The First Paper of Applied Statistics "The Application of Statistics in Enterprises"
In today's enterprise management, the management system, organizational form and operation mode of enterprises are often regarded as enterprise management. In fact, statistical work is very important for enterprises, but it is often ignored by enterprise managers. In enterprise management, statistics have important influence and significance on whether the management mode is effective, whether the enterprise adapts to the requirements of market economy and whether it can create higher economic benefits. Therefore, strengthening enterprise statistics, whether for enterprise management,
1 Significance and function of statistical work
Statistical work refers to the collection, collation and analysis of the quantitative aspects of social and economic phenomena. This is a social investigation and research activity. Statistical information is standardized and systematic information collected according to the national statistical system, and it is the most comprehensive and comprehensive information. Therefore, it is the main body of social and economic information and an important reference for government agencies, enterprises and institutions to understand the situation, study problems and make scientific decisions.
Statistical work is an important basis for making strategic decisions and plans of enterprises. If an enterprise establishes a scientific, reasonable and effective statistical work system, it can provide reliable statistical data for effective analysis and scientific prediction. First, it can reflect the enterprise scale, and second, it can reflect the enterprise structure. In terms of scale, it can reflect the scale of personnel, production, assets and profit and loss of an enterprise. The structure can reflect the personnel structure, industrial structure, technical structure and quality structure of an enterprise.
2 Application of statistical methods
2. 1 application of probability theory in enterprises
Under the current market economy conditions in China, generally speaking, the business and sales of enterprises are not determined by the subjective will of operators, but are influenced by many uncontrollable factors. For example, how many customers come to a shopping mall in a certain period of time; How many of these customers did real shopping activities; How much did each customer spend on shopping, and so on. To solve these problems, it is necessary to use the method of probability theory to analyze, so probability theory has a wide range of applications in commercial enterprises.
2.2 Application of mathematical statistics analysis method in enterprises
2.2. 1 Commodity market share problem
For example, in four electrical shopping malls in a city, a sample survey was conducted on the sales of mobile phones. The survey results show that a certain * * * sells 2,000 mobile phones a week, of which 2 14 mobile phones of a certain brand. Through the analysis method of mathematical statistics, it can be concluded that the market share of this brand mobile phone is 9.42, which has a very high certainty.
2.2.2 Significance of the effect of adjustment measures
For example, in a supermarket, in order to increase their sales, merchants adjusted their sales methods and sales staff, and then randomly selected the adjusted daily sales, and selected the ninth day to get the average daily sales of the supermarket of 600,000. According to the original statistics, the daily sales of supermarkets before adjustment is 520,000. We assume that the daily sales of supermarkets obey normal distribution, and the adjusted effect can not be simply judged by the adjusted daily sales of 600 thousand, but should be judged according to the idea and method of hypothesis testing.
3. Problems existing in the statistical work of some enterprises at present
The importance of enterprise statistics is obvious to all. However, due to various reasons, the statistical work system of many enterprises is not perfect enough, and the main problems are as follows:
(1) The accuracy of statistical data is not high, and in some enterprises, the false components of statistical data are relatively high.
(2) The statistical indicators of some enterprises in China are still the indicator system formulated under the planned economy system, without reference to the international mature statistical indicators and statistical caliber, and the indicators are single and can't keep up with the times.
(3) Because the state's investment in its statistical work is almost negligible, and some enterprises themselves have insufficient investment in statistical work and insufficient understanding of the importance of statistical work, in order to improve economic efficiency and reduce the investment in human resources, many small and medium-sized enterprises do not have full-time statisticians, but use accountants or part-time personnel. Not paying enough attention to statistical work.
(4) Many enterprises have not invested enough in information construction and paid insufficient attention to statistical work. Therefore, the statistical work of these enterprises has neither a special statistical management system nor a special statistical computer, and the statistical quality and efficiency are very low.
4 Several measures to improve the statistical work of enterprises
At present, what the government and most enterprises urgently need to solve is how to solve some problems in enterprise statistics and give full play to the important role of enterprise statistics. From the enterprise's own point of view, there are the following measures to improve its statistical work:
(1) To strengthen the important position of statistical work, we should try our best to get the attention of enterprise leaders and make them realize the value and importance of statistical work.
(2) To strengthen the construction and stability of enterprise statistical team, we should not only do a good job in talent introduction, but also determine the type, level and quantity of statistical talent introduction according to our actual development needs; We should also pay attention to the training and investment of existing talents, establish a perfect mechanism for retaining and employing people, and give full play to the enthusiasm and subjective initiative of statisticians.
(3) If enterprise statisticians want to have a sense of crisis, they must keep pace with the times, strengthen their study, especially in statistical business, economic management, laws and regulations, and constantly improve their professional level to meet the needs of enterprise and social development and keep up with the pace of the times.
(4) The backward statistical means of enterprises can no longer meet the needs of social development. Enterprises should create conditions as soon as possible, increase capital investment, speed up the modernization of enterprise statistical means, equip and use computers to process statistical information, and improve the accuracy and timeliness of data.
