Definition: cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained concrete and make readers understand. This method of explanation is called example. To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.

Benefits: Make the meaning expressed in the article clearer, more vivid, more understandable to readers and more convincing.

Example: Clouds can foretell the weather. For example, in Xinjiang, the appearance of clouds means rain. -"Looking at the Clouds to Know the Weather"

(2) Column number (column data)

Definition: In order to specify the things to be explained, you can also use the method of enumerating numbers to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.

Benefits: Numbers are the most accurate, scientific and convincing basis for quantitatively explaining the characteristics or reasons of things. Explaining with numbers can not only accurately and objectively reflect the facts, but also be persuasive. )

For example, Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, and a narrow middle and a width of 9 meters. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" (accurately reflected)

(3) For example

Definition: A description method that uses the similarity between two different things to highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of description is called analogy. The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. Only in this way can the abstract complexity become easy to understand and concrete and vivid. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.

Benefits: abstract things become concrete, vivid and vivid, or explain the characteristics of things accurately, concretely and easily.

Example: ① The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. -"China Stone Arch Bridge" can make the explained object vivid. )

② Silkworm's small body is a wonderful "processing factory".

(4) Comparison

Definition: Comparative method is an explanatory method to compare two things and phenomena in the same or different categories to illustrate the characteristics of things. When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically.

Benefits: Explain some abstract or unfamiliar things and compare them with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison.

Example: (1) All other animals eat raw food, and only humans can cook it.

② 12 steel roof trusses wider than the newly expanded Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing are hidden at the top of the auditorium.

The area occupied by the Pacific Ocean is almost equal to the sum of the other three oceans, which is fourteen times larger than the smallest Arctic Ocean.

(5) Classification

Definition: It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. This method of explanation is called classification.

Benefits: clear organization, clear at a glance.

Examples: ① The collection of books in the library is divided into Chinese and foreign countries by country; According to the times, there are classical and modern; By nature, there are science and technology, literature and political economy.

(2) According to the building materials and ornate decoration of screens, they can be divided into gold screens, silver screens, gold screens, painted screens, stone screens, wooden screens and bamboo screens. Therefore, there is a distinction between elegance and vulgarity in art, which also reveals the different economic and cultural levels of users. -"Say the screen"

(6) Definition

Definition: A prescriptive explanation of the essential features of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion. How to express: ① What is ...? (2) What's the name of ...?

Benefits: It can make people understand abstract words more clearly when reading.

Example: ① Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and work with them.

Fertilizer is a substance that can provide nutrients to make plants grow.

Teaching methods of Chinese writing in primary schools

Guide observation and find out the rules.

First of all, we should teach children the correct writing posture, first of all, we should teach children the correct writing posture, that is, to achieve "three ones." Correct writing posture is not only conducive to writing, but also conducive to the healthy development of children's bodies. Children's bones are soft and their bodies have not yet been finalized. The posture of writing must be scientific and standardized. However, children's self-control ability is poor and difficult to last, which requires teachers to remind them often and correct them in time when they find that their posture is incorrect. Students with poor understanding ability should not be criticized, but should be actively encouraged and guided. Children who study well should be praised in time to set an example for other students. These methods are easily accepted by children. Secondly, in guiding writing, because children are lively and active, they should actively participate, which can not only stimulate children's interest and enliven the atmosphere, but also improve their appreciation and expression ability. Teachers only need to make appropriate hints at key points or neglected places to make the finishing touch.

To write a word beautifully, the first thing is to write the word correctly and the structure should be symmetrical. In the process of instructing students to write, I attach great importance to the exemplary role of teachers. I write example sentences one by one with Tian Zi Gree, and instruct students to observe carefully the shape of each stroke and the structure of each word. Teaching students to write independent characters, teaching students to write independent characters, I first let them carefully observe the appearance of each stroke and its position in Tian Zige. For example, while writing the word "Shao", I guide students to observe that the first "vertical" is written slightly obliquely on the vertical centerline of the upper half, the second and third "dots" are written in the middle of the left half and the upper half respectively, and the fourth "left" is written above the horizontal centerline, so special attention should be paid to pen collection (lower left half).

When students make clear the collocation between strokes, I will immediately write another one in Tian Zige, so that students can observe it again, so that students can understand that a single word should be written in the middle of Tian Zige. When instructing students to write compound words, I will also ask students to carefully observe the position of each component in Tian Zige and the collocation between them.

