This unit is still a traditional classical Chinese teaching unit. The text is difficult and the teaching time is tight. It is estimated that better and more effective teaching methods should be explored in teaching practice. Focusing on the teaching focus of this module, the teaching focus of this module is also to learn the lofty sense of social responsibility of ancient sages and their life ideals of caring for life and society. Of course, before this, we need to solve the learning and training of basic knowledge and skills. Now imagine simply as follows:

First, the focus of unit teaching

1, learn to borrow reference books and learn classical Chinese independently. Understand the meaning of the words and the content of the article.

2. Learn to find and distinguish the common falsehood, ancient and modern ambiguity, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech and special sentence patterns in the text, and sort them out.

3. Read famous sentences and learn from the noble social responsibility and life ideals of the sages.

Second, the unit teaching design

1, class hours: 12,14,3, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19.

2. Methods: It is suggested that students take reading notes in each class, including the essentials of basic knowledge (students can find and distinguish independently with reference books, and teachers can sort out and summarize in class), and analyze the argumentation methods of text argumentation structure (teachers can analyze in class and students can take notes). My opinion on the text viewpoint (about finding realistic materials after understanding the text viewpoint).

3. Note: It may be difficult for students to complete their reading notes alone, so pay attention to step by step. It is suggested that the study group should read collectively and cooperate to find the main points of knowledge, and then the teacher should analyze and sort out the notes as needed in class. After class, students will sort out their notes and write down their personal feelings, and the teacher will comment and analyze them in the final summary class.

Will Ji's generals attack Zhuan Xu?

Teaching objectives

1, a preliminary understanding of Confucius' political views.

2. Be able to sum up the meanings of the four words "illness, stop, see and pass" and understand the two sentence patterns of "nothing is …… and" why … is ".

3. Read the text and recite it.

Emphasis and difficulty in teaching

1, understanding and induction of classical Chinese words and mastering the characteristics of classical Chinese sentence patterns;

2. Understanding of Confucius' basic political thought.

Class arrangement 1 class hour

teaching process

I. 1 Introduction, Confucius Introduction 2, Background Introduction 3, Solving Problems

Second, students translate the text, focusing on solving the following problems:

(1) Master special sentence patterns such as adverbial postposition, prepositional object, ellipsis and judgment, fixed formats such as "nothing is …… and" why … is ",and the meanings of words such as" yes, illness, stop, see, phase and Guo ". (See the auxiliary courseware)

(2) Translate the following sentences:

(1) Nothing is too much?

(2) Why cut?

3 Chen Li listed, people who can't stop.

(4) A gentleman and a sick man should refrain from saying "desire" and go back on their words.

(5) Up to now, the husband refuses to accept and practices virtue; Let nature take its course

Third, explain the text.

At that time, they were both under the door, and they all participated in the planning and preparation before the war. Then, "You Ran and Lu Ji are in Confucius' place."

How did Confucius react when he heard the news? Please, it's nothing too much? Let's understand what kind of feelings this sentence conveyed to Confucius.

When Confucius addressed students, he usually added the modal particle "Ye" after his name, such as "Gui Ye" and "Qiu Ye", with a soothing and cordial tone. However, here, the word "Ye" is omitted from the title, and his name is "Qiu". His tone was urgent, tense and serious, which conveyed all the expressions that Confucius hated Zhang Shen at that time.

From this we can see that

The late king thought that the Lord of East Mongolia was invincible.

Confucius opposed the crusade against Zhuan Xu in the national field (there is no need to cut it)

Is a minister of a country (improper cutting)

Confucius first quoted Zhou people as saying that if the courtiers could not be loyal, they would rather resign than stay in a vegetarian place. Confucius thought that deforestation was "impossible" and that it could not be effectively stopped, which was a mistake in itself. Now they not only don't realize this, but pass the buck, which Confucius can't tolerate. Confucius used three figurative metaphors to educate You Ran and Lu Ji, making them understand their dereliction of duty: "Don't hold on to danger, but don't help" and "When a tiger comes out of the box, a turtle will be destroyed in the rafters". By comparing the duties of the assistant officer and the guard officer, it can be seen that both You Ran and Luji have unshirkable responsibilities in punishing Zhuan Xu.

To quote Zhou Ren, Chen Li went public, and those who can't stop.

Confucius retorted that Ran was in danger but didn't hold on to it. Instead, he didn't help him.

metaphor

When the tiger comes out of the box, the turtle and jade destroy the rafters.

Because Confucius' criticism caught the key point, and both of them were hard to blame, we had to tell the truth and express our views: "It is not that we deliberately want to destroy it, but that it is getting stronger and closer to Fei, which poses a threat to Ji's territory. If we don't destroy him now, it will definitely become a catastrophe for her family in the future! " Visible, and actually participated in Ji's military planning.

You Ran excused Ji, apparently in favor of Ji's crusade, but he said earlier, "I don't want it." Confucius hated this duplicitous and secretive two-faced attitude, so he directly said to You Ran, "If a gentleman is sick, he should say so."

Then Confucius put forward his political proposition: "Anyone who has a state-owned family ... will be safe when they come."

This reflects his political views. What three words can be reflected in the text? (Jun, He, An) This can be summed up in one word-benevolence. Note: the average here is not the egalitarianism now. It distributes social wealth according to different levels and identities.

scold

Confucius refutes Ran Youjun again.

Political views and kindness

safe

Fourthly, evaluate Confucius' political thought.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

This article is a documentary argumentative essay. Through Confucius' dialogue with You Ran and Lu Ji, Confucius' rich political experience and profound political foresight are reflected.

Although Confucius has always advocated gentleness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and compromise, he has the spirit of "doing his duty" when facing the question of principle, which fully shows his personality.

Sixth, assign homework: 1, recite; 2. Preview "I'm in the Country" 3. Read the Analects of Confucius after class

I am loyal to my country.

Teaching objectives

1, understand Mencius' thought of benevolent governance.

2. Understand and master the meaning of notional words, summarize the meaning of polysemous words, and understand some sentence patterns.

Emphasis and difficulty in teaching

1, the inheritance of Mencius and Confucius' thoughts

2. Discriminate polysemous words: number, soldier and straightness, and master classical Chinese sentence patterns.

3. The eloquent style of Mencius' language.

Course arrangement 2 class hours

Teaching step

first kind

First, preview the text.

1, read through and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.

2. Mark the structural level of the text and summarize the meaning.

Introduction of New Courses: Starting from the source of the idiom "pot calling the kettle black".

1, students repeat the text.

2. Answer the following questions in the original words of the text to help students clear their minds.

(1) How does Mencius explain that there is no essential difference between Liang's immigration measures and "the harvest of neighboring countries"?

Mencius believed that only by implementing "benevolent government" can the world be unified by "kingly way". What is the specific content of his "benevolent government"?

(3) How did Mencius criticize the rulers who ignored the people's life and death at that time?

Third, introduce the author and works.

Fourth, the article combs the questions and answers.

1. What is the central content of this article? This paper records a conversation between Mencius and Liang, discusses the problem of "people living in poverty", expounds the specific content of Mencius' "benevolent government", and exposes the inequality in the new society to some extent.

2. Try to summarize the structure of this article.

(1) Question: Do your best (move the person, move the millet) → Don't have too many people.

(2) Problem analysis: Taking "pot calling the kettle black" as a metaphor (Liang = fifty paces, neighboring kings = hundred paces), it is pointed out that the quantity is different, but the essence is the same, so "people are in a difficult situation".

3, solve the problem: benevolent governance, then the people of the world.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) summary: Summarize the whole article, and the paragraphs are clear and orderly. At the end of the three parts, the words "fewer people means more", "I don't want to be more than my neighbors" and "everyone in the world is very considerate" are the crowning touch of each part, which not only marks the connection of the three parts, but also points out the main points of each paragraph and becomes an inseparable whole.

Second lesson

I. Topics for discussion:

1. Why is Mencius good at analogical reasoning? How did he make his argument magnificent? Mencius' "good use" of metaphorical reasoning is mainly manifested in setting metaphors with familiar examples of the other side, inspiring the other side and making it easy for the other side to accept. The reason why the work is magnificent to read is because of the use of parallelism.

2. How to understand the content of Mencius' benevolent policy? Focus on the third part of the article, which is paragraphs 3-5. This paper expounds seven measures of Mencius' practice of "king", which are the concrete contents of Mencius' "benevolent politics"

In a word, Mencius believed that to solve the problem of "minority", we must eliminate tyranny, be benevolent, be king, let people live in houses, plant fields, get enough food and clothing, receive education, and know etiquette and justice.

Secondly, the classification and induction of ancient phenomena in China were completed through training.

1, interchangeable words

2. Synonyms in ancient and modern times

3. The words are ambiguous: Yu, Wang, Yi, Shi and Zhi.

4. Flexible use of parts of speech

Fill the drum tree with mulberries. Fifty people can wear clothes and silk, but they are not kings.

5. China ancient sentence pattern: It's not me, it's years old. There is nothing/there can't be hunger.

Third, summary: Content words in classical Chinese are the main body of classical Chinese, and accurate interpretation of content words in classical Chinese is the key to learning articles well. To judge the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context, we should do the following:

(1) Keep in mind the basic meaning, extended meaning and figurative meaning of notional words, as well as the syntax of example sentences and classical Chinese vocabulary in the text.

(2) Inferring the meaning of words according to the font and pronunciation.

(3) Use the syntactic features of classical Chinese to judge the meaning of words.

(4) Judge the meaning of a word according to the way it is formed.

(5) Judging the meaning of a word from the specific context and considering the context.

Fourth, homework

1, recite the full text

2, do a good job of knowledge summary.

3. Read Mencius after class.

Persuasive learning

Teaching objectives

1, master the meaning of "learning" in "encouraging learning";

2. On the basis of mastering basic vocabulary knowledge and familiar with the meaning of the text, further understand Xunzi's advanced learning thought and master the learning method of grasping the main idea of the article vertically through key sentences;

3. Through the understanding of Mencius' thought, let them master the ability of lateral learning after class.

Teaching focuses on cultivating students' thinking ability.

Difficulties in teaching arouse students' enthusiasm for active learning and cultivate their ability to speak actively and boldly.

Teaching hours count as one class hour.

teaching process

first kind

First, import

Introduce the author.

2. Xunzi's thoughts

Step 3 solve the problem

Second, overall perception.

Character is a very rational character, which is easy to be boring and monotonous if it is not well controlled, but this kind of character image is fresh and popular, and it has been circulated for thousands of years. The reason is that it contains profound truth in a large number of simple and appropriate metaphors. Therefore, analyzing the authenticity of metaphor is the key to understanding the text.

Third, read through the whole text, perceive it as a whole, pay attention to pronunciation, and find out philosophical sentences.

This leads to the author's point of view, the argument of this paper: learning is impossible.

Fourth, follow the above, enter the discussion of the article and analyze the second and third paragraphs.

1, read aloud.

2. Students list the difficulties and key points. Teachers ask questions, students answer, teachers emphasize and supplement.

Let the students talk about their understanding of these two paragraphs, and finally the teacher will make a summary.

These two paragraphs are discussed from the significance and function of learning. The significance of learning is to change yourself (wood is straight, gold is sharp) and improve yourself (a gentleman is knowledgeable, which means he cares about himself, so he knows clearly and is not wrong). The role of learning is to make up for the deficiency (the five metaphors in the third paragraph all revolve around this argument).

Homework: organize class notes and recite the full text.

Second lesson

First, import

Last class, we learned Xunzi's Persuasion, and we have mastered the basic knowledge of the text and got a general understanding of Xunzi's thoughts. The title of this article is "Persuade to Learn", so what do "Persuade" and "Learn" mean respectively? How can we better understand Xunzi's profound learning thoughts? Today, when mankind has entered the 2 1 century, what enlightenment can Xunzi and other Confucian masters bring us? Today, we will study this series of problems through inquiry.

Second, about the supplement and review of last class.

1. Play the reading video for students to follow and think: This paper analyzes the characteristics of these figurative sentences by means of metaphor.

2. Students discuss in groups. The teacher encouraged the students to speak. Finally, the teacher made a summary.

3. Review the writing structure of this article, so that students can further clarify the reasoning context of the article.

Third, guide students into the stage of classroom research and discussion.

Steps: Let the students discuss in groups first, then send representatives to speak. The teacher will encourage the students to speak boldly and finally make a summary.

Setup question:

1, Xunzi advocated "learning but not enough". This "learning" of course refers to learning, but what does he suggest people learn?

2. "If a gentleman is knowledgeable and cares about himself, he will know it clearly and not wrongly", which is in line with Confucius' saying that "people are not sages, to err is human?" Too many, everyone has seen it; What's more, everyone admires it. Is it contradictory?

3. Is it the same as "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"? What do you think of the relationship between learning and thinking?

4. Xunzi's attitude of advocating learning, in a word, is "diligence" and "assiduousness". Is this the only way to study unimpeded? In addition to "hard work" and "diligence", we must also achieve something in our studies. Is there anything else to pay attention to?

5. There is such a passage in Persuasion: "In the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, don't go straight; White sand is in nirvana, and it is black with it ",which emphasizes the importance of environment to success, that is," those who are close to Mexico are black, and those who are close to Zhu Zhechi are black ". Do you think the environment is really that important? How should we make use of the external environment?

Fourth, guide students to enter the stage of extracurricular development research.

Transition: A few days ago, we just studied Mencius' article and an important representative view of Mencius: "Nature is good". Then, as a master of Confucianism, Xunzi has the opposite view. He believes that human nature is evil, and people must undergo external transformation to become polite. Let's discuss the topics of "human nature is good" and "human nature is evil", prepare materials, and then debate.

On Qin dynasty

Teaching objectives

1. Summarize and master common words, ancient and modern synonyms, flexible use of parts of speech and special sentence patterns.

2. Understand the structural level of the article, and learn the argumentation methods of fact argumentation and comparative argumentation.

3. Strengthen reading, learn the gorgeous and changeable language features of this article, and accumulate a sense of language in reading.

4. Understand Jia Yi's analysis of the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty and the significance of satirizing the present and implementing benevolent policies.

Teaching assumption

1, this article is relatively long, and half a class can be previewed or used for students to dredge sentences.

2. The structure of this paper is complicated, so it is better to use multimedia teaching to make students clear.

3. Educating students should not only focus on the rise and fall of Qin Dynasty, but also learn the author's thought of combining studying history with guiding reality.

So as to understand the significance of "taking history as a mirror" and "making the past serve the present" and achieve the purpose of transforming knowledge into ability.

teaching process

1. Jia Sheng by Li Shangyin and Jia Yi by Mao Zedong.

Second, the author and background introduction

3. Self-study articles: Through self-study, complete self-study exercises, so that students can understand some important words, contents and arguments in the articles.

Third, content analysis.

1. How many forces does the article involve? How do these forces compare?

2. In the power comparison, what is the power of the six countries? What about the power of Qin? It stands to reason that Qin is weaker than the six countries, but why can Qin defeat the six countries?

Analyze the first and second paragraphs: understand the important words in the text, let the students read them first, and then name a student to translate them: sweeping the world, including war, Mongolia, cause, south, weakness, cause, obedience, delay, chasing the north and taking advantage of the situation. ...

3. How do the strengths of the six countries and Chen She compare?

And read and understand the key words in the fifth paragraph: respect, respect, resistance, talking about the times, talking about the year, purpose, order and face. ...

4. From the perspective of strength comparison, it is weaker than the six countries, and Qin Guoqiang is superior to Qin. It can be seen that it is far weaker than Qin, but why did the powerful Congress of Qin fail?

And read and understand the key words in the third and fourth paragraphs: Fen, Lie, Wei (Guilin), Wei, Nai, Que, Yan, Ben, Xie, Chen, Weng Ying, Suo Shu, Qian Mo, Fatigue, Zhang Shicheng, Winning Grain, Following Scenery and Shandong. ...

5. From the comparison of various forces, the Qin dynasty defeated the strong with the weak, and the Qin dynasty defeated the weak with the strong. So, what did Qin win by "conquering the world"? What caused the failure of "defending the world" in Qin Dynasty?

Since "defending the world" cannot rely on "force", what should it rely on?

Fourth, structural analysis.

Fact argument: argument:

Qin is pioneering and enterprising-ambitious

Qin-invincible, benevolent unyielding

Unifying the State of Qin ―― The situation is overwhelming, and the offensive and defensive situations are different.

The demise of Qin ―― a crushing defeat.

Fifth, borrow the past to satirize the present

Draw lessons from history, make the past serve the present. For this truth, the ancients have long understood. Jia Yi once said: "The past is not forgotten, and the future is also a teacher." His On the Qin Dynasty satirized the rulers of the Han Dynasty by summing up the lessons of the Qin Dynasty's death without applying Renyi II. In doing so, he hoped that Emperor Wen of Han would learn from the Qin Dynasty, practice benevolence and righteousness, and not repeat the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty. This is the way of "long-term stability" described by Jia Yi for the feudal ruling class. It can only be an illusion.

Sixth, evaluate Jia Yi.

Some people say: Jia Yi's thought of benevolence and righteousness is based on safeguarding the interests of the feudal ruling class, standing on the position of the feudal ruling class, painting a picture of "long-term stability" for them; In addition, the evaluation of Chen She, the leader of the peasant uprising, obviously shows contempt for the working people, which is his class limitation. Do you have your own opinion on this view?

Eight, homework design

1. There is no direct comparability between the strength of Chen She and that of Qin. Please make a comparison according to the content of the article:

2, do a good job of knowledge summary.