5 conclusion
In the increasingly competitive market economy, statistics is an important means for modern enterprises to implement scientific management and supervise business activities, and it is also an important basis for modern enterprises to formulate business policies. Improving the operating efficiency of enterprises to meet the requirements of socialist market economy is an effective guarantee for modern enterprise management system, management methods and operating mechanism. Scientific data statistics can promote the implementation of modern enterprise management policies and find a breakthrough for enterprise management. It is of great and long-term significance to strengthen the statistical work of enterprises and implement the application of statistical work.
The Application of Excel in Statistics —— Applied Statistics II
Taking Excel 2003 as an example, this paper introduces its typical applications in statistics, namely database statistical function, pivot table and statistical index. Among them, typical examples are introduced in the application analysis of statistical indicators, and the powerful statistical functions of Excel are introduced more intuitively.
Keywords: statistical function of Excel database, statistical index of pivot table
Statistics is a science that collects, sorts out, summarizes, describes and analyzes data by scientific methods, and makes inferences and decisions on this basis. Statistics in a narrow sense refers to data or some numbers obtained from data. From the definition of statistics, it can be seen that the key of statistics lies in the analysis and processing of data, and the powerful data analysis function of Excel is just suitable for the problems to be dealt with in statistics, so Excel has been widely used in statistics since its birth, and various macros specially developed for statistical analysis make Excel a practical and efficient tool in statistical analysis. Although SPSS, SAS and other professional statistical software have more powerful statistical analysis functions in some aspects, they either need professional programming or are expensive, so their popularity is far less than that of Excel. Take Excel 2003 as an example to introduce its typical application in statistics.
1. Database statistical functions and pivot tables
Excel is a spreadsheet software, and the core of its data structure is cells and cell areas, so Excel, like database software, manages and processes a batch of regular data. Based on the row and column structure of Excel, the data in the worksheet is processed according to the standard database specification, which is also called the internal database technology of Excel. By creating the internal database of Excel, the statistical analysis of data can be realized through database functions.
1. 1 database statistics function
On the basis of establishing an internal database, Excel contains a set of worksheet functions to perform statistical operations on data stored in a data list or database. These functions are collectively called database functions, that is, DFFunctions. Each function usually corresponds to three parameters: database, field and standard, which correspond to the worksheet area used by the function. These functions can be used to carry out some basic statistical operations in daily statistical work.
Data functions have the same syntax format: data functions (database, field, standard). These include:
① DFFunctions are the names of database functions, and there are 12 database functions in Excel.
② Database is a cell area that constitutes a data list and a database. A database is a list containing a set of related data, which contains behavior records of related information, and the columns containing data are fields. The first line of the list contains the flag item of each column, which is the data column or field used by the function. The data columns in the data list should be located in the first row and have marked items;
(3) the field can be text, that is, sign items with quotation marks at both ends, such as? Category? 、? Manufacturer? , or the position of the data column in the data list, for example? 1? Represents the first column. 2? Represents the second column. Fields can also be omitted, and then the function will return all the qualified values in the data list;
④ A condition is a set of cell areas containing a given condition. You can specify any range for the parameter standard, as long as it contains at least one column flag and a cell under the column flag for setting conditions.
1.2 PivotTable report
Pivottable is an important function in Excel, especially for statistics. Because Excel worksheets can only provide a binary data structure consisting of rows and columns, you need to use the PivotTable function when you need to reflect multidimensional problems in statistics. Perspective? , which can express three-dimensional concepts in a limited two-dimensional data plane. Pivot table combined with the function of data perspective makes it possible to quickly form a statistical chart with specific needs, and can change the display effect of the chart at any time as needed to realize effective statistical analysis and statistical drawing.
2. Statistical indicators
In statistics, an index is a single descriptive statistic that summarizes the relative changes of a basic variable or a group of variables. The reason why the index is widely used is mainly because it has the following advantages: first, the cardinality of a single variable is often too large, which is easy to observe after indexation; Secondly, it is difficult to grasp the change of absolute number, and the index expressed by relative number can see the change more intuitively; Most importantly, many times, because the relative change ratio of a group of commodities that make up an index is different, the index can be used to summarize the comprehensive change of a group of commodities at this time. For example, the stock price index can reflect the overall changes in the stock market, and the consumer price index (CPI) can reflect the overall changes in the prices of major consumer goods.
For example, use Excel to find the equivalent weighted index: suppose six major consumer goods in Table 3- 1 are selected to calculate the consumption index, and try to find the equivalent weighted consumer price index and equivalent weighted consumption quantity index respectively.
Calculate the consumer price index and the consumption quantity index with the same weight. The gymnastics steps are as follows: ① Create a new worksheet. Example 3. 1? , set the header to? Equal weight index? , input the known data in table 4- 1; ② Find the equivalent weighted price index according to the formula, click the cell B 1 1 and enter? =SUM(C4:C9)/SUM(B4:B9)？ Press enter③ to find the equivalent weighted quantity index according to the formula, click cell B 13, and enter? =SUM(E4:E9)/SUM(D4:D9)？ When you are finished, press Enter.
Conclusion:
Excel has many applications in statistics, such as probability distribution, sampling distribution, parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, regression analysis and prediction, time series analysis and so on. Its powerful statistical function can meet the data analysis in the fields of economy, medicine, meteorology, agriculture and so on, and provide reliable reference for people's analysis and decision-making. With the continuous upgrading of Excel version, its function is becoming more and more perfect, and it has broad application prospects.
Recommendation of papers on applied statistics;
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