Agriculture is a production activity aimed at fixing and converting solar energy and obtaining agricultural products. Planting is mainly based on fixed solar energy, and green plants are used for photosynthesis, and inorganic substances are synthesized into organic substances such as glucose, starch, fat and protein. Planting is also called primary production.
First, the concept and utilization of energy agriculture
Agriculture is a production activity aimed at fixing and converting solar energy and obtaining agricultural products. Planting is mainly based on fixed solar energy, and green plants are used for photosynthesis, and inorganic substances are synthesized into organic substances such as glucose, starch, fat and protein. Planting is also called primary production. In photosynthesis, about 209.3× 1 04j of solar energy is absorbed for every fixed1mol of CO2, and 46.9× 104J of energy in photosynthetic products is fixed in the form of chemical energy. The remaining 162.4× 104J energy is consumed in the form of heat energy during CO2 fixation. Because human beings have cultivated high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality crop varieties and created good production conditions for plant growth, the efficiency of fixing solar energy by plants in agricultural production has been greatly improved. Generally speaking, the photosynthetic efficiency of plants can reach 65,438+0%-2% in fertile areas, and only 0.65,438+0% in barren and desolate areas, which has been recorded as 6%-8% in carefully managed farmland ecosystems. [1] The owners of aquaculture and agricultural products processing mainly convert solar energy, which is also called secondary production. Animal products produced by aquaculture (meat, milk, eggs, hair, skin, etc.). ) is consumed in the transformation process, and some of it is discharged in the form of feces, and some of it is discharged in the form of urine and gas (methane, hydrogen). In the process of agricultural products processing, besides extracting the main products, there is still a lot of energy in the discharged wastewater and waste. Livestock manure produced during the transformation of agricultural products, wastewater and waste discharged during the processing of agricultural products can be used as biomass energy for development and utilization.
The so-called energy agriculture is agriculture aimed at producing energy. Energy agriculture focuses on biomass energy, including four energy utilization modes [2] (Figure 1):
(1) direct combustion mode
Direct combustion can be divided into four situations: stove combustion, boiler combustion, garbage combustion and solid fuel combustion. Among them, solid combustion is a newly popularized technology, which solidifies biomass and then burns it with traditional coal-burning equipment. Its advantage is that it can make full use of biomass energy to replace coal and reduce the emission of CO2 and SO2 in the atmosphere.
(2) Physical and chemical transformation mode
Physical and chemical transformation methods include three aspects, one is dry distillation technology; Second, gasification produces biomass gas; The third is to produce biomass oil by pyrolysis. Among them, the technology of gasification to produce biomass gas has a large promotion area and is easily accepted by the masses.
(3) Biochemical transformation mode
There are two ways of biochemical transformation, one is anaerobic digestion to produce biogas; The second is to prepare ethanol liquid fuel by enzyme technology.
(4) Utilization of vegetable oil
Energy vegetable oil is fuel oil extracted from oil plants and aromatic oil (reduced hydrocarbon) plants, which can be used instead of oil after processing.
Second, the great significance of developing energy agriculture
(1) Broaden the field of agricultural services and increase farmers' income.
Engel pointed out: when the income increases, the proportion of food and daily necessities in the income increase decreases. With the economic growth and the satisfaction of people's basic living needs, the focus of consumption will shift to hedonic products, so the market will reduce the consumption share of food and clothes. After entering the new century, great changes have taken place in the consumption structure of China residents, and the Engel coefficient has dropped to 38%. In 2002, the income of urban residents increased by 2020 yuan, and the per capita food consumption only increased by 109 yuan, accounting for 5% of the new income. The growth factors are mainly the expenditure on eating out and the expenditure on cigarettes, wine and tea. The consumption expenditure of grain, oil, meat and vegetables decreased, and the per capita consumption of grain decreased by 83 yuan. Oil 10. 1 yuan, meat 25.3 yuan, vegetables 12.4 yuan. It is difficult for farmers to increase their income because of the law of diminishing marginal consumption. Since 1997, agricultural income has not increased, and farmers' income mainly depends on wage income. In 2002, wage income accounted for 34.5% of farmers' net income, and increased to 36% in 2003. This economic law tells us that agriculture must expand the service field and March into the depth and breadth of agriculture. Agriculture should provide not only food and fiber, but also energy and other chemicals. Developing energy agriculture broadens the field of agricultural services and opens up new ways for farmers to increase their income. 〔3〕
(2) Relieve the energy shortage in China and ensure energy security.
China imported 30 million tons of crude oil from 1993, becoming a net importer of crude oil, with 70 million tons in 2000 and1000000 tons in 2003. It is estimated that by 2020, China's GDP may reach 5 trillion US dollars, and its energy demand will be 2.5 billion t-3 billion t standard coal, of which the oil gap/kloc t-30/0.6-2.2 billion t[4] is not only feasible, but also very urgent. Agriculture should seize this opportunity, put forward the development strategy of energy agriculture and develop it into a big industry.
(3) Control organic waste pollution and protect the ecological environment.
At present, the environmental pollution situation in China is very serious. The enterprises that pollute the environment the most are still aquaculture enterprises and agricultural products processing enterprises. In 2003, eight of the top ten polluting enterprises that were criticized by name were agricultural products processing enterprises. According to 1 week of State Environmental Protection Administration in 2004 (from 1.05 in 2004 to 1.0 1 in 2004), eight indexes (water temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and permanganate index) of 73 key sections of major river systems in China were obtained. Class IV water quality sections 10, accounting for13.7%; Ⅴ water quality has 6 sections, accounting for 8.2%; There are 18 sections with poor water quality, accounting for 24.7%. Rivers with sewage worse than Grade IV account for 46.6%. In water pollution, the pollutants discharged by agricultural products processing enterprises are about 1/2. Especially, the pollution contribution rate of agricultural products processing enterprises is higher in the river reach with inferior grade V [5]. In 2003, the National People's Congress conducted a law enforcement inspection on the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste in People's Republic of China (PRC), and severely criticized the problem of rural solid waste pollution. According to the survey, the amount of feces produced by livestock and poultry farms in China reached 6543.8+73 million tons. 80% of large-scale livestock and poultry farms lack necessary pollution control facilities, and livestock manure is directly discharged into the environment without treatment, which seriously pollutes the air and water. [6] China's greenhouse gas emissions have seriously affected the climate change in China. Qin Dahe, director of the National Meteorological Administration, said that scientists in China predicted the future climate change in China: firstly, the climate in China will continue to get warmer. By 2020-203O, the national average temperature will rise by 65438 0.7℃; By 2050, the national average temperature will rise by 2.2℃; When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, the national average temperature will rise by 2.9℃. Second, the degree of climate warming in China is increasing from south to north. By 2030, the temperature in northwest China may rise by 1.9-2.3℃. Thirdly, the precipitation in many areas of our country tends to increase, among which the southeast coast has the largest added value. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River tend to dry up, and some areas such as North China and Southeast China continue to dry up.
(d) The wide application of biotechnology and the development of genetic engineering.
Biotechnology has great potential in cultivating energy crops and efficient enzyme microorganisms. A new variety of diesel rape was obtained by transgenic method abroad. Using transgenic technology to obtain engineering bacteria that decompose straw fiber to produce alcohol. The application of transgenic technology in energy crops and energy microorganisms is not limited by gene identification, but in food, it needs identification and is greatly limited. In order to promote the development of the discipline, biotechnology can choose energy crops and energy microorganisms for research and application.
Third, the implementation of major energy and agriculture projects
(1) biogas plan
Biogas is a combustible gas mainly composed of methane produced by microbial fermentation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Biogas fermentation process can be divided into two stages, namely, no methane production stage and methane production stage. Three substances produced by biogas fermentation, one is biogas, mainly methane, which is clean energy; Second, digestive juice (biogas slurry), which contains soluble N, P and K, is a high-quality fertilizer; Thirdly, digested sludge (biogas residue), which is mainly composed of bacteria, refractory organic residues and inorganic substances, is an excellent organic fertilizer and has the function of improving soil. Biogas products have high application value. Many people say, "Biogas is beneficial, but nothing is harmful".
Biogas fermentation has four characteristics:
1, biogas microorganisms consume less energy.
In the process of biogas fermentation, the energy required for self-reproduction of biogas microorganisms is 1/30- 1/20 of that of aerobic microorganisms. For the substrate, about 90% of COD is converted into biogas.
2. Biogas fermentation can treat high concentration organic waste.
Under aerobic conditions, generally only wastewater with COD content below 65,438+0,000 mg/L can be treated, and the COD content of wastewater after biogas fermentation can reach above 65,438+0,000 mg/L. As shown in Table 1, all kinds of agricultural product processing wastewater can be used as raw materials for biogas fermentation.
Table 1 Characteristics of Discharge Water Quality of Agricultural Products Processing and Transformation Enterprises [7] Name of Raw Materials
Alcohol mash with PH value of COD/mg.l-1BOD/mg.l-1
Liquor wastewater
Yellow rice wine wastewater
Tannery wastewater
Citric acid wastewater
Starch wastewater
Bean product wastewater
Papermaking black liquor
Pharmaceutical waste liquid
Dairy processing wastewater
High concentration beer wastewater
Monosodium glutamate wastewater
Molasses alcohol wastewater
Pig manure water
Chicken manure water
cow dung
3-5
3.7-5.8
3.5-4.0
8- 10
4.0-4.6
4.6-5.3
3.5-5.0
1 1- 13
4.0-6.0
3.5-7.5
3.5-6.0
1.5-3.2
4.4
7.0-7.8
6.5-7.5
7.2-8.2 30 000-60 000
1 1 400- 130 000
9 400-30 000
3 000-4 000
10 000-40 000
3 000- 12 000
10 000-20 000
106 000- 157 000
5 000-40 000
2 000- 1 1 000
9 000-43 000
20 000-60 000
40 000- 150 000
1 1 000-26 000
43 000-77 000
70 000- 1 16 285 15 000-30 000
5 800-67 000
5 000- 15 000
1 500-2 000
6 000-25 000
1 000-7 000
7 000- 12 000
34 500-42 500
2 000- 18 000
1 000-75 000
7 000-33 350
10 000-30 000
20 000-60 000
7 000- 13 000
17 000-32 000
There are many kinds of wastes that can be treated.
Biogas fermentation can treat human and animal manure, crop straw, wastewater and waste residue from agricultural products processing enterprises. Biogas fermentation removes 90% of organic matter, and the rest can meet the national emission standards after oxygen consumption treatment.
4. Biogas fermentation is greatly influenced by temperature.
Biogas fermentation can be divided into high temperature (50-600℃), medium temperature (30-350℃) and normal temperature (natural temperature). High temperature fermentation is the strongest, followed by medium temperature, but it needs some heat energy to maintain the required constant temperature.
The biogas plan should include two parts: small biogas for farmers and large and medium biogas.
Rural household small biogas technology is relatively mature. At present, the underground cylindrical hydraulic biogas digesters are mainly used, and national standards (GB 4750-84, GB 475 1-84, GB 4752-84) have been formulated. This biogas digester solves the contradiction between feeding and discharging, and can be continuously produced. Farmers don't have to risk their lives to dig biogas residue. In the north, plastic greenhouses were built on biogas digesters, and biogas was combined with pig raising and vegetable growing to form a "four-in-one" model, which successfully solved the problem of biogas fermentation in winter. Starting from the local reality, all localities have combined biogas with farmers to become rich and well-off, and formed an ecological home to enrich the people plan, which greatly promoted the development of rural household biogas, and the country has been included in the western development plan. In order to make rural household biogas more in line with national economic construction and all-round social development, it is suggested that: 1 The state should further increase investment to meet the needs of farmers; 2. Highlight the key points. First, solve the fuel problem of farmers in ecologically fragile areas, consolidate the achievements of returning farmland to forests and control the harm of sandstorms. The second is to solve the problem of egg treatment in the high incidence areas of schistosomiasis in southern China. Biogas fermentation can completely treat Schistosoma eggs. According to the detection results of the health and epidemic prevention department, the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum died within 22 days in autumn and 40 days in winter, accounting for 100%. Through the construction of biogas digesters, toilets and livestock pens are connected, and human and animal feces enter the biogas digesters, which are fermented by biogas to kill eggs and cut off the transmission chain of schistosomiasis.
Large and medium-sized biogas is mainly used to treat urban sewage, high-concentration industrial organic wastewater, human and animal feces and domestic garbage. In the past 20 years, countries around the world have actively developed large and medium-sized biogas and created many new technologies. With the development of high-efficiency normal-temperature anaerobic digestion technology, large and medium-sized biogas technology is maturing. Many enterprises in our country set up biogas for comprehensive utilization, and achieved remarkable economic and ecological benefits. For example, Nanyang Alcohol General Factory (Tianguan Group) in Henan Province has successively built three large-scale biogas digesters for centralized treatment of alcohol mash, forming a daily gas supply capacity of 40,000 m3, meeting the domestic gas consumption of 40,000 households in Nanyang City, and the pollution discharge is close to zero, achieving a win-win situation in social, economic and ecological benefits and forming a circular economy model. A new biogas digester and sewage treatment system were built in Beijing Xiedao Resort, with a water surface of 1.50 mu. All the domestic garbage and human and animal manure in the resort are digested anaerobically, and the clean energy generated is used for cooking, and the digestive juice and biogas residue are used as high-quality fertilizers to produce pollution-free agricultural products. After treatment, the domestic sewage reaches the first-class discharge standard and returns to the farmland. The entire resort has achieved zero pollution emissions. At present, China's environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, and large and medium-sized biogas is the most effective way to digest organic pollutants. The state should incorporate the development of large and medium-sized biogas into the development plan, formulate preferential policies to promote the development of large and medium-sized biogas, and mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises to build biogas, so that the development of large and medium-sized biogas in China will show a new situation of good development. It not only produces renewable energy, but also promotes the treatment of polluted environment.
(2) alcohol program
Ethanol, whose scientific name is alcohol, is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and its structure is C2H5OH. Alcohol production methods include chemical synthesis and biological fermentation. There are many impurities in chemically synthesized alcohol, so its application is limited. Biological fermentation is mainly used for production. Raw materials for making alcohol can be starch raw materials, molasses raw materials, fiber raw materials and sulfurous acid papermaking waste liquid.
Alcohol is a kind of clean energy. A small amount can replace tetraethyl lead and ETBE as gasoline explosion-proof agent. When used in large quantities, it can be mixed with gasoline to make gasoline alcohol as automobile fuel. Using gasoline alcohol as fuel can reduce the air pollution caused by gasoline combustion, improve the octane number of gasoline and improve the combustion efficiency.
On April 8, 20001year, the former State Planning Commission and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine announced that the use of gasoline and alcohol would be fully promoted in China. On April 2, two national standards, denatured dye ethanol and ethanol gasoline for vehicles, were published. Since June 30, 2002, pilot projects have been carried out in Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Nanyang in Henan Province, Harbin and Zhaodong in Heilongjiang Province, and the pilot projects of gasoline alcohol have been successful. On February 10, 2004, the National Development and Reform Commission continued to expand the pilot project. In addition to expanding the pilot project in the whole province, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Henan and Anhui provinces also transferred fuel alcohol to Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong and Jiangsu. By the end of 2005, the above provinces and cities basically realized the substitution of ethanol gasoline for other gasoline. Since 1903, alcohol has been used as automobile fuel for nearly a hundred years. In the first half of the 20th century, people paid attention to alcohol twice. During World War I, both sides attached importance to the strategic significance of alcohol. During World War II, fuel alcohol was widely used. In 1950s, with the large-scale exploitation and utilization of oil, high-cost alcohol was gradually forgotten by people until the world oil crisis of 1973. Brazil and the United States took the lead in implementing the "Gasoline Alcohol Plan". Gasoline alcohol comes from English "GASOHOL", which refers to the mixed fuel formed by adding a certain proportion of denatured alcohol to gasoline. This is a clean and practical fuel. 1975, the Brazilian government launched the "gasoline alcohol plan" around the world. 1977 was officially implemented in the capital city of Sao Paulo, accounting for 20%, and 1980 was popularized to 22% in the whole country. Today, Brazil's annual alcohol output is 6.5438+million tons, of which 97% is used for automobile fuel. At present, Brazil is the only country in the world that does not supply pure gasoline. The "gasoline alcohol plan" implemented in the past 25 years has brought three major benefits to Brazil: "It has formed an independent economic and energy operation system, stimulated the great development of agriculture, alcohol industry and related industries, and significantly improved the atmosphere and ecological environment." The United States enforces the "gasoline alcohol plan" by law to encourage the production and consumption of gasoline alcohol. Since 1978, the United States has passed dozens of bills to support gasoline alcohol from energy, transportation, taxation, environmental protection, agriculture and other aspects. Some corn-rich states have also enacted their own laws, requiring that gasoline and alcohol must be used in the states. At present, the annual consumption of fuel alcohol in the United States is about 5 million tons. According to the type of automobile engine, there are two proportions of alcohol added to gasoline. The addition of gasoline engine is 5% ~ 15%, and the alcohol proportion of special engine is 85% ~ 100%. According to the investigation of relevant departments in the United States, using gasoline alcohol as fuel can obviously reduce the emission of automobile exhaust, with carbon monoxide emission reduced by 20% ~ 30% and carbon dioxide reduced by 27%. In addition to environmental protection, the promotion of gasoline and alcohol has also brought considerable comprehensive benefits to the United States. Take 1997 as an example. In the whole year, American automobile fuel * * * used 5120,000 tons of alcohol and converted corn150,000 tons, accounting for 7% of the total corn output in that year, providing195,200 jobs for the society and making the federal government earn 3.6 billion yuan more. The U.S. Congress has also passed a bill to vigorously develop the alcohol industry in the next 10 year and increase the annual consumption of fuel alcohol to100000 tons. Since 1980s, Germany, Netherlands, Canada, Sweden and other developed countries have also begun to promote gasoline alcohol. Around 1995, more and more countries such as Britain, France, South Africa, Cuba and Thailand have joined the ranks.
Why should we promote gasoline and alcohol? Another problem that needs to be solved urgently is the problem of gasoline additives. When gasoline burns in the cylinder of an automobile engine, the combustion is incomplete due to the lack of oxygen in the cylinder, and the machine vibrates strongly, thus reducing the output power and damaging parts, which is the anti-explosion characteristics of gasoline. The numerical index reflecting the antiknock performance of gasoline is called octane number, which is what people usually call the label of gasoline, such as "90 #" and "93 #" gasoline, which refers to the antiknock performance of these gasoline. The higher the index, the better the anti-explosion performance. The way to improve the antiknock performance of gasoline is to add other chemicals to gasoline. In the past, tetraethyl lead was usually added, so leaded gasoline came into being. Tetraethyl lead has been banned in the world since 1997 due to the harm of lead to human body. MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) is widely used at present. Due to production difficulties, many countries, including China, rely on imports. In recent years, scientific research has found the shortcomings of MTBE: it is not easy to decompose and has certain pollution to groundwater; It has a small amount of odor, which makes drivers uncomfortable and can cause nausea, eye pain, herpes and other reactions. The United States recently passed a "Clean Fuel Act", which will ban MTBE in the next four years. At present, the "best chemical" to replace MTBE is alcohol. As an additive, alcohol is non-toxic and pollution-free and does not need to be imported. 〔8〕
