It is generally believed that China's modern petroleum industry began when the Qing government set up the first administrative agency to develop oil in China-Taiwan Province Provincial Bureau of Minerals and Petroleum, and in 1878, American drilling technicians were hired to buy petroleum mechanical rigs, and the first oil well was drilled in Miaoli. By the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China's oil industry had experienced 70 years of long and arduous exploration.
(1) Early petroleum geological survey and petroleum resources evaluation in China.
Modern geological science was introduced into China from western countries in the late Qing Dynasty. From 65438 to 1970s, Hua et al. translated Lyle's Principles of Geology and Dana's Appraisal Stone into Chinese and introduced them to China. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the Westernization School of the Qing government set up a mine road school in Nanjing and began to teach geology. Mr. Lu Xun studied here. After graduation, he published a paper on Geology of China in 1903. /kloc-Kuang Rongguang, who returned from the United States in 0/905, compiled the first geological map of China-the geological map of Zhili Province.
After the success of the Revolution of 1911, Sun Yat-sen organized an interim government on 19 12, and established the Geological Department (headed by Zhang) under the Mining Bureau of the Ministry of Industry. 19 13, the Ministry of Geology was changed to the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture (Industry) and Commerce (Ding Wenjiang was the director), and then the Institute of Geology was established (Zhang was the director), which was actually a workshop for cultivating geological talents. After three years' training, 19 16 June, 18 of the 30 students obtained graduation certificates, and all of them entered the Geological Survey Institute, becoming the backbone and pioneers of China's geological community.
Modern petroleum geological survey in China belongs to geological survey. The early modern geological survey in China was started by foreign geologists, such as Pompeii in the United States and Richthofen in Germany. 19 16 After China has its own geological talents, it has gradually carried out geological surveys on the land in China, including petroleum geological surveys.
(2) China Modern Petroleum Geological Survey.
Li Siguang
The petroleum geological exploration in China was first carried out by Americans in 19 14 in Yanchang, northern Shaanxi and its surrounding areas. Mobil Oil Company conducted 100 square kilometers of geological exploration in this area, and drilled 7 wells in Yanchang, Pumice (now Yan 'an), Ansai, Zhongbu (now Huangling), Yijun and other places, costing 2.5 million yuan, and finally failed. After the Americans failed in oil exploration in northern Shaanxi, the public opinion that China was poor in oil spread all over the world. 1922 Professor E. Blackwell of Stanford University in the United States published an article, asserting that the Great Plains in eastern China was a modern sedimentary area, and the discovery of oil was accidental; There are strong folds and faults in the southeast, so the possibility of finding oil will not be better than the Appalachian mountains in the United States, which is not good for oil. Due to strong stratigraphic faults, it is less likely to find oil in the southwest; Although the northwest produces very little oil, it will not find a bigger oil field. The final conclusion is that China will never produce a lot of oil.
Is China really an oil-poor country? Many geologists in China have raised questions. Li Siguang (1928) wrote in Modern Review: "The failure of Mobil does not prove that there are oil fields in China." He pointed out: "Although the oil production in northwest China is the most promising, there are still many places where there is no hope. It is said that there are oil seedlings in Jehol, and the Sichuan Plain is also worth studying. There are also many areas similar to the' Sichuan Basin', which are worth investigating. " Xie (1930) thinks: "Guan Jing's oil production has been extended for more than ten years, but there are still many places that have not been drilled through. If more accurate exploration can be carried out according to geological principles, there may not be no hope of obtaining good oil; Therefore, the failure of a corner can never determine the fate of the overall situation. "
Since the early 1920s, geologists in China have started arduous petroleum geological exploration activities, covering the northern Shaanxi Plateau, Hexi Corridor, Sichuan Basin, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, northern and southern Tianshan Mountains and coastal plains. 192 1 year geologists Weng and Xie went to Yumen to investigate petroleum geology. 1922 first proposed that Yumen oilfield has exploitation value: the geological structure near the oil spring was determined as anticlinal layer; The formation belongs to loose sandstone with a thickness of several meters, which is enough to store oil; Loose sandstone has dense red shale above and below it, which is enough to prevent oil from penetrating.
Sun jianchu
1923, Wang Zhuquan went to northern Shaanxi to investigate petroleum geology. Enter from Fugu County in the northeast corner of Shaanxi Province, travel southwest along the Great Wall, reach Jingbian via Yulin, return eastward, cross Suide and reach wubu county on the west bank of the Yellow River. 1932, he and Pan Zhongxiang visited northern Shaanxi again. Along the way, they not only studied the rock properties and geological structure of oil-bearing strata, but also surveyed oil seedlings in various places in detail to find plant fossils. Through field investigation, it is confirmed that there is a very gentle anticline near Yanchang, and the axis of the anticline is roughly east-west, with its northern wing inclined one or two degrees to the north and its southern wing inclined one or two degrees to the south, and oil seedlings are distributed on the axis. Not only the oil layers in Fushi County and Yanchang County were initially identified, but also the mistakes made by American geologist Ma in previous stratigraphic division were corrected, and Yongping Oilfield and abundant oil shale mines were discovered. 1933 Wang Zhuquan and Pan Zhongxiang * * * published the article "Geology of Northern Shaanxi Oilfield". This is a high-level geological science paper published by China geologists in China, which shows to the international geological community that China petroleum geologists can find rich oil reservoirs for the motherland by their own strength.
Yumen Oil Mine (painted by the famous painter Wu Zuoren 1944, the original picture is a color oil painting).
From 65438 to 0928, Zhang visited Hexi Corridor, and once again introduced the outcrop, geographical position and stratum of oil seedlings in Chijinbao oil river and Baiyang river oil ditch in Yumen County in detail, and put forward the development plan. Due to the political uncertainty and incompetence of local governments, the plan was put on hold indefinitely.
In 1930s, petroleum geology research in China was very active. Xie's Petroleum, published in 1930, is an important petroleum monograph after Zhang Bingchang's Introduction to Modern Petroleum in China, which laid the foundation for the development of petroleum geology in China. According to the author of this book, the distribution of China Oilfield "starts from northern Xinjiang, along the northern foot of Nanshan (Qilian Mountain) to Yumen and Dunhuang, recovers from eastern Gansu, extends to northern Shaanxi, crosses Qinling Mountains and reaches Sichuan Basin, which is about half of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau". At the same time, it is pointed out that there are oil shale in Jehol and Fengtian, and the provinces of governance, Shanxi, Shandong and Henan are geological inferences.
yellow
Sichuan area in China has been paid attention to by geologists at home and abroad because of its oil and gas development history of more than 2,000 years. In the late 1920s and 1930s, China geologists Zhao Yaceng, Huang, Tan Xichou, Li Chunyu, Lu and Pan Zhongxiang successively went to Sichuan for petroleum geological survey. 1933, Tan Xichou and Li Chunyu published the geological report "An Introduction to Sichuan Petroleum", which is an important work of Chinese geologists on Sichuan oil and gas resources. They think that there is more than one oil-bearing stratum in Sichuan basin, and the strata are not a series. Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous are related to oil production, and each series is divided into upper and lower layers, and seven and six layers have been produced. The amount of primary oil is in six layers, and the amount may be uneven. If there is a large amount of primary oil in the first layer, it may become an enriched oilfield, so Sichuan Oilfield has great development prospects.