obviously increased. The crisis of virtual economy has gradually flooded into the real economy, and some enterprises, especially foreign trade export enterprises, have encountered difficulties such as reduced orders, tight funds, reduced profits and increased losses, and some even went bankrupt. Problems such as "list of depressed industries", "tide of closure of small and medium-sized enterprises" and "list of laid-off enterprises" have appeared in front of us one after another. The number of employers and the number of jobs provided to college students have dropped sharply, which makes the employment situation of college students more severe in recent years. According to the survey data in Shanghai, only 45. 12% foreign companies plan to recruit fresh college graduates in 2009, and the number of recruits is limited.
2. The regional economic development is unbalanced. Different levels of regional economic prosperity have different attractions for college students. Undoubtedly, most college students prefer to work in economically developed coastal cities and large and medium-sized cities, while almost no one cares about the west or the countryside. This has led to great employment pressure in the southeast coast and large and medium-sized cities, and the so-called employment difficulties are mainly concentrated in these areas. The unbalanced development of regional economy leads to the inability to find jobs in places that want to find jobs, while those that can find jobs do not want to find jobs, which leads to the coexistence of idle talents and shortage of talents.
3. The influence of college enrollment expansion. Faced with the difficulty of college students' employment for several years in a row, although the country stopped expanding enrollment, the impact of expanding enrollment on employment still exists. In 200 1 year, the number of college graduates in China was1150,000, and in 2005 it was 3.8 million, an increase of 2.65 million in four years. In 2007, the number of college graduates nationwide reached 4.95 million, an increase of 820,000 compared with 410.3 million in 2006. In 2008, there were 5.59 million college graduates nationwide, and in 2009 it was 6 1 10,000, and the number of graduates is still increasing. As far as Zhejiang Province is concerned, there were 232,600 college graduates in 2009, an increase of 1.77 million over the previous year. The number of college graduates in Guangdong Province will exceed 200,000 for the first time, and it is estimated that more than 300,000 college graduates will go to Guangdong to apply for jobs. Let's take a look at the number of unemployed college students in China: 340,000 college students were unemployed in 2006, 5438+0, 370,000 in 2002, 520,000 in 2003, 690,000 in 2004, 790,000 in 2005 and 654.38+0.5 million in 2008. The superposition of new and old graduates has brought unprecedented pressure to the employment of college students in 2009.
(2) Subjective reasons
1. Dislocation between professional courses and market demand. With the development of economy and the deepening of reform, the demand structure of talent market has also undergone drastic changes. With the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure, the talent structure should be adjusted accordingly. Many professional courses remain unchanged for a long time, and the combination with actual needs is relatively poor. With the acceleration of social change, the requirements for college students' practical ability and innovation ability are constantly strengthened, and the traditional professional courses can no longer meet the needs of the talent market.
2. There is a gap between the employability of college students and the needs of employers. Under the new situation, a diploma is not enough to be a passport to employment. Employers put forward higher and higher requirements for professional knowledge and skills, practical innovation ability, teamwork ability and adaptability. The existing practice proves that the ability of college students in these aspects is not satisfactory. Employment ability can't meet the requirements of employers, which is an important restrictive factor for college students' employment.
3. College students' employment concept has not been adjusted quickly. Under the condition of market economy, the employment market for college students has quietly changed from a seller's market to a buyer's market. However, for this change, college students did not respond and adjust in time. On the one hand, the employment expectation remains unchanged, and most of them choose the southeast coastal areas, while the central and western regions are not considered; On the other hand, it is required to be close to home, with high salary and easy work. Pay too much attention to the work area and salary, but ignore the standardization and development of yourself and your career. Driven by such a perfect and one-stop employment concept, there is a lack of necessary preparation for employment risks.
Second, to solve the employment difficulties of college students countermeasures and suggestions
(1) Extend the industrial chain, actively participate in international service outsourcing, and further accelerate the development of the tertiary industry. According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, every increase in the added value of China's secondary industry by 1 percentage point will increase 17 jobs; Every increase of 1 percentage point in the added value of the tertiary industry will increase 85 jobs. However, at present, the number of employees in the tertiary industry in China only accounts for 27.7% of the total number of employees in the country. Practice shows that the more developed the tertiary industry is, the more jobs there will be. On the contrary, there will be fewer jobs and the economy will not be developed. China's tertiary industry has a broad development space, so we should speed up the development of the tertiary industry in order to increase jobs, realize the equal employment rights of employees and promote the rapid development of China's economy. 20 10 the domestic talent market will further heat up. At present, China's policy of expanding domestic demand has increased the construction of infrastructure in China, which is of great practical significance to stimulating domestic demand and can create more employment opportunities for college students.
