Neonatal development
A newborn refers to a baby from birth to one month.
First, neonatal reflex behavior
Unconditional reflex of newborn:
The first unconditional reflex with obvious survival significance. Food reflex, defensive reflex and directional reflex, etc. Food reflex, including rooting reflex, sucking reflex and swallowing reflex; Defensive reflex includes blink reflex, vomiting reflex and sneezing reflex.
The second kind of unconditional reflex includes grasping reflex, walking reflex, swimming reflex, moro reflex and Babinsky reflex. These unconditioned reflexes have no biological significance to newborns, and will subside spontaneously within 4~6 months after birth.
Unconditional reflection makes the development of governance the most primitive foundation.
Second, the life behavior patterns of newborns
Under normal circumstances, newborns mostly follow the periodic life behavior pattern of sleep-awake activity-crying.
Newborn awakening state means that the newborn has two or three hours of awakening state every day. At this time, they will quietly observe the things around them or communicate with their mothers, and the memory and learning of newborns are carried out in an awakening state.
Neonatal crying is caused by physiological needs, and crying on this basis increases the nature of social communication needs. Crying is first of all a communication way for newborns to convey their needs to caregivers. Crying is a powerful means for newborns to influence adult behavior, which can guide adults to take care of him.
The development of baby's physiology and sports.
First of all, the plasticity and repair ability of the baby's brain
Plasticity of infant brain
The development of the brain in infancy is not simply determined by the innate maturity process, but can be changed under the influence of the acquired environment. Studies have shown that the development of the brain is the product of the combination of biological factors and early experience. Early malnutrition will also have a serious impact on the growth of the baby's brain.
? The repair ability of baby's brain
A certain part of the baby's brain is damaged, and it can be repaired to some extent through some similar learning processes. However, over the age of five, it is difficult to achieve the repair function of the language center, which makes the speech barrier insurmountable.
Second, the baby's movement development
Significance of Action Development to Children's Psychological Development
1. Action is the source of children's psychological development.
2. Action is an indicator of infant's psychological development level.
3. The development of action is a new means and measure for babies to explore the environment.
4. The development of movement promotes the development of baby's cognitive and social communication ability.
Main motor development of infants
The baby's main movements are grasping skills and walking independently. The development of infant movements follows universal principles and sequences. There are head and tail principles that develop from top to bottom, distance principles that develop from inside to outside, and size principles that develop from big movements to fine movements.
Babies' learning
First, imitate learning.
Second, conditioned reflex learning style
Third, the preference for novel and exciting learning methods.
Cognitive development of infants
Infantile period is the period of the fastest development of various cognitive abilities.
First, the development of infant sensory perception
1. the development of baby's senses
The development of visual skills and auditory skills.
2. The development of infant's perception ability
Perception across sensory channels
Mode intuition: Research shows that newborns have innate mode intuition.
Depth intuition: Gibson used the "visual cliff device" to study the baby's depth perception.
The critical period of baby's sensory development is in the first three years after birth.
Infant is the most important period for the development of individual perception, and it is also the fastest period for the development of perception, and it is also the most precious period for the intervention and training of children's perception ability.
Second, develop the baby's attention and memory.
Baby's attention
Baby's memory
Human individual memory occurs at the end of fetus. According to the memory content, infant memory can be divided into emotional memory, action memory, image memory and word memory.
12 months ago, the baby's memory is mainly emotional memory and action memory.
After 12 months, perceptual action began to be internalized as representation, and it had a certain symbolic representation function. The main content of infant memory development has been promoted to the level of imagery memory and word memory.
Third, develop children's ability to process and integrate information and solve problems.
1. Development of information processing and integration capabilities.
It is found that infants aged 9~ 12 months can classify food, animals and vehicles respectively. The emergence of this classification ability shows that babies have the ability to process and integrate information.
2. The development of problem-solving ability
The problem solving process of 8~ 1 1 month infants has experienced three levels: ineffective attempt, effective attempt and direct success without trying. The methods and strategies for these babies to solve the same problem also develop with the increase of months.
Infant's Language Development
First, the baby's pronunciation
Second, the development of baby vocabulary
Third, the development of baby sentences.
Fourth, language communication between babies and adults.
Language environment and verbal communication between children and adults are important ways to help children acquire language.
1. Pre-language communication between infants and adults
Before the first vocabulary appeared, the pre-language communication between children and adults began. At this time, communication mainly uses gestures. Communication between children and adults is not only a necessary condition for western languages, but also a driving force for them to learn languages.
2. Language communication between infants and adults
3. Language communication between adults and babies
The content of verbal communication with babies. The content should be close to their existing experience and generally limited to the immediate things.
Communication skills adapted to infants' speech development level.
Pragmatic Skills Suitable for Talking with Babies
Adopt interactive methods and strategies to promote development.
V. Grammar acquisition
Many studies show that infants aged 65,438 +0.5~2.5 are the key period to master the basic grammar of their mother tongue, and by the age of 3, they have basically mastered the grammar rules system of their mother tongue.