Production: Li Yubing time: 20 13/ 12/9 Argumentative writing focuses on reasoning, convincing people by reasoning, and winning by reasoning. But for senior high school students, the choice of factual arguments, that is, the processing and use of materials, can never be ignored. Facts speak louder than words, and only by presenting good facts can we make sense. Things are the basis of rationality, and rationality is the sublimation of things; Choose things by reason and distinguish them by reason. At present, there are five main misunderstandings in students' use of argumentative materials:

1. The material is quoted directly, without paying attention to the object, and the material is not targeted.

2. Only materials, no analysis, opinions and materials, oil is oil and water is water.

3. Although the material is analyzed, it can't be analyzed and the key points can't be grasped.

4. Material analysis can't stick to one center, and it doesn't matter.

5. Material analysis is carried out on one plane, not from multiple angles and levels.

These misunderstandings about the use of materials in argumentation have seriously weakened the value of materials and affected the power of reasoning. As for the materials, many students are looking for vegetables in baskets. The materials are good enough and they don't care about the effective use of materials. More students know nothing about the use of materials, and finally they can only add materials and opinions and make them up by themselves.

So, what is it?

How can we effectively use and transform materials, turn stones into gold and maximize the value of materials? Here are five practical tips.

Method 1: Change the narrative angle.

Materials are the basis, reason and service of argumentation, so they must be consistent with argumentation, that is, there is an inevitable and essential connection between materials and argumentation, which can fully support argumentation. Therefore, in the process of narrating materials, we should choose the narrative angle of the materials, pay special attention to the objects, grasp the core elements in the materials that can prove the argument, carefully scrutinize and knock repeatedly, so as to closely follow the argument and treat one as ten.

For example, the argument to be proved is: if you smell it, you will be happy, and if you know it, you will change it, which is conducive to the success of your career.

Some students directly use the material Xiang Xiang He as an example:

Lin Xiangru has contributed a lot, so its position is higher than that of Lian Po. Lian Po deliberately made things difficult for him. Lin Xiangru not only didn't get angry, but also didn't take personal vendetta. He takes care of the overall situation and the country. After Lian Po knew it, he was ashamed, put Vitex negundo on his back and confessed to Lin Xiangru. As a result, the two became awkward friends, * * * ruled the country, leaving a much-told story.

Because there is no direct selection and quotation of materials, the demonstration effect is very poor. In this material, the subjects of narration, Lin Xiangru and Lian Po, are constantly changing, and their qualities are different. Lian Po is the kind of person who "likes what he says and will correct what he does". Therefore, it is necessary to change the narrative angle, take Lian Po as the main body, and highlight Lian Po's spirit of overcorrection, which can well prove the argument:

Lian Po was jealous of Lin Xiangru, and Lin Xiangru was junior and senior. He deliberately made rude remarks and publicly embarrassed the other party many times. But when he learned that Lin Xiangru avoided tolerance, not out of fear, but for the national interest, he immediately realized his mistake. He bravely went to the door to offer a humble apology, forged a fist-shaking friendship with Lin Xiangru, and served his country with * * *, which made Zhao invulnerable for decades. If the viewpoint is "national affairs first, regardless of personal grievances", we should take Lin Xiangru as the narrative subject and highlight his spiritual character.

Method 2: compress the transformed material.

The use of materials, with special emphasis on exquisiteness and appropriateness. The so-called essence means that materials only serve arguments. When describing facts and arguments, you should choose explanations, be highly generalized, avoid descriptions, use more descriptions, and only explain the parts that can prove your point. The so-called appropriateness is the unity of arguments and arguments. This requires us to "compress", "replace" and "transform" the argument according to its needs, and its height must be consistent with the argument, otherwise it will cause the argument to drift and reduce the power of reasoning. For example, the transformation of Fang Zhongyong is a classic case.

Material: Fang Zhongyong, a native of Jinxi, was born in Shiligeng. Zhong Yongsheng lived for five years, died, tasted books and tools, and suddenly shed tears for it. The father, on the other hand, borrowed from the side and approached it, that is, four sentences of books and poems, which were named after themselves. His poetry was adopted by adoptive parents, gathered at home, and spread to a scholar in a township, with considerable arts and sciences. Nature means that things are poems, which holds water. People in the city are very strange. Be nice to your father or ask for money. My father's interest is natural, and he will always pay tribute to the city people and let him be ignorant.