(3) Straw energy utilization plan
The scheme of straw energy utilization includes two aspects: one is straw gasification; The other is straw briquette forming fuel. Now introduce them separately:
1, straw gasification
Straw gasification, also known as "biomass gasification" in a broad sense, refers to the combustion of biomass in an anoxic state, which makes the biomass react chemically to generate high-grade, easy-to-transport and efficient gas fuel. Biomass is composed of hydrocarbons, which are converted into combustible gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen through pyrolysis, combustion and reduction during biomass gasification. The annual renewable biomass in China is about165438+45 million tons, including 670 million tons of crop straw. Therefore, the development of biomass gasification fuel should focus on the utilization of crop straw. The Ministry of Agriculture has carried out a pilot project of centralized gas supply by straw gasification in hundreds of villages across the country, and achieved satisfactory results. In particular, farmers are eager to use clean energy and change the sanitation of villages. Straw gasification makes farmers burn firewood instead of gas, which meets the requirements of farmers, so it is welcomed and affirmed by farmers. 〔9〕
2, straw compression molding fuel
Straw compact molding fuel is to crush straw, send it to a molding machine, compress it into the required shape under the action of external force, and then burn it directly as fuel. There is also further processing and manufacturing of biochar.
Abroad, such as Denmark, Germany, Belgium, the United States, Japan and so on. The modification technology has matured and realized industrial production, which is mainly used for heating furnaces and boilers to generate electricity. The biomass forming machine jointly developed by Henan Agricultural University and Shanxi Wanfa Furnace Factory has been used in production. The compressed fuel produced is used for heating and small boilers. It is determined that all kinds of emissions are much lower than coal, and it is a clean and renewable energy source. 〔9〕
(4) Energy crop planting plan
Energy crops refer to cultivated plants for the purpose of providing raw materials for manufacturing fuel or providing fuel oil. Fuel oil made from energy crops has many advantages: the pollution to the environment after combustion is less than that of mineral energy, and it is a low-sulfur fuel, which will not increase the emission of CO2; Safer than nuclear energy; More widely used than wind energy and geothermal energy; Degradable and the like. Therefore, it has become a hot spot of international development and is called "green" energy.
Energy crops can be divided into four categories: ① annual or perennial crops that produce alcohol, such as corn, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, sweet potato and cassava; (2) Plants aimed at producing fuel oil (such as biodiesel and hydrocarbons), such as rape and green Yushu; ③ Plants used for direct combustion; ④ Algae or other plants perform anaerobic fermentation.
The conditions for promoting the development of energy crops have gradually taken shape in China: ① the unlimited development and utilization of resources by human beings has brought about resource depletion and ecological crisis; (2) The burning of fossil fuels seriously pollutes the environment and brings many problems, such as acid rain, greenhouse gases and global warming. ③ The field of agricultural services is too narrow, and farmers' income is weak. Crop scientists should seize the opportunity of energy crop development and vigorously study and cultivate energy crops.
In addition to conventional techniques, the cultivation methods of energy crops should also vigorously adopt biotechnology. Make full use of the advantages of energy crops without restricted areas, and let biotechnology shine brilliantly in energy crops planting. Biotechnology takes crops as bioreactors, makes full use of the biosynthesis ability of plants, produces cheap energy raw materials on a large scale, and cultivates transgenic energy crops. In sugar culture, the starch content can be increased by 60% by transferring the ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene of bacteria into potato.
Biotechnology has played a greater role in the process of alcohol fermentation. Using DNA recombination technology to improve alcohol production process, through the improvement of enzyme, the cost can be reduced and the benefit can be improved. Cultivate different engineering bacteria to improve the ability of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose to decompose, saccharify and synthesize alcohol. The progress of biotechnology in this respect will further expand the source of raw materials for biomass energy production and make energy agriculture a reality. 〔 10〕
Four, the development of energy agriculture must deal with several relations
(1) Handle the relationship between food security and energy security.