For example, writing the word "cold", I will demonstrate and guide students to observe: the two water strokes on the left are few, occupying less space, and the basic words that give way to the right are written in the middle, with a certain distance between the two sides of the horizontal midline. The tip of the "lift" should be opposite to the end of the "point", and their centers are on the same straight line. There are many strokes of the basic word "Ling" on the right, which can occupy more space. One of its "strokes" starts from the right side of the middle section of the vertical midline in the upper half and ends below the horizontal midline in the left half. Connect a "press" pen to the "left" head, and the pen is closed below the horizontal center line of the left and right half squares; The point of the fifth stroke should be on the right side of the intersection of the horizontal and vertical midlines, and be on the same straight line with the intersection of the left above and the point of the seventh stroke below.

After observing one by one, I wrote it again in Fanfan, Tian Zige, and continued to guide the observation to find out the law: the word "cold" should be written with a narrow left and a wide right. Through lesson-by-lesson training, students can gradually master the structural characteristics and writing rules of Chinese characters: the middle part of the upper, middle and lower structural words should be written flat and wide, and the whole word should not be written too long; The structure of the left, middle and right parts should be narrow and compact. Look at the words in the left and right structures clearly, some are narrow left and wide right, some are wide right and narrow left, and some are the same; Words with upper and lower structures, big and small, big and small.

For words with completely closed structure, the structure of words should be symmetrical ... In short, when guiding students to write, they should be trained to put the shelf structure of words straight and write correctly, symmetrically and beautifully.

Demonstrate, can write and understand the order of strokes.

Children are very imitative, and the writing style of the first teacher has a great influence on them. Teachers' good handwriting will benefit students a lot. As a junior writing teacher, we must carefully write every stroke and every painting, strive to be perfect, and don't influence children's writing attitude because of their unintentional randomness, so that children can write with a task view. In class, if the teacher's blackboard is always neat and clear, then the students will carefully write the homework for this day. As the old saying goes, being close to Zhu Zhechi requires teachers to improve their writing level in addition to their usual efforts, and to influence their children with full enthusiasm and serious attitude. Children always admire their teachers and imitate their every move.

Writing is a dynamic process, and every link and step is demonstrated to students, so that students can observe whether each stroke is in place and appreciate each stroke carefully. In short, the more carefully you observe, the deeper the impression of the fan in your mind, and the Chinese character "eye" will become the Chinese character "heart". With the improvement of eyesight, the written words can be accurate, smooth and beautiful.

3, training operation, posture correction, tour guidance.

If the guidance and demonstration are aimed at all students, then the patrol stage is individual guidance, and teachers should consciously coach each child, which is especially important for poor students. However, it is impossible to tutor students in order, because it is easy for students to form bad habits. When the teacher comes, he will be more serious, when the teacher leaves, he will be more careless, and the children behind him will not wait for the teacher, which will affect the learning effect. At this time, the teacher can say, "Teachers like to guide students who write carefully." Or: "Teachers like students with correct posture." Every child practices hard in order to get the teacher's attention and praise. In this environment, individual counseling often gets twice the result with half the effort.

4 timely evaluation, summary and commendation, and encourage enterprising.

Timely evaluation is an important means to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching and a method to stimulate students' interest and encourage them to make progress, especially in writing teaching. In class, we should encourage pupils to make small progress in time and establish their confidence in writing well. Students with good grades should follow the example of trees and let them set an example. When praising students, we should be oriented, and we should not say "well written", "cleanly written" and "correctly written" in general, but give appropriate praise and encouragement according to the learning focus, different requirements and students' own characteristics of each class. For example, "a classmate has a good writing posture", "a classmate has a correct pen-lifting method", "a classmate writes in place" and "a classmate has a rigorous writing structure" and so on. In this way, we should focus on the big picture, start from the small things, make clear the direction, teach in a down-to-earth manner, study hard, and effectively improve the teaching quality of writing class, so that students can practice good handwriting from childhood and benefit for life.

Leading-in Methods in Primary School Chinese Classroom

First, review the introduction methods.

Review introduction refers to the way that teachers guide students to recall what they have learned or introduce new lessons in connection with students' life experience. The new curriculum standard clearly puts forward that we should correctly handle the relationship between basic literacy and innovation ability. In teaching, we should pay attention to the accumulation, perception and application of language and the training of basic skills to lay a solid foundation for students. At the same time, we should pay attention to developing students' creative potential and promote their sustainable development.