Deepen the reform of higher education, strengthen employment guidance and broaden the employment market.
1, adjust the professional structure and curriculum in time. With the rapid change and development of society, new requirements are constantly put forward for the number of professionals. In this way, colleges and universities should always grasp the pulse of the job market, rationally adjust the professional structure and curriculum according to the needs of all walks of life, and improve the matching degree between employees and social needs.
2. Strengthen employment guidance and enrich employment information. Colleges and universities should give formal employment guidance to college students according to the employment situation. For example, offering career guidance courses for college students will strengthen graduates' awareness of adapting to the market economy. Guide and help students to correctly analyze what they like and what they are suitable for, understand the training and development direction of their major, as well as the social requirements for graduates, the national employment policy for graduates and so on. This will help college students to choose jobs in one step and avoid hitting a wall everywhere.
(3) Close contact between schools and enterprises, reduce intermediate links, develop post resources and optimize supply and demand channels. Colleges and universities should take the initiative to open their doors, go to the society, go deep into enterprises and establish a relatively stable talent relationship. Enterprises and institutions should actively cooperate closely with colleges and universities, explore the survival and development space of enterprises in colleges and universities, realize the close combination of school and enterprise from product design and planning to training and use, and strengthen the integrated development of higher education and society.
(d) Students should have high theoretical level and strong practical ability. The basic conditions for improving the employment rate discussed above are actually exogenous basic conditions. These external conditions have to wait and depend on internal conditions to play a role. This inherent condition is the students themselves. At present, the study style of college students can not be ignored. Many students are afraid of difficulties, impetuousness, weariness of learning, skipping classes and even coveting enjoyment. As a result, their theoretical level and practical ability are not up to standard. Therefore, we must educate students to study hard and overcome all difficulties, not only to integrate theoretical knowledge, but also to participate in practice and apply what they have learned.
(5) Further expand and realize flexible employment. The development of flexible employment requires the thinking of job seekers to be more flexible, especially the concept of employment and the way of choosing jobs should be changed in time. Flexible employment mode not only helps enterprises to optimize the talent structure and avoid the risks of employing people, but also helps job seekers to accumulate practical experience, increase professional skills and knowledge, and is conducive to the flow and development of talents. At the same time, it is necessary to improve the supporting measures for flexible employment, especially to improve the legal system for ensuring employment, strengthen employment guidance, promote the development of flexible employment, make flexible employment more flexible, and guide college students to realize their employment rights smoothly. Among the college students who are currently employed, most people think that they can only get a formal job if they go to government agencies or state-owned enterprises, and they must sign a formal contract with the employer to get a real job, which requires them to have a relatively stable position and a fixed income. College students' understanding of employment concept directly affects graduates' expectations of the nature of employment units, salary and treatment, working environment and personal development. Under the pressure of real employment, graduates should have a more tolerant understanding of the concept of employment. As long as they have jobs and labor income, they can choose employment.
In order to ensure the smooth employment of college students, we should take various effective measures to further expand and realize flexible employment in light of the current employment situation in China. First, choose to go to the grassroots for employment. The current university student village official in China is a very good choice with certain preferential policies. It is also a very wise choice to achieve employment in urban communities, where there are many employment opportunities; The second is to choose to go to the west for employment. At present, China's western development needs a large number of high-level talents. When college students go to the west for employment, they can successfully achieve employment and realize their own life value. The third is to go to non-public enterprises for employment. Non-public enterprises employ a large number of fresh college students, providing more jobs and achieving employment more smoothly; Fourth, you can choose to start your own business and achieve the goal of employment. Entrepreneurship can not only achieve their own employment, but also drive others to achieve employment. China also has certain preferential policies. Therefore, college graduates should also learn to seize opportunities and successfully realize their life values and goals.
(Author: Zhejiang Commercial Vocational and Technical College)
Main references:
[1] Hui Liya. Reflections and countermeasures on the employment of college students under the new situation [J]. Economist, August 2009.
[2] Wang Jiang. Causes and countermeasures of college students' employment difficulties [J]. Northern Economy, July 2009.
[3] Lin Xilian. Analysis of the current employment difficulties of college students and countermeasures [J]. Social perspective, 2009.5.
[4] Hu. The reasons and countermeasures of college graduates' employment difficulties [J]. Journal of Henan Vocational and Technical Teachers College (Vocational Education Edition), April 2008.
[5] Liu Yanhua. Cross the threshold of "difficult employment" [J]. Employment of College Students in China, 2008.23.