In the history of China literature, Li Bai's shocking power is unparalleled in terms of the sensation caused by a writer at that time. Like a thunder and a hurricane, he conquered his contemporaries with his magnificent poems. In the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the poet He Zhangzhi, who was then the guest of the Prince's seat, read "Don't" and called it "Death Immortal". Du Fu praised: "Bai Ye's poems are invincible and floating in the clouds." Li Bai learned from rare books and read hundreds of books, forming a complex ideological character. On the one hand, Li Bai has Confucian thought of running the country, hoping to "help the poor" and "secure the country", on the other hand, he is a rich and floating cloud, a king of dung, and seeks immortality in seclusion. The combination of these two concepts forms an attitude towards life. Li Bai cherished lofty ideals all his life, but he never had a chance to realize them. He had to put his depression into wine and pour his passion into poetry. In order to serve the country, Li Bai went in and out of Chang 'an, even went to jail for it, and finally died of depression.
Li Bai's poems and songs have a wide range of themes, whether it is landscape poems, in my heart forever's poems or frontier poems, they are all beautifully written. Li Bai has a rich imagination and can pour his subjective feelings into objective images. The combination of images in his poems is sparse, just like a freehand brushwork. Li Bai never piled up too many images in his poems, and every image always tried to be distinct. Therefore, his poems can fully reflect what the poet sees and feels, and at the same time, they are concise and ingenious. With his artistic creativity, Li Bai has greatly opened up the artistic world of poetry and reached an unattainable peak. His more than 900 poems are very precious cultural heritage, which has nurtured generations of poets such as Du Fu, Li He, Su Shi, Lu You, Xin Qiji and Gong Zizhen.
Du Fu's Writing Characteristics
Du Fu was one of the greatest poets in ancient China, and his poetry creation reached the highest level of realism in the history of poetry. He is a great master in the history of China's poetry.
Du Fu was born in a Confucian family. When he was young, he accepted the traditional Confucian thought of self-cultivation and family harmony, and devoted himself to "being gentle and obedient to the monarch, and then being vulgar and clear" (Twenty-two Rhymes of Wei Zuocheng). However, the cruel reality shattered his dream. Under the manipulation of the traitor Li, Tianbao's six-year senior high school entrance examination ended in disgrace in the name of "Wild Wind", which caused the aspiring poet to lose face and fall behind Chang 'an. A few years later, the "Anshi Rebellion" made the poet suffer from chaos again. The thief Chang 'an saw the scene of national subjugation with his own eyes, "Although the country was broken and the mountains and rivers endured, the grass and trees came back in spring", and he appreciated the trauma that the vicissitudes of life brought to people's hearts. Since then, the poet moved to the southwest and died of poverty.
Du Fu always cares about the future and destiny of the country and the nation, the living conditions of the people, and conveys the suffering of an era and the conscience and courage of a Confucian with songs full of blood and tears. His poetry is unique in the history of China literature with its unique style of "depression and frustration", which has left a deep impression on people.
Depression is a description of Du Fu's early creative style. He said in "Entering the Carving Form": "Although I don't preach the Six Classics first, I am always depressed and agile, but Yang Xiong and Gao Mei are no less than others." Later, when he experienced the war, suffered the hardships and hardships of the people, and showed unbearable sadness in his poems, and his creation became more and more mature, he summed up his poetic style with "depression and frustration". Depression, deep and stagnant on the surface, is characterized by rhythmic ups and downs and twists and turns. It involves the internal structure and external structure of poetry, the heavy fullness in the internal structure and the controlled turbulence and elasticity in the external structure. Among them, depression refers to the deep meaning of literary thinking, and cadence refers to the cadence of intonation; And "depressed" has another meaning of depression, which has the characteristics of deep anger, internalization of latent qi, cadence and rigorous meter.
The emotional connotation is gloomy and profound.
Du Fu's life is a wandering life, and "suffering" has become synonymous with his life. However, Du Fu did not indulge in personal misfortune, but conveyed the heaviness and sadness of that era with Confucian conscience and courage, and reflected the characteristics of that era with deep grief and indignation.
A profound description of a difficult society
Du Fu was born in a Confucian family that "abides by Confucianism and officials, but does not eat human fireworks", and has developed the excellent quality of paying attention to society and life. With a heavy heart of grief and indignation, he described a "difficult" society.
When Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an, he was trapped in the dilemma of "selling medicine in the city and sending food to relatives and friends", so he felt the hidden crisis under the surface prosperity of the Tang Dynasty empire from the disaster brought to the people by Xuanzong's invasion of the military country. His "Military Vehicle Shop" conveys people's aversion to endless wars with a heavy sigh. "We remember that others were sent to the north to guard rivers when they were fifteen years old, and were sent to western farming farms when they were forty years old. When they set out to return to the frontier, the mayor put a headscarf on them" and used infantry. "You didn't see Han families, Shandong, 200 States and thousands of villages, and nothing grew except weeds. Even if a healthy woman hoes pears, the furrows in the east and the west are broken? The accusation of blood and tears reveals the great damage that the frontier war has brought to the economy in the rear area. Between the lines, it conveys the author's deep sympathy for the people who have suffered from war and his deep doubt about the value of war. "They run after you, crying, they pull your sleeve and cry to the sky", tragic voice, huge tragic scene, shocking. Especially for the family members, the scene of crying at the foot of the clothes was outlined in a few minutes, and a lot of yellow dust was rendered. When you read it, you will feel the noise of cars, neighing horses and people shouting, which will converge into a chaotic noise in your ear. Poetry summarizes the tragic scene of people's separation caused by how many times the rulers collected taxes by refining several typical details, which is full of deep sorrow and anger. His "Climbing the Cien Temple Tower with a Gentleman" directly foresees that "Mount Tai is suddenly broken and cannot be found. "Looking ahead but angry, how can we fight for Huangzhou? It seems that the Tang dynasty has been broken, and the stormy days are just around the corner, giving people a heavy feeling.
The outbreak of "An Shi Rebellion" brought great disaster to society and people's life. The poet feels sorry for his country and people! He always pays attention to social changes and records this social disaster.
Xin Qiji's Creative Features
Xin Qiji, a great pronoun poet, is also a national hero who is good at fighting and familiar with military affairs. His words "boring cymbals loudly, whispering, crossing the Liuhe River and sweeping the ages" have become a treasure in the history of China literature; As a court minister in the Southern Song Dynasty, he wrote an article "Discussing and Training the Militia to Defend Huai Shu", which expressed the author's strong patriotic feelings, incisive and profound analysis of the war situation and clear and concrete countermeasures. This applied essay is full of passion, ingenious, well-founded, accurate and concise. The article only uses more than 600 words, from asking questions, analyzing problems to solving problems in one go. The information, analysis, measures, predictions and words are simple and clear. A heroic and broad-minded poet can write such a rigorous and simple practical article according to the needs of different styles. It can be seen that great writing can't be confined to a narrow world. He should master several sets of pen and ink skillfully, not only have his own favorite style, but also write different genres and styles according to different requirements, just like a martial artist with profound kung fu. Although he is good at a weapon, he is right. Xin Qiji used two completely different styles to express impassioned patriotic feelings from different sides, reflecting his lofty aspirations and lofty ideals of caring for the country and the people.
Strong patriotism and fighting spirit are the basic ideological content of Xin ci, which is first manifested in his ci, and he keeps repeating his nostalgia for the north. In addition, in He Xinlang and Fishing, he satirized the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty with words such as "water left and mountains left" and "heartbroken at sunset", expressing his dissatisfaction with being partial to a corner and unwilling to go north. Ambition is useless, and it is expressed in unspeakable words. In his masterpiece Shui Long Yin, he is good at remembering the past and facing picturesque rivers and mountains and heroes. While inspiring his lofty aspirations, he also expresses the feeling that heroes are useless. The fierce conflict between ideal and reality constitutes the tragic tone of his ci. On the basis of Su Shi's Ci, Xin Ci has further expanded the scope of the subject matter, almost to the point where everything has to be unintentionally written.
The Writing Features of Qin Guan
The History of Song Dynasty was rated as "literary and thoughtful". His poems are good at lyricism. Taosun Ao's Poetry Review said: "Qin Shaoyou is like a woman swimming in spring, but she is weak in the end." He was a famous graceful poet in the late Northern Song Dynasty. His poems mostly describe the feelings of men and women and express the sadness of career frustration. His words are skillful and meticulous, with harmonious melody and both rhyme and emotion.
The evaluation of Qin Guan by scholars of past dynasties;
Song Sushi commented on Qin Guan and Liu Yong's couplets: "Shan Mo Wei Yun Qin Xueshi; The willows reflect flowers. "
Shi's Dongpo loves his last two sentences ("Chen Jiang is good at going around Chen Shan, who is Xiaoxiang going for!") )), said: "A few steps less is enough, although ten thousand people can't redeem it."
Song Sushi: "You have the talent of Qu and Song."
Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty: "His poems are fresh and charming, and they are full of gratitude."
Song Liqing according to "On Ci": "Specializing in emotion, but not in reality, such as the beauty of a poor family, although extremely beautiful and rich, but lacking in wealth."
Song San's Hundred Poems: "Euphemism and Implication, Suit both refined and popular tastes".
Chen Tingzhuo's Poems of Baiyuzhai: "I seldom read all kinds of poems by Man Fang Ting, most of which are released for future work." "Qin Shaoyou naturally, nearly open beauty, leading the way. The distant ancestors Wen and Wei have changed their words, taking their gods instead of attacking their appearance. But it does not lose its correctness, so that the discussants will not get sick and change, but turn to those who have to change. ""Without travel, people will have a generous life experience and be carefree. " "Other people's words are just words; If you swim less, you will swear. Get it from the inside and don't pass it on. "
Zhang Yan's etymology: "elegance is made, the spirit and bone live forever, the meaning and pulse are constantly in beauty, and the taste is known for a long time."
Sun Jing's Preface to Zhu Po's Old Man: "Su Dongpo's ci is better than emotion, Liu Yiqing's emotion is better than words, and all emotions win, only Qin Shaoyou."
Zhang Lei: "Most of the articles in the world come from the poor, so the next one is the article. I like the poor people's words." Qin Zi's carefree words are almost out of this! "
Jin Yuanhao asked The Theory of Poetry to comment on Qin Guan's poems: "Affectionate peonies contain spring tears, while weak roses lie in the late branches. When I came out with the stone sentence of retreat, I knew that the canal was a girl's poem. "
Diao Liyuan's Yucun poem: "The perfect combination of pearls and pearls is the crown of Song poetry".
Liu Xizai's "Art Outline" in Qing Dynasty: "Learning poetry has a small feast, and it is endless fun." (refers to the face)
In the Qing Dynasty, Zhou Ji's Miscellaneous Poems on Survival Needs quoted the previous comments on Qin Ci, saying: "Doing less is to be approachable, so those who exert themselves can't come."
Zhou Ji's Selected Poems of Song Sijia: "It is another way to combine the feeling of life experience with lust." "Swimming less is the most harmonious and mellow, without halal and spicy ears. Less travel is implicit, like flowers blooming, so less pens. "
Lou Jingsi: "Huaihai Ci has a high style, such as red plum as a flower, which can win with rhyme, but it doesn't smell halal."
Feng Xu, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, said: "Its shallow words are all delicious, and its shallow words are all good."
"Sikuquanshu Catalogue": "Ci, regardless of rhyme, is better than Su Huang."
Commenting on Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Guowei said: "Although traveling less is rhetoric, there will always be character, and beauty will be beautiful. There must be a difference between a lady and a geisha."
Wang Guowei's Poems on Earth in Qing Dynasty: "It's saddest to swim less, and the pavilion is lonely in spring, and the cuckoo becomes sad at sunset."
Lu You's Writing Characteristics
Lu You also wrote many essays, which are quite accomplished. Among them, memorizing inscriptions, prefaces and postscripts, or recounting life experiences, or expressing thoughts and feelings, or writing poems, can best reflect the achievements of Lu You's prose, and at the same time, as in poems, it shows patriotic feelings from time to time, such as Collection of Zhen Tang in Beijing, Collection of Tong Hugh, Shu Weiqiao's Family, and Preface to Fugushi's Westernization. Others, such as "Preface to the Poems of Laizhai Jushi", show Lu You's excellent literary view: "To cover people's feelings, sadness and anger are contained in the middle without saying anything, and it is a poem, otherwise there is no poem." Su Wu, Li Ling, Tao Qian, Xie Lingyun, Du Fu and Li Bai were all so excited that their poems were EMI. "This view that creation focuses on internal cultivation rather than external form can be regarded as the further development of his so-called" time is outside poetry ". Lu You also has some unique essays, such as Smoke Boat, Book Nest and Living Room. Elegant and meaningful, quite like a sentimental essay. The six-volume book A Passage to Shu is concise and vivid. It is not only a fascinating travel note, but also a golden rule for investigating historical sites and geographical evolution. As for his Notes on Old Xuegong, it is an essay. Although the pen and ink are simple and rich in content, the notes are mostly anecdotes and have great historical value. Among them, the theory of poetry (such as "seeking the source of Du Fu in Ming Dynasty" when criticizing) is also outstanding.
Li Yu's writing characteristics
Li Yu is brilliant, skillful in painting, good at poetry and ode, and is a generation of poets who have been told through the ages. It is entirely accidental that Li Yu, who has no intention of fighting for power and profit, longs for seclusion. He is helpless, and he is also the king of national subjugation engraved on the historical archives. He hates that he was born into a royal family. Merits and demerits have become the track of history ...
When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo, paid tribute to the Song Dynasty many times and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing, where she will be sealed and not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. According to the records of King Song, the beggars' sect was poisoned by morning medicine. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Mangshan, Luoyang.
He is good at painting and calligraphy, melody and poetry, especially in the Five Dynasties. In the early stage, most of his poems were about the pleasure and quiet life in the palace, with a soft style, but this is not the life he yearns for, but mostly emptiness and helplessness; The later ci poems reflect the pain of national subjugation, with expanded themes, profound artistic conception, sincere feelings, fresh language and great artistic appeal. Later generations compiled his and Li Jing's works into two major ci poems in the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the early days of his reign, the style of his poems was beautiful and soft, and he did not get rid of the habit of "flowers". After the national subjugation, during the house arrest of Lacrimosa every day, the monarch of national subjugation became the "Southern King" of the eternal ci circle (in the words of Qing Shenxiong's Ancient and Modern Thorns). It was these late ci poems, which were desolate and tragic, and had far-reaching artistic conception, which laid the foundation of Su Xin's so-called "bold and unconstrained" school and started in the history of ci. As Wang Guowei said in Ci on Earth, "Ci came to Li Houzhu and began to have a broad vision and deep feelings." As for the beauty and harmony of his sentences, it is unprecedented. The late Lord has a collection that has been lost. There are 46 words, of which only 38 words can be confirmed by previous works or others.
Li Qingzhao's creative characteristics
Li Qingzhao (about 1084—— about 1 155), Yi, a poetess in Song Dynasty, made great achievements in poetry, ci and prose, but ci was the best one.
Li Qingzhao experienced the split between the north and the south, and the style of ci poetry changed greatly before and after the south crossing. Li Qingzhao's poems before Nan Du mostly describe the boudoir life of young girls and young women, such as A Dream, Hating the King and Hating the Sun, etc., which show the author's cheerful mood and relaxed life with vivid pictures. "Drunken Flowers" implicitly tells the loneliness and yearning for love in the boudoir. Small words such as "Yi Xiao on Phoenix Terrace" and "Pruning Plums" are also her boudoir masterpieces. After crossing the south, the hardships of life made her ci style tend to be subtle and deep. Words such as Bodhisattva Man, Nian Nujiao and Slow Whispering express the poet's feelings of long-term exile. Chanting Fish Music is the representative work of this kind of words. On the Lantern Festival, the poet stayed away from the invitation of BMW and tasted the post-war sadness alone. In this sentence, she has moved from self-pity to concern about hidden dangers in reality. Speaking of the word "fisherman's pride", although there is still a painful feeling of desperation, the passionate style has expressed the poet's desire to get rid of depression and pursue freedom.
Li Qingzhao's poetic style is graceful and graceful, and her artistic features are as follows: 1? Good at lyric creation. She is good at casting strong feelings in artistic images and creating an artistic realm of blending scenes. She is also good at showing touching artistic conception by describing a relationship and a turning point of thought. 2? The text is simple and novel. The language of Li Ci is simple and natural, novel and vivid. She doesn't use many words, but she is good at using spoken and common sayings to make her words clear and homely. Li Ci is harmonious, flowing like pearls and full of musical beauty.
How on earth did Li Qingzhao occupy a place in the history of ci poetry and have such a lofty position?
The most fundamental and important thing for a writer to establish his or her position in the history of literature is to look at his or her works. Literature is not a speculative science, but a "human study" of image thinking, which fundamentally reflects people's feelings, psychological processes and changes, as well as moral ethics and family education beliefs closely related to people. Therefore, to evaluate whether literary works are the essence of human spiritual products depends on the following three aspects: first, the depth of reflection of works on social spirit or human emotions; Secondly, the personality shown in the works; The third is the creation or perfection of artistic skills.
Li Qingzhao's position in the history of Ci mainly depends on her works (mainly Ci). Her lyrics can be said to be a trinity of genius and emotional ideal. In her poems, an important part of human spiritual field-female emotional world is displayed. She developed perfect artistic skills, fully demonstrated her personality, and revealed the beautiful and affectionate side of female sexual life. In addition, her works in different periods constitute a masterpiece of women's emotional process.
Bai Juyi's Writing Characteristics
Bai Juyi once divided his poems into four categories: satire, leisure, sentimentality and miscellaneous methods. Generally speaking, the first three categories are ancient bodies, and the latter category is near bodies. The first three categories are roughly divided by content, but they overlap. Among these four types of poems, Bai himself pays more attention to the first two types, and thinks that satirical poems reflect the "ambition to be satisfactory to both sides"; Leisure poems show the meaning of "being independent"; It is a direct embodiment of his life goals. Sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems are "either seduced by one thing or sent by a smile, born spontaneously, not in life" (Yuan Zaju "Nine Books"). Satire is the essence of white poetry. His poems are easy to understand, fluent and natural. His representative works include 50 pieces of New Yuefu and Qin Zhongyin 10. They widely reflect the major issues in all aspects of social life in the middle Tang Dynasty, and focus on describing the darkness of reality and the suffering of the people. These poems are fiercely worded and have no scruples, breaking through the tradition of "gentle and honest" poetry teaching, and are very prominent in ancient poems criticizing current politics. Satire is more direct in form. The narrative is complete, the plot is vivid, and the plot of the characters is meticulous and vivid. The other part of satirical poetry uses allegory to support things and natural images to support political feelings. These two kinds of works have profound and broad generalizations, concentrated themes, vivid images and clear language. Some "new Yuefu" also adopt the sentence pattern of "337", which has traces of folk popular literature and art. Leisure poems mostly express the yearning for seclusion and quiet life in the countryside and the interest of leading an honest and clean life. Many poems also promote the idea of contentment, peace and happiness. However, some poems show dissatisfaction with reality from the side, which shows that his pursuit of leisure is only a helpless relief. Sentimental poems are the most famous narrative poems "Song of Eternal Sorrow" and "Pipa Journey", and they are also well-known chapters with vivid images, coherent plots and beautiful language. Song of Eternal Sorrow is a story about the marriage and love between Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei, which contains both an earth-shattering satire on China's lust for beauty and endless sympathy and regret for this endless sorrow. Pipa has a sense of "returning to the world" and has made outstanding language achievements. These two poems are full of twists and turns in narrative, meticulous in writing, good at parallelism, smooth and harmonious in sound and rhyme, and widely circulated. Bai also has many gifts for relatives and friends, sincere and sincere, simple and moving. However, in this kind of poems, there are many sad colors that lament the old people's illness and death, and Buddhist thoughts that get rid of the hubbub. Miscellaneous poems are the most in white poems, and some intriguing lyric landscape poems are very famous, with a few strokes and a lot of business. In addition, there are some long sentences and poems that tell the truth and contrast the melody. There is a glass of light, wine shadow and amorous feelings, which is quite imitated by people at that time. White poetry was widely spread at that time, from the court to the folk, and its reputation spread far and wide in Xinjiang, Korea and Japan. White poetry has a great influence on later literature. Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng, Nie, Luo Yin and Du Xunhe in the late Tang Dynasty and Wang Yucheng, Mei, Su Shi, Lu You, Wu and Huang Zunxian in the Qing Dynasty were all inspired by the style of white poetry. Bai Juyi's poems have the greatest influence in Japan. He is Japan's favorite poet of the Tang Dynasty. His poems are often quoted by Japanese classical novels. It can be said that Bai Juyi is the pinnacle of China's poems in the Tang Dynasty in the Japanese mind.
Playwrights of later generations also re-created according to the story of Bai poetry, such as Wu Tongyu and the Palace of Eternal Life, which were adapted by Bai Pu and Hong Sheng respectively according to Song of Eternal Sorrow. Ma Zhiyuan and Jiang Shiquan wrote Tears on the Shirt and Autumn on the Four Strings respectively based on Pipa. White poems and white sentences were also adopted by the three generations of characters in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Bai Juyi is not a literary group of Han and Liu, but he is also an advocate and creator of new style ancient prose. His seventy-five articles "Ce Lin" are outstanding in knowledge, popular in discussion and profound in writing, and are political papers tracking Jia Yi's "public security policy"; Yuan Jiu Shu is an important literary criticism document in Tang Dynasty. Essays such as Caotang Collection, Lengquan Pavilion Collection, Preface to Three Visits Cave and Preface to Litchi Map are concise and to the point. It is a masterpiece in the prose of Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi is also a powerful promoter of ci creation. Poems such as Recalling Jiangnan, Langtaosha, Flowers Are Not Flowers, and Sauvignon Blanc paved the way for the development of literati ci. Bai Juyi, Li Bai, Du Fu and Liu Yuxi are also called "poetic immortals".