Therefore, no matter what kind of lead design is adopted in teaching, it should serve the teaching purpose and teaching focus of the whole class, which is closely related to the lecture content and naturally connected. Reviewing old knowledge is a common method to introduce new courses. For example, learning the lesson "Don't step on this flower" can be introduced as follows: "Flowers and plants are common things in life, and students preview them before class. This text is about dandelion, as we all know, so why does it attract grandma Bing Xin's attention? What kind of flower is this? Then students with this question, let's learn this text together. "

Second, set the suspense method

According to the psychological characteristics of students' love of seeking sources, they create contradictions, ask questions and set suspense to attract attention as soon as they attend class. Therefore, in the introduction of classroom teaching, clever questions are used to create suspense, so that students are in a state of "no anger and self-prestige, no anger and self-prestige, no worries and no worries", which urges students to explore knowledge in the high desire for knowledge and stimulates students' interest in learning knowledge. For example, when I was teaching the article Borrowing Arrows from Grass Boat, I set such a suspense: Borrowing Arrows from Grass Boat was adapted from China's famous classical historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan were called Wei, Shu and Wu. At that time, Cao Cao just defeated Liu Bei and attacked Sun Quan. So Liu Bei and Sun Quan joined forces against Cao Cao. Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang, an outstanding politician and strategist, to help Sun Quan. Zhou Yu, a general under Sun Quan, was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent and wanted to frame him. How did Zhuge Liang treat it? What is the final result? Let's read the text together.

Third, the method of creating a situation

The new curriculum standard clearly points out that students are the masters of Chinese learning. Chinese teaching should stimulate students' interest in learning, pay attention to cultivating students' awareness and habits of autonomous learning, and create a good autonomous learning situation for students. Many texts in the textbook either tell vivid stories or depict wonderful scenery. For this kind of text, you can choose wonderful pictures or wonderful plots, and describe them with vivid images and vivid expressions to stimulate students' interest in learning. For example, "Guilin Landscape" can introduce a new lesson like this: Students, our great motherland is a beautiful big garden, and Guilin is a bright pearl in this big garden. The mountains there are so strange, so dangerous and so beautiful; The water there is so clear, so green and so calm.

No matter who gets there, they will be intoxicated by the strange scenery and infected by the wonderful scenery. Today, the teacher will take you for a walk and have a look. In this way, students will be attracted by the beauty of Guilin's landscape, and at the same time have a preliminary understanding of the main features of Guilin's landscape, and they will wholeheartedly enter the realm of text description and devote themselves to reading words and enjoying the scenery.

Fourth, the story introduction method

Wonderful stories can be fascinating and gripping, and can arouse students' strong interest and strong desire to listen. Pupils love to tell stories, grasp the psychological characteristics of pupils, use some idiom stories, fables, stories of scientists or celebrities, and even let teachers make up some short and interesting stories according to textbooks to introduce new lessons, which can not only attract students' attention, but also stimulate students' interest and curiosity, and also make students easily understand the contents of textbooks. In the teaching of the new curriculum, children's favorite examples should be used to stimulate their interest in learning and guide them to study happily.

For example, when teaching the Little Match Girl, I told a story about a beautiful little girl with long blond hair, big eyes, kind heart and no mother since childhood. I make a living by selling matches every day. Today is New Year's Eve. It's freezing and snowing. No one bought her matches this day. It's already dark. She is still walking in the street ... telling stories related to the protagonist's fate, causing students to pay attention to the content of the text, thus prompting students to read and understand hungrily.

Five, music introduction method

With the help of songs closely related to the content of the text as an introduction. This method is flexible and changeable, which is conducive to mobilizing students' emotions, overcoming nervousness and invigorating the classroom atmosphere. Play music related to this lesson, introduce new lessons, and stimulate students' thirst for knowledge.

For example, when teaching the fifth volume "Let's Paddle", play the song "Let's Paddle" with a tape recorder before class for students to enjoy, and then ask: Do you like this song? Why did the composer write this beautiful piece? This is what we will learn in this class. The title of the blackboard is "Let's row". When music is introduced into new lessons, students will naturally and happily enter the role of learning new lessons.

Sixth, introduction of famous sayings.

Famous sayings and epigrams are the concentrated expression of human thought and language art, and teachers guide students into new topics by quoting famous sayings related to topics as an introduction. Introducing famous sayings and sentences related to this topic into the new curriculum not only enriches the classroom atmosphere, stimulates students' interest, but also cultivates students' sentiment. For example, a famous saying when teaching Morning Reading: "Study for the rise of the Chinese nation. -Zhou Enlai ". The teