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What are the physical requirements of nursing specialty?
College senior nursing graduates are in short supply! ! !

What is nursing?

Nursing is a comprehensive applied science based on the theory of natural science and social science, which studies the nursing theory, knowledge, skills and its development law of maintaining, promoting and restoring human health.

Nursing science includes natural sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry, anatomy and physiology. By studying anatomy and physiology, nurses can observe and distinguish physiological and pathological changes, and can provide accurate treatment, such as injection and catheterization.

Nursing also includes social sciences and humanities such as psychology, ethics, sociology and aesthetics. By studying psychology and sociology, nurses can provide care that meets people's psychological needs and affect the impact of social environment on people's health.

Nursing is a practical applied science. It combines the theories of natural science and social science to form the theoretical system and technical operation of nursing.

Nursing is an independent science, which constitutes the whole medical field together with medicine, pharmacy and nutrition.

Present situation and prospect of nursing specialty

The nursing profession has a history of nearly one hundred years in China, especially in the last ten years, and it has developed rapidly: nursing education has gradually moved from secondary school to university, the quantity and quality of nursing research articles are improving, the nursing concept of holistic nursing is gradually deepening, the vision of nursing managers is gradually broadening, the scope of nursing profession is gradually expanding, and the practice of evidence-based nursing is on the rise. In the process of the development of nursing specialty, the globalization of world economy and society has also brought a series of challenges to how to improve the professional quality of nursing professionals in China from the aspects of knowledge, attitude and skills, and put forward higher requirements for the roles and skills of nursing professionals. This paper probes into the strategies to meet the challenges from the aspects of the present situation of nursing human resources, nursing concepts, clinical nursing methods, evidence-based nursing, nursing education and nursing management methods in China, and puts forward the following nine professional development goals: 1. Expand nursing human resources. Broaden the horizons of nurses. Develop nursing education. Strengthen nursing research. Improve nursing concept. Improve clinical nursing methods. Strengthen nursing management. Expand the scope of nursing specialty. Popularize.

1. Nursing human resources: nurse human resources 1. Ratio of nurses per thousand population: There is a serious shortage of nurses in China. According to WHO data, 1998, the ratio of nurses per thousand population in most countries in the world has reached more than 3‰, and some developed countries even reached more than 30‰. In India, Turkey, Brazil and other countries, the ratio of nurses per thousand population is below 1‰, and the ratio of nurses per thousand population in economically developed countries is obviously higher than that in economically underdeveloped countries. However, in 200 1 year, the average number of nurses per thousand population (doctor: 1.62/ thousand population) in China was 0. 18. 2. The ratio of medical care: the ratio of China is seriously unbalanced, and the ratio of Chinese mainland to Turkey and Brazil is below 1:1; The proportion of medical care in Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Germany, Britain and other countries is greater than1:4; Finland, Norway, Canada and other countries have more than 1: 6. However, the ratio of doctors and nurses in China is seriously unbalanced, which was1:0.68 in 2003 (1.952 1:2.28) (source: 2006,5438+0-2002 Report on Health Resources in the Western Pacific and the Status, Deficiencies and Forecast of World Nursing). 3. Nurse bed ratio: The ratio in China is unreasonable, and many countries in the world basically keep it above 1: 1. Take Britain as an example: the ratio of nurses to beds in general wards is generally1:1; The ratio of nurses to beds in highly dependent wards is about 2:1; The ratio of nurses to beds in ICU is about 5-6: 1. In China, the ratio of nurses to beds in 200 1 year is 0.4: 1, which is far lower than that in developed countries. 4. Nursing staff education: The domestic nursing staff education is relatively low (compared with China and the United States). In 2000, among nurses in American nursing hospitals, 7.6% graduated from graduate school, 35.7% from undergraduate school, 38.4% from junior college, 22.5% from community nurses and 48.2% from junior college. In China, in 2003, technical secondary schools accounted for 64.5%, junior colleges accounted for 24.3 15%, and undergraduate courses accounted for 65.438+0.3%, mainly technical secondary schools, with low academic level. 5. Data: The current situation of medical human resources in some countries and regions in the world (1995-2000), and the national per capita GPT (USD). Doctors and nurses per 1,000 population: nurses China 7401.62 0.991.6/China Hongkong 26437 1.54 6.22 1.4 Taiwan Province Province, China12040/kloc. 38+051.87 7.791:4.16 Thailand 61000 0.381.551:4.20 UK-1. 38+0: 3.40 Australia 37295 2.75 8.641:3.14 (source: 200 1-2002 Western Pacific Health Resources Report) 6. The current situation of global nursing human resources: further comparison: the number of nurses in the United States is 265,438+10,000. There are 1.6 thousand nurses per thousand people in Australia, but it is said that there is a serious shortage of nurses; In China, the number of nurses in 2003 was 65,438+0,266,000, with 0.99 nurses per 1 0,000. If the ratio of doctors to nurses is 1: 1, the gap should be 1.5 million. In 200 1 year, the Ministry of Health sampled 12 hospitals nationwide. The results showed that 10 hospitals were seriously short of nurses, with an average vacancy rate of 3 1.3%. Average age of nurses: due to the shortage of nurses in western countries, clinical nurses are generally older: 45 years old in the United States and 40.4 years old in Australia. The average age of nurses in China is low (

Secondly, the development trend of world economy and social globalization has brought a series of challenges to how to improve the professional quality of nursing professionals in China from the aspects of knowledge, attitude and skills. 1. Development of nursing service: The World Bank clearly pointed out in 1993 World Development Situation that most health care work should be undertaken by nurses and midwives. 2. Challenges faced by the nursing profession (from NLN Daily, May 2002. ) 1. Population aging, disease spectrum change and demand diversification: the change of health demand leads to the change of service mode; 2) knowledge and technology explosion: challenges brought by high-tech and informatization; 3) The trend of world economic and social globalization: the internationalization of nursing manpower market; 4) Challenges brought by the improvement of consumer education, traditional medicine and hospice care in the medical and health care field: the role of mental factors, quality of life, pain management and human dignity; 5) The complexity of nursing connotation brought by people-oriented nursing: improving nursing quality; 6) The increase of medical care cost raises the management nursing problem of medical care service: the reform of medical insurance system; 7) Impact of health policy: the community health care system has been further improved, the tasks, workplaces and work contents of nursing professionals have changed, and the community has become an important place; 8) The challenge of multidisciplinary cooperation to education; 9) the problem of lifelong education and improvement of nursing work caused by the shortage of nursing staff; 10) nursing discipline and nursing research progress. 3. Global development trend of nursing profession In short, the main development trend of nursing profession in the world is: nurses will become the main force of primary health care; Nursing staff will become the main force of health education; Nursing staff will become equal partners of doctors and other health care personnel; It is still an important task for nursing staff to provide high-quality and high-tech care for critically ill patients. Participate in the competition in the international talent market. 4. The attitude, knowledge and ability of the society towards nursing talents (research topic of the Ministry of Education, Shen Ning, 2003) (1) Comprehensive knowledge Nursing talents should be able to understand themselves and others by integrating the knowledge of natural science and humanities and social sciences; Master basic nursing knowledge and professional knowledge combined with practice; Master certain basic medical knowledge to meet the needs of nursing work; Develop and apply problem-solving and critical thinking skills; Using scientific data and methods to plan, implement and evaluate nursing measures; Using social, political, economic and historical knowledge to analyze professional problems; Communicate effectively in written and oral form, and can clearly express personal views; Establish an effective working relationship with others; Understand the impact of different cultures on health; Understand the characteristics of nursing specialty. (2) Professional values and moral concepts The professional values and moral concepts that nursing talents should possess include altruism (caring for the interests and health of others); Autonomy (providing information to patients to obtain informed consent; Dignity: respect for the uniqueness and intrinsic value of individuals and groups); Integrity (abide by professional ethics, abide by moral standards and professional standards); Justice (observing moral, legal and humanitarian norms). (3) Nursing core competence Nursing talents should have the ability to work independently; Health education and preventive health care ability; Teaching ability; The ability of critical thinking; Communication skills; Ability to make decisions and solve problems; Ability of organization and coordination (4) Ability of autonomous learning and professional development Nursing talents should have certain scientific research ability, ability to obtain and use information, critical thinking ability, innovation ability and self-development ability. (5) Nursing talents with both physical and mental qualities should have good health, good emotional characteristics, good adaptability and adaptability. Third, nursing education. Gradually from technical secondary school to university 1. The general history of nursing education in China is mainly divided into four stages: multi-level nursing education system1923-1952-1966; Single-level nursing education in technical secondary school 1966-65438+. 3- Up to now: Multi-level development (secondary school, junior college, undergraduate, graduate) 2. Several milestones in the development of higher nursing education in China: 192 1 year: American Rockefeller Foundation opened Union Medical College Hospital, and cooperated with five private universities such as yenching university, Nanjing Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences, Soochow University in Suzhou, Lingnan University in Guangzhou and cheeloo university in Shandong to carry out five-year higher nursing education; 1979: The Ministry of Health issued Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Work and Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Education; 1980: Nanjing Medical College and nanjing general hospital of nanjing military command jointly set up a junior college nursing class; 1983: Tianjin medical college opened a five-year nursing undergraduate course; 1992: Beijing medical university set up master of nursing; 1994-2000: China Merchants Bank sponsored 88 nursing graduate students; 2003: The Department of Nursing of the Second Military Medical University opened a doctoral nursing program. 3. The scale of nursing education in China by 2003 (Source: China Nursing Development Plan 2005-20 10): Postgraduate Program: 13 Undergraduate Program: 132 Specialized Program: 199 Secondary School Program: The scale is gradually decreasing 4. Level and scale of nursing education in China. For example, nursing education in China, statistics of American and Japanese nursing colleges: China, the United States, China, Japan, Taiwan Province Province, doctor 1 323 5 2, master 1 1 bachelor11652/specialist/. Hundreds of technical secondary schools (250 46 1.85). Only through academic education can nurses gradually develop along the ladder of nursing specialty and become professionals. The career ladder of nursing specialty is divided into five stages (Benner P. From novice to expert. Ajn, 1.982, March, 402-407. ) (1) novice (2) advanced novice (3) competent) (4 nurses (4 skilled) (5 nurses (5 expert nurses). 6. Development goal of nursing education (Source: China Nursing Development Planning Outline 2005-20 10): The planning goal of the Ministry of Health: By 20 10, nurses with college degree or above shall not be less than 30%, of which 60% are nurses with college degree or above in tertiary hospitals and 40% are nurses with college degree or above in secondary hospitals. 4. Nursing research: The quantity and quality of research papers are improving. 1. Nursing research is the foundation of strengthening the academic nature of nursing specialty. The journal Nursing Research was founded in the United States in 65,438+0,952, and the American Nursing Research Foundation was established in the same year, marking a new era of nursing research. The rapid development of nursing postgraduate education in the 20th century provided a solid foundation for the development of nursing research. The increase in the number of international nursing journals provides a powerful platform for showing the development of nursing research: nursing journals 174 in 2004; Among them, 36 volumes entered the ISI SCI-expansion. 2. Nursing research in China: the number of periodicals increased 1.995, and there were only six kinds of nursing periodicals (China Nursing Journal, Practical Nursing Journal, Nursing Science Journal, Nurse Training Journal, Nursing Research, Foreign Medical Nursing Volume). In 2004, the number of nursing journals increased to 65,438+0.7. 3. Nursing research in China: The number of papers is increasing (Source: Cheng Jinlian, Han, etc. ). Investigation on the status quo of nurses' nursing research. Nursing Research, 2004,18 (3): 457-461994-65438+From 2000 to 2002, the number of nursing research papers published in these five nursing journals increased to 239 (X2=43.03.