Albert.Einstein
Nationality: dual nationality of the United States and Switzerland
Ethnic group: Jewish.
Place of birth: Ulm, Germany
Date of birth:1March 879 14.
Date of death: A.D.1April 95518th.
Occupation: physicist, thinker, philosopher
Graduate institutions: Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University of Zurich.
Main achievements: put forward the theory of relativity and mass-energy equation.
Explain photoelectric effect
Promote the development of quantum mechanics
Masterpiece: On electrodynamics of moving objects, the basis of general relativity.
Honor: 192 1 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Famous formula: e = MC 2
Blood type: O type
catalogue
Role overview
Chronology of major events
Superstar fall
family background
Master anecdote
Important contribution
evaluate
launch
Role overview
Chronology of major events
Superstar fall
family background
Master anecdote
Important contribution
evaluate
launch
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Role overview
brief introduction
Einstein's photos (20 photos) Albert Einstein ([English] [lb? t？ Answer? n？ sta？ N][ America ][lb? t？ Answer? n？ sta？ N]), one of the top ten outstanding physicists in the world, is the pioneer, master and founder of modern physics, and also a famous thinker and philosopher. Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1900 and became a Swiss citizen. 1905 received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Zurich. He worked in Berne Patent Office and served as a university professor at Zurich University of Technology and Prague, Germany. 19 13 returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin, a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences. From 65438 to 0933, Einstein was awarded an honorary doctorate in law (LL. D) university of Glasgow. Persecuted by the Nazi regime, he moved to the United States and became a professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. Engaged in theoretical physics research and became an American citizen from 65438 to 0940.
maxim
There is a well-known proverb: "Everything is relative." But Einstein's theory is not a repetition of this philosophical cliche, but an accurate mathematical expression. In this method, scientific measurement is relative. Obviously, the subjective feeling of time and space depends on the observer himself.
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
When Einstein was young, one day, the German emperor's army passed through the streets of Munich. Curious people flocked to the window to cheer, while children yearned for the soldiers' shining helmets and neat steps. But Einstein hid in fear. He despised and feared these "monsters in war" and asked his mother to take him to a country where he would never be such a monster.
Einstein gave up his German citizenship in middle school, but he didn't apply for Italian citizenship. He wants to be a world citizen who doesn't want any attachment. After World War II, Einstein tried to establish his dream of world peace on the basis of reality, and delivered a series of "peace" speeches in "enemy countries". Albert Einstein's name also appeared on the blacklist of German right-wing assassins, and Hitler offered a reward of 20,000 marks for his head. In order to keep himself in harmony with the world, Einstein had to move from Italy to Holland. He emigrated from Holland to America and became an American citizen. He believes that in the United States, people from all walks of life can survive in a barely passable friendship. (Excerpted from Einstein's Reflection, No.5-6, Academic Monthly of Applied Writing 1985)
/kloc-the late 0/9th century was a period of great changes in physics, and Einstein started from experimental facts. Re-examine the basic concepts of physics and make a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
It greatly promoted the development of astronomy.
His general theory of relativity has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics.
Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass, adhered to the determinism position of quantum theory explanation of "God does not roll dice" (vector sum of particle vibration and translation), and solved the long-standing problem of star energy source.
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Chronology of major events
1March, 879 165438+ At 0: 30 in the morning, Einstein was born atNo. 135, Banhoff Street, Ulm, the Kingdom of Wü rttemberg, Germany. Both parents are Jewish. My father's name is Herman Einstein and my mother is Pauline.
188 1 year (2 years old),165438+1October 18, Einstein's sister Maya was born in Munich.
From 65438 to 0884 (at the age of five), Einstein was fascinated by the pocket compass.
From 65438 to 0885 (6 years old), Einstein began to learn the violin.
From 65438 to 0886 (age 7), Einstein studied at the Parliamentary School in Munich. Studying Jewish canon at home.
From 65438 to 0888 (aged 9), Einstein entered Louis Polder High School. Continue to receive religious education at school
5-year-old Einstein and 3-year-old sister
Education, acceptance of bar mitzvah ceremony, Friedman is the instructor.
1889 (10 years old), reading popular science books and philosophical works under the guidance of medical college student Talme.
189 1 year-old (12-year-old), I taught myself Euclid geometry, and I am enthusiastic about it. At the same time, I began to teach myself advanced mathematics. Einstein began to doubt Euclid's hypothesis.
1892 (13 years old), began to read Kant's works.
1894 (15 years old), Einstein's family moved to Italy.
1895 (16 years old), taught himself calculus. In the same year, Einstein failed in the entrance examination of Swiss Institute of Technology (abbreviated as ETH in German).
1896 (17 years old), graduated from Alao Middle School. 10 year 10 On October 29th, Einstein moved to Zurich and studied at Swiss Institute of Technology.
1899 (20 years old)10/0/0/0/9, Einstein formally applied for Swiss citizenship.
1900 (2 1 year) Einstein graduated from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland in August; 65438+completed in February
Einstein as a teenager
The paper "Inference of Capillary Phenomenon" was published in the Journal of Physics in Leipzig the following year and was incorporated into Swiss nationality.
190 1 year (22 years old) March 2 1 day, and obtained Swiss nationality. From May to July this year, I finished my thesis on the thermodynamic theory of potential difference.
1902 (23 years old) On June 16, she was hired by the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland.
1903 (aged 24) married mileva Malik, a college classmate. They had their first child before they got married.
1September, 904 (25 years old), changed from a trainee in the patent office to a formal third-class technician.
1March, 905 (at the age of 26), he published quantum theory, put forward the light quantum hypothesis, and solved the photoelectric effect problem. In April, he submitted his paper "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size" to the University of Zurich, and received his doctorate. In May, he finished the paper "On Electrodynamics of Moving Objects", and put forward the principle of special relativity independently and completely, which initiated a new era of physics.
1April, 906 (at the age of 27) was promoted to the second-class technician of the Patent Office. 165438+ finished the paper on specific heat of solid in October.
Einstein's life (8), this is the first paper of solid quantum theory.
1907 (28 years old), promoted to the first-class technician of the patent office.
1908 (29 years old) 10 is also a special lecturer at the University of Bern.
1909 (30 years old) 10 month, left the Berne patent office as an associate professor of theoretical physics.
19 10 years (3 1 year) 10 months, and finished the paper on critical opalescence.
19 1 1 year (32 years old), moved from Switzerland to Prague.
19 12 (33 years old) put forward the law of photochemical equivalence.
1913 (aged 34) returned to Germany, served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William in Berlin and a professor at Humboldt University in Berlin, and was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
19 14 (35 years old) In April, Einstein accepted the invitation of the German scientific community. Moved to Berlin,
World War I broke out in August. Although he lived in the birthplace of war and was surrounded by war advocates, he firmly showed his anti-war attitude.
Einstein's childhood photos
In September, Einstein participated in launching the anti-war group "New Motherland Alliance". Although the organization was declared illegal and a large number of its members were arrested and persecuted and went underground, Einstein resolutely participated in the secret activities of the organization.
On June+10, 5438, under the manipulation and instigation of militarists, the German scientific and cultural circles published the Declaration of Civilized World, defending the war of aggression launched by Germany, arguing that Germany is above all else and the whole world should accept the "true German spirit". Ninety-three people signed the declaration, all of whom were prestigious scientists, artists and priests in Germany at that time. Even Nernst, Roentgen, ostwald and Planck signed it. When asked for Einstein's autograph, he flatly refused, but at the same time resolutely signed his name on the anti-war letter to Europeans. This move shocked the whole world.
19 15 (36 years old) 1 1 month, put forward the complete form of gravity equation, and successfully explained the motion of mercury perihelion.
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
19 16 In March (at the age of 37), I finished my final thesis, Fundamentals of General Relativity.
In May, the hypothesis that the universe is finite and unbounded was put forward.
In August, he completed the quantum theory of radiation, summarized the development of quantum theory and put forward the theory of stimulated radiation.
19 17 (38 years old) After the victory of the Soviet socialist revolution led by Lenin, Einstein enthusiastically supported this great revolution, praised it as a great social experiment that will be decisive for the whole world, and said, "I respect Lenin because he is a man with complete self-sacrifice and devoted himself wholeheartedly to realizing social justice. I don't think his method is practical, but one thing is certain: people like him are defenders and reconstructors of human conscience. "
19 19 (at the age of 40), Einstein divorced mileva, and in the same year, he married his cousin Elsa.
192 1 year (42 years old), Einstein won the nobel prize in physics for his research on photoelectric effect, which promoted the development of quantum mechanics.
Visit Prague and Vienna on June 5438+ 10. On October 27th, 65438/KLOC-0, he gave a report on geometry and experience at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
In February, I went to Amsterdam to attend the meeting of the International Federation of Trade Unions.
Einstein and his wife and son
From April 5 to May 30, Weizmann and I visited the United States for the first time to raise funds for the establishment of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem. Won the Barnard medal at Columbia University. President Harding received him at the White House. During his visit to Chicago, Boston and Princeton, he gave four lectures on relativity.
In June, he visited England and visited Newton's cemetery.
1922 (43 years old) 65438+ 10 completed the first unified field theory paper. Visit France in March and April, and strive for the normalization of France-Germany relations. Give a speech criticizing Mach's philosophy.
In April, he participated in the knowledge cooperation committee of the League of Nations.
In July, he was threatened with murder and temporarily left Berlin.
On October 8th, 65438/KLOC-0, Einstein and Elsa went to Japan by boat in Marseille. Visit Colombo, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai along the way.
165438+1On October 9th, on the way to Japan-Shanghai, Einstein learned by telegraph that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics of 192 1.
165438+ 10/7-65438+February 29th, visiting Japan.
1923 February 2 (44 years old) visited Palestine on his way back from Japan and stayed 12 days.
On February 8, he became the first honorary citizen of Tel Aviv.
Einstein and his first wife, mileva
On my way back to Germany from Palestine, I went to Spain.
In March, Einstein was disappointed with the ability of the League of Nations and submitted his resignation to the League of Nations. From June to July, he helped create the "Friends of New Russia Association" and became a member of its executive committee.
Go to Gothenburg in July to receive the Nobel Prize 192 1. Give a lecture on relativity as a thank you for winning the Nobel Prize.
The Compton effect was discovered and the long-standing contradiction in the concept of photon was solved.
In February 65438, it was first speculated that the quantum effect might come from the overconstrained field equation of general relativity.
1924 (45 years old) joined the Jewish organization in Berlin and became a member who paid membership fees.
In June, reconsider joining the League of Nations.
In February, 65438, the last major discovery obtained an independent demonstration of the relationship between waves and matter from statistical fluctuation analysis. Bose-Einstein condensation was also discovered at this time.
1925 (aged 46) was employed as the director of the German-Soviet cooperative group "Oriental Culture and Technology Association".
Einstein and his second wife Elsa
From May to June, I visited South America. Together with Gandhi and others, he signed a statement refusing to perform military service. Accept the Copley medal. Working for the board of directors of Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Published non-Euclidean geometry and physics.
1926 spring (47 years old), he and Heisenberg discussed the philosophical problems about quantum mechanics. Accept the gold medal of the Royal Astronomer. Was admitted as an academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
1927 (aged 48) signed the anti-fascist declaration drafted by Barbiser in February. Participated in the international anti-imperialist alliance and was elected honorary chairman.
10 In June, he attended the 5th Solvay Physics Seminar in Brussels and started a heated debate with Copenhagen School on the interpretation of quantum mechanics. Newtonian mechanics and its influence on the development of theoretical physics.
1928 (49 years old) 1 elected as the director of the "German Human Rights League" (formerly known as the "New Motherland League" in Germany). In spring, due to overwork and poor health, I went to Davos to recuperate and give lectures to convalescent youth. Published "Basic Concepts of Physics to Recent Changes".
In April, Helen Ducas began to serve as Einstein's lifelong private secretary.
1929 (50 years old) published the unified field theory in February.
Einstein's first wife, mileva.
March, 50th birthday, hiding in the suburbs to avoid birthday celebrations. I visited the Belgian royal family for the first time, forged a friendship with Queen Elizabeth, and corresponded with the Queen of Belgium until my death.
On June 28th, he won the Planck Medal.
After September, he argued with the French mathematician Adama about war and peace and insisted on unconditionally opposing all wars.
1930 (5 1 year old) was dissatisfied with the inaction of the League of Nations in improving international relations and offered to resign. In May, he signed the World Disarmament Statement of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.
In July, I argued with Tagore about the objectivity of truth.
65438+February11-1931March 4th, Einstein visited the United States for the second time, mainly giving a speech at California Institute of Technology.
65438+February 65438+March, Mayor Walker presented Einstein with the golden key of new york City.
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
65438+February 19-20, visited Cuba. He has published articles such as My World View, Religion and Science.
193 1 year (52 years old) returned to Berlin from the United States in March.
He visited England in May and gave a speech at Oxford University.
165438+ 10 called on all countries to block the Japanese economy and prevent its military aggression against China.
65438+gave another lecture in California in February.
In order to participate in the 1932 international disarmament conference, a series of articles and speeches were specially published.
Maxwell's influence on the development of the concept of physical reality was published.
1932 (53 years old) In February, German pacifist Ausier Tzki was convicted of treason and protested in Pasadena.
Return to Berlin from America in March.
I went to Cambridge and Oxford to give lectures in May, and then rushed to Geneva to attend the disarmament conference, feeling extremely disappointed.
In June, Murphy and I had a talk about causality.
Correspond with Freud in July to discuss the psychological problems of war.
Call on the German people to stand up and defend the Weimar Republic and oppose fascism with all their strength. 65438+February 10 My wife and I left Germany for America. However, they originally planned to visit the United States, but never set foot on German soil.
1933 (54 years old) 65438+1October 30th, the Nazis came to power.
[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)
On March 10, I made a statement in Pasadena that I would not return to Germany and set off for Europe the next day.
On March 20th, the Nazis searched his house, and he protested. After that, his property in Germany was confiscated and his works were burned.
Arrived in Belgium from the United States on March 28th, and took refuge in the seaside countryside.
April 2 1 announced his resignation from Prussian Academy of Sciences.
The letter to Laue on May 26th pointed out that scientists should not remain silent on major political issues.
Received LL on June 2 1 day. Honorary doctor of law degree from Glasgow University.
In July, he changed his absolute pacifist attitude and called on young people from all over the world to arm themselves and prepare for a desperate struggle against Nazi Germany.
In early September, the Nazis offered a reward of 20,000 marks to kill him.
On September 9th, I came to England and left Europe forever.
On October 3rd, 65438/KLOC-0, he gave a speech "Life and Science" in London.
65438+ 10/0 left Britain, 65438+10/7 arrived in the United States, settled in Princeton, and applied to become a professor at the Institute of Advanced Studies.
My worldview, a collection of works from 65438 to 0934 (55 years old), was edited and published by his stepson Rudolf Kaiser. A short trip to Bermuda in May 1935. A formal application for permanent residence in Bermuda in the United States. This is also the last time he left the United States.
Won the Franklin medal.
Einstein, the cover is Einstein and his second wife (20 photos)
In cooperation with Podolski and Rosen, he published a paper challenging Copenhagen School, claiming that the description of reality in quantum mechanics is incomplete.
Running for the Nobel Prize (Peace Prize) to Ausier Tszky in Nazi concentration camps.
From 65438 to 0936 (at the age of 57), he began to study the movement of general relativity in cooperation with Neifield and Hoffman.
On February 20th, 65438, his wife Elsa died.
Published Physics and Reality and On Education.
1937 (58 years old) participated in the compilation of the popular booklet Evolution of Physics written by infield from March to September.
In March, we supported China's "Seven Gentlemen".
In June, I cooperated with infield and Hoffman to complete the paper "Gravity Equation and Motion Problem", and deduced the motion equation from the field equation of general relativity.
1938 (59 years old) co-wrote a paper entitled "Popularization of Kalucha's Electrical Theory" with Bergman.
In September, I wrote to the descendants after 5000 years, expressing my dissatisfaction with the present situation of capitalist society.
1August 2, 939 (60 years old), under the impetus of szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt, suggesting that the United States should pay close attention to atomic energy research and prevent the Germans from mastering the atomic bomb first.
My sister Maya came to America from Europe and lived in Einstein's house for a long time. In May, 1940 and 15 published Investigation on the Basis of Theoretical Physics.
On May 22nd, I called Roosevelt to oppose the neutral policy of the United States.
65438+1 October1obtained American citizenship.
194 1 year (62 years old) published articles on science and religion.
1942 (63 years old) 10 warmly praised the achievements of the Soviet Union in various aspects at the gathering of Jewish aid to the Soviet Union.
1943 (64 years old) joined the US Admiralty in May as a scientific consultant.
1944 (65 years old) In order to support the anti-fascist war, 1905 special relativity manuscript was auctioned for 6 million US dollars. A review of Russell's epistemology.
In February 65438, he discussed atomic weapons and post-war peace with Stern and Bohr, followed Bohr's advice and remained silent for the time being.
1March 945 (66 years old), discussing the dangers of atomic armament with szilard, and writing to introduce szilard to meet Roosevelt, failed.
Retired from the Institute of Advanced Studies in April (in fact, I still continue to work as usual). After September, he made a series of remarks about atomic war and world government.
1946 (67 years old) initiated the organization of the "Special Committee of Atomic Scientists" in May as its chairman. In May, he received an honorary doctorate from Lincoln University. Write a long "self-report" and review the road of scientific exploration in my life.
In May, my sister Maya was paralyzed by a stroke and read to her every night.
In June+10, 5438, he wrote an open letter to the United Nations General Assembly, urging the establishment of a world government.
1947 (68 years old) continued to make a lot of remarks about world government.
In September, an open letter was published, suggesting that the United Nations be reorganized into a world government.
From April to June, 1948 (69 years old) cooperated with the astronomer Sharp Linli to fully oppose the United States' preparations for launching a "preventive war" against the Soviet Union.
Protest against the United States for general military training.
Published in quantum mechanics and reality.
His ex-wife mileva died in Zurich.
A laparotomy was performed from June to February in 5438, and a large aneurysm was found in the abdominal aorta.
1949 (70 years old) 65438+ 10/3, Einstein was discharged from the hospital.
In June+10, 5438, he wrote "Answers to Criticism" in the collection Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist to counter the criticism of Copenhagen School.
Why Socialism was published in May.
165438+ 10 "Special Committee of Atomic Scientists" ceased its activities.
1950 (7 1 year) delivered a televised speech on February 13, opposing the American-made hydrogen bomb.
In April, he published an article on the theory of generalized gravity.
The Collection of Old People was published.
Signed and sealed the will on March 65438, 2008. Dr. Nathan was appointed as the sole executor. The legacy is held by Dr Nathan and Ducas. The final storage place of letters and manuscripts is Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Among other things, the violin was presented to his grandson bernhard Caesar.
195 1 year (72 years old) published articles and letters in succession, pointing out that the American policy of expanding troops and preparing for war is a serious obstacle to world peace.
In June, my sister Maya died after a long period of paralysis.
In September, the Special Committee of Atomic Energy Scientists was dissolved.
1952 (at the age of 73) published Relativity and Space Problems and Introduction of Some Basic Views. 165438+ 10 After the death of Israeli President weismann in October, the Israeli government asked him to be the second president, but he was rejected.
1April 3, 953 (at the age of 74), he wrote Ode to the Olympia Academy to his old friends in Bern to remember his youth.
/kloc-In May of 0/6, he wrote a letter to the persecuted teacher, Flawn Glass, calling on American intellectuals to rise up against fascist persecution, which caused great repercussions at home. In order to read Born's retirement, he published a paper on the explanation of quantum mechanics, which caused a heated debate between them.
The Preface to the Concept of Space was published.
1March 954 (at the age of 75), on his 75th birthday, he called on the American people to fight the fascist forces through the "Special Committee on Civil Liberties".
In March, he was publicly denounced by US Senator McCarthy as "the enemy of the United States".
A statement was issued in May to protest the political persecution in Oppenheimer.
Qiu stayed in bed for several days because of hemolytic anemia.
165438+1October 18, published a statement in a reporter's magazine, preferring to be a craftsman or peddler in the United States rather than a scientist.
Complete asymmetric relativity.
1955 (76 years old) communicated with Russell to discuss the peace declaration from February to April, and signed the declaration on April 1 1.
In March, I wrote a "self-report clip", recalling the road of learning and scientific exploration in my youth.
On March 15, my best friend Besso passed away.
On April 3, Cohen and I talked about the history of science and other issues.
On April 5, he refuted American fascism and branded him a "subversive".
On April 13, he developed severe abdominal pain while drafting a TV speech, and was later diagnosed as arterial bleeding.
I was admitted to Princeton Hospital on April 15.
On April 8th, 65438+ 1: 25 died in the hospital.
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Superstar fall
Time before death
1April 8, 955, Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists in human history, ruptured due to an aortic aneurysm.