From the perspective of development, it is the general trend to move from "black energy" to "green energy". Developing biomass energy and using biogas and gasoline alcohol can not only effectively prolong the use time of limited oil resources on the earth 10% ~ 20%. In the future world, biogas may be a substitute for natural gas, and alcohol is a substitute for gasoline. Some people will put forward the contradiction between energy security and food security. Alcohol is converted from grain. Feeding China's population of 654.38+0.3 billion is a huge pressure. Where is the land for producing alcohol? Where is the water resource? To solve this problem, we need to study from the following aspects.
Food security and energy security are unified.
In recent years, farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain is not high, mainly because the price of grain is too low, even to the point of losing money in growing grain. To improve farmers' enthusiasm for growing grain, there must be market pull. If grain is only grain, the market capacity is limited. If grain is used as both food and energy, the market capacity will exceed 1/3. In this sense, developing energy agriculture will be an effective measure to increase farmers' income and mobilize their enthusiasm for growing grain.
Food crops and energy crops are highly complementary.
There are many kinds of energy crops, mainly corn, sorghum, sugarcane, beet, potato, sweet potato, cassava and so on. These crops are all high-yield crops, which can meet the needs of food security and are good energy crops. China has an annual surplus of about 4-6 million tons of corn. Sugarcane and beet have a lot of excess capacity every year because of the poor sales of sugar. In 2003, the production capacity was artificially reduced by 5 million tons. Potatoes and sweet potatoes can be planted in dry land, and there is great potential for increasing production. If the grain harvest is good, the aged grain of wheat and rice can be used as alcohol. If the harvest is not good, energy crops such as corn, sweet potato and potato can be converted into food crops.
The development of energy agriculture has a wide range of fields, and it can be achieved that it does not compete with food or less.
In the field of energy agriculture development, most of the wastes in agricultural production are used to produce alcohol and biogas, such as corn straw, rice straw, wheat straw and other fibrous raw materials. From 65438 to 0999, the United States built the world's first production line to produce alcohol from cellulose raw materials. At present, China has also carried out research work in this field. The research topic of "Ethanol Production from Cellulose Raw Materials" conducted by Tianguan Enterprise Group Experimental Center in cooperation with Zhengzhou University of Technology, Tsinghua University, Wuxi University of Light Industry and foreign research institutions has been included in the Tenth Five-Year Plan. Using livestock manure, waste water and waste from agricultural products processing enterprises to develop energy can not only increase farmers' income, but also provide high-quality fertilizer for grain production, which is a win-win measure to produce clean energy, promote grain production and ensure food security and energy security.
(2) Handle the relationship between the market allocation mechanism of resources and state support.
As a new type of industry producing biomass energy, energy agriculture faces many obstacles and problems in the market-oriented development. In order to promote the healthy development of energy agriculture, it is absolutely necessary for the state to give necessary support. However, it is impossible to form the big industry of energy agriculture only by relying on the support of the state and not relying on the power of the market and the active participation of enterprises. In particular, to attract private capital into energy agriculture, energy agriculture can have greater vitality. Therefore, it is suggested that the government should formulate industrial policies for energy agriculture and create an environment for the development of energy agriculture. The initial consideration of energy and agricultural industrial policies should include the following aspects:
1. Formulate emission standards and reward environmental protection enterprises. Enterprises that reduce pollutant emissions can be compensated, and enterprises that exceed pollutant emissions should be fined.
2. Investment and financing policies. Biomass energy enterprises have priority in obtaining preferential loans. Discount loans will be given to the technological transformation projects of leading industrialized enterprises to produce clean energy.
3. Tax policy. Tax incentives are given to enterprises that produce clean energy to make up for higher production costs.
4. Create energy and agricultural industrialization science and technology parks, implement integrated management of production, supply and marketing, and create a good development environment.
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