I've been listening for a long time. In Ming Dow, it has been twelve or thirteen years since our ancestors went home and saw them at my uncle's house. To write a poem, you can't call it the smell of the past. Seven years later, I returned to my uncle's house from Yangzhou and asked him, "I lost everyone."

Viewpoint: People's innate conditions are important, but learning the day after tomorrow is more important.

Material transformation: A talented teenager, even a natural genius, will surely disappear from everyone and accomplish nothing if he is only immersed in praise.

Fang Zhongyong by Wang Anshi is the most typical example. Fang Zhongyong is a farmer. At the age of five, he was famous for his outstanding literary talent. However, he never made progress. He walks around with his father every day and writes poems everywhere. As a result, at the age of 20, Fang Zhongyong didn't make much progress, and he was just like ordinary people. Fang Zhongyong was originally a clever wizard, but he was influenced by his father and pursued fame and fortune. He stopped studying the day after tomorrow and eventually became a mediocrity. If he can see his own shortcomings in praise and study hard, will he still be mediocre in his twenties?

It can be seen that the efforts of the day after tomorrow play a decisive role in a person's growth.

Conversion method:

① Extraction: according to the needs of the argument, extract the main points of the original factual materials to form the core skeleton of the materials. In the example, the phrase "referring to things as poetry and achieving something" in the original text is extracted to illustrate Fang Zhongyong's talent, which is closely related to the "outstanding congenital conditions" in the argument. ② Replacement: There is a saying in the raw materials that "the father benefits nature, and the day shift Zhong Yonghuan praises the locals and does not make them learn". The author changed it to "but he has never made progress, walking around with his father every day and writing poems everywhere." This change will be concentrated in Fang Zhongyong; In the original text, there is no mention of "father's self-interest", which is precisely to highlight Fang Zhongyong's "oblivion", which is caused by his own subjective factors. It can be seen that the reason why we choose words carefully is to fit the argument and improve the argumentative power of the argument.

③ Compression: boldly compress materials and try to remove unnecessary materials. I have been listening for a long time. In Ming Dow, it's been 12 or 13 years since my ancestors returned to China and met them at my uncle's house, so it's called poetry, not the taste of the past. Seven years later, I went back to my uncle's house from Yangzhou and asked him,' I lost everyone.' "A few words * * * more than 60 words, compressed into" results Fang Zhongyong at the age of 20, there is no progress, just like ordinary people. "More than twenty words. This compression is carried out according to the needs of the argument, with the aim of highlighting the central argument.

④ Summary: The author summarizes "those people who are impressive in arts and sciences, those people who are strange, those who are my father's little guests, or those who beg for money" into a sentence "the village's famous literary talent", which is concise and penetrating the paper.

⑤ Emotion: Many people think that the narrative of argumentative materials only needs to be objective, without emotion. This view is particularly wrong. In fact, in the narrative of materials, infiltrating one's own subjective feelings can better improve the texture of materials and highlight the tendency of materials. You know, argumentative writing is originally "my opinion, my opinion, my love and hate", why not add some emotion? In this case, in the end, "Fang Zhongyong was a clever wizard, but he was influenced by his father to pursue fame and fortune, but he didn't learn the day after tomorrow, and eventually became a mediocre man. If he can see his own shortcomings in praise and study hard, will he be mediocre at the age of 20? " This rhetorical question strongly expresses the author's regret that the wizard has become a mediocrity.

Method 3: Change the narrative mode.

If it is novel material, or strange material, sometimes we need to spend a little pen and ink to describe it. This material is called a concrete example. But if it's ordinary material, it's a bit wasteful to use ink. Narrative materials should be streamlined to the extreme, and sometimes one sentence is enough. This is called a general example. When summarizing examples, sometimes there are too few words, which will appear abrupt. Therefore, it is advisable to use some specific sentence patterns and combine them appropriately to form parallelism. From the individual to the general, from the special to the universal, it can not only enhance the motivation of reasoning, but also enhance the emotion and strengthen the argument, which can be described as multi-purpose.

For example, we can use the "remember" sentence pattern. The core of the sentence "remember" at the end must point to the argument. After many examples of "remembering", there must be a sentence, which must be closely related to the argument. For example, to demonstrate the social progress brought by high technology, we can use the sentence "Remember":

Remember, in the long history, every human civilization is full of arduous progress. Remember Socrates' thirst for knowledge, Aristotle's erudition, Bruno's firmness and tragic, Newton's modesty and concentration, Madame Curie's hardship and persistence ... Only in this way can civilization and society make continuous progress.

If illustrated from the opposite side, the best sentence is a hypothetical sentence. For example, the argument is "the importance of abandoning old habits and constantly exploring", so we can write like this:

If Edison had been used to the darkness, we might still be lighting candles today. If Stevenson is used to seeing old cows and broken cars, then we may still die of old age today; If King Wuling of Zhao had been used to the wide robes and heavy chariots, perhaps Zhao would have perished long ago. If the ancestors of apes used to crawl, maybe today humans are still covered with leaves in caves. Habit, what a terrible habit!

If you are very literary and lively, I suggest you use the sentence "at that time" more often, which can relate a moment, detail or plot to a specific historical significance. Impressive and thorough. For example, discuss the topic of integrity. We can write it like this.

When the students under the "Bridge of Sorrow" stood in the rolling water for a long time, when the ancients wrote in the dim light that "those who look for things in dark rooms are not good at fire, and those who take things in ropeways are not honest", when boxes of fake cigarettes, fake wines and pirated CDs were reduced to ashes in the raging fire, we saw an ancient but vivid word-"honesty".

If the example is jumping, vertical and horizontal, ancient and modern, and coherent between China and foreign countries, we might as well adopt the sentence pattern of "whether" to give people a feeling of "don't say anything else" and prove the point with confidence. For example, in order to demonstrate that "we can only succeed if we keep struggling", we can write it like this.

Whether it is Bancroft and his son who wrote Hanshu for two generations, or Balzac who worked hard to write human comedies all his life; Whether it's Qin Dahe who walked across the Antarctic or Rick Hansen who traveled around the world in a wheelchair, their experiences tell us that we can only succeed if we keep fighting.

From ancient times to the present, from the middle to the outside, from historical humanities to natural sciences, multi-angle and all-round arguments are overwhelming.

Method 4: Explain and analyze the materials.

When students write argumentative essays, they often make the mistake of adding ideas to the materials. After giving the materials, they immediately "posted" the conclusion, lacking the explanation and analysis of the materials. Without these four or two strokes, how can the materials prove the argument?

A standard discussion paragraph should include the following five sentences with different functions: opinion sentence, explanation sentence, material sentence, analysis sentence and conclusion sentence. For example:

Knowledge is power. The first is the great spiritual wisdom that is difficult to quantify, and of course it can also be transformed into concrete, visible and huge material strength. A scholar can sit without tying his hands and know everything in the world. (material sentence) with what? Knowledge and the foresight it brings. Steven? Hawking, confined to a wheelchair by Luger's disease for more than 20 years, can "move" all over his body except his eyes, leaving only one index finger, but this does not affect his ability to become the greatest theoretical physicist, a great man and a superman with international reputation after Einstein. With what? Static knowledge-the mystery of the universe: the latest knowledge of astrophysics and the nature of time and space, the most imaginative and creative wisdom. It can be seen that knowledge can change the world, decide fate and give people freedom. (conclusion)

The following is an example that lacks explanatory analysis to see if it has achieved the effect of illustrating the argument:

In the early 1950s, Qian Xuesen broke through many obstacles and finally returned to the embrace of New China. When Kimball, the US undersecretary of the Navy, learned that he was going back to China, he immediately wrote to the US immigration authorities, claiming, "I would rather shoot this guy than let him go back to China. Because he knows too many things that are vital to us. At any time, he has five modern strengthening mechanics. " It can be seen that knowledge is power. (conclusion)

"Visible" or "visible"? It can only be said that it is faintly visible and the visibility is not high enough. Because a specific material can often prove several viewpoints; Why do you have to prove this point, but not something else? Without specific explanation and analysis, it is not convincing enough. For example, if you add the following "analysis sentence" between "material sentence" and "conclusion sentence", it will be clearly visible.

Why is Qian Xuesen worth five divisions at any time? Isn't it because he has mastered too many advanced modern scientific theories and cutting-edge modern science and technology in his mind? Isn't it because this kind of "knowledge" about "atomic energy" is enough to enhance the strength of a country, even change the whole world and decide the fate of mankind?

Then "seeing" is a natural thing, and it comes naturally.

Argumentative writing is an argumentative writing because of its explanation and analysis. Without explanation and analysis, the stylistic features of argumentative writing will be lost, not to mention its persuasiveness, logic and rigor.

Generally speaking, theoretical materials need to be supplemented by explanations; The factual materials need to be analyzed and supplemented. After putting out the facts, it is even more important to tell the truth, otherwise even the best materials are behind the scenes and have no value at all.

Method 5: Turn over the old and new materials.

This argument is both appropriate and novel. Students have less experience, less extracurricular reading teaching, and the atmosphere in the examination room is tense. Sometimes they think hard and only a few old examples come to mind. At this time, it is necessary to turn over the old and new materials. For example, the college entrance examination, Qu Yuan and Sima Qian are two examples that are not easy to use, and they are almost minefields for the use of materials. However, artists are bold. In Choose Life and Choose Death, Zhang Manling boldly renovated these two materials, analyzed the differences, sought common ground, and finally turned decay into magic.

Qu Yuan's death was not caused by a poet, but by a poet's way. As long as politicians die a fair death and take a clear stand, poets will die beautifully, as they say, romantically. Qu Yuan is in his political ideal.

After disillusionment, he hugged the ideal of poetry and left. This death is also a break, a break from the "politics" I once engaged in, and a return to the poetry I loved all my life. This is the best ending for the ideal pursuers of beauty in past dynasties.

You can be enlightened when you die; Born, but can practice his ambition. When death befalls Sima Qian. He chose to live. A life that makes body and mind, oneself and relatives and friends extremely painful is castrated one by one. Sima Qian defended Li Ling out of public interest and offended Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. If he dies for it, it will be a real warning. However, Sima Qian believes that his mission in life is not unique. He will finish Historical Records in a cloth and write the first large-scale biographical history book for China. (Choose to live and choose to die, Zhang Manling) It should be pointed out that not all materials are suitable for the "panacea". It is necessary to turn over the old and new materials appropriately, and it is absolutely not allowed to be sloppy and far-fetched.

In view of the above methods and measures, let's look at the completion of a composition and show it to the students.

Demonstration example:

Park two cars with the same appearance in the same environment, with the hood and windows of one car open and the other car closed as usual.

The car I drove was destroyed beyond recognition in three days, while the other car was intact. At this time, the experimenter made a hole in the intact car window. In just one day, all the windows in the car were broken and everything inside was lost.

This is the famous "broken window theory", and its conclusion can be summarized as follows: Since it is a bad thing, it is no harm to make it worse.

For the perfect thing, everyone can't help but maintain it, and can't bear to destroy it; For incomplete things, some people will increase the damage. This is a psychological inertia of human beings, and we can associate it with our own lives: keep our lives clean, don't litter, and don't easily break any window in your life.

Please write an article of not less than 800 words on the topic "Don't break any window in life easily". The first line of defense to defend the mind

Wang Tingxiang, the chief executive of Taiwan Province, once told a story to Zhang Han, the author of A Dream with a Loose Window. One day, he went to town in a sedan chair, and it rained heavily. A sedan chair bearer wore a new pair of shoes. At first, he chose this place carefully, and then he accidentally stepped into the mud. After that, the bearers "no longer care". Wang Tingxiang said: "The way of life is still ears. If you slip, you will do anything! " It can be seen that in order to reject the "ubiquitous" disaster, we must take every step of life and not easily break any "window" of life-the nobleness of life lies in keeping the first line of defense of the soul. Arguments must be put forward quickly, either with famous sayings or materials. )

Why keep the first line of defense of the mind? When you ask questions about an argument, you must divide them into paragraphs independently. The biggest feature of argumentative writing is interpretation and analysis, and it pays attention to the power of logic and reasoning. Tell the truth first, then state the facts. )

First of all, from the psychological inertia of people. Everyone has a love of beauty. For the perfect thing, everyone can't help but maintain it, and can't bear to destroy it; For incomplete things, people's attitudes are completely opposite. The famous broken window theory revealed the deep psychology of "the wall topples and everyone pushes".

Secondly, from our own point of view, because of people's psychological inertia, poor social evaluation, crowded people and terrible words, we often have to pay a very painful price for the "window" we broke. And it is very likely that you will repeat the same mistakes, broken pots and broken falls, or even a short trip, which will be a lifelong regret.

Finally, from a philosophical point of view, any big mistake or evil has a process of occurrence and development. With the jittery first time, there will probably be a second time with a clear conscience, a third time with a habit, and a fourth time with self-confidence and ignorance of evil! It's best to prove the argument by giving reasons layer by layer. Use the first, second and last to indicate the order, from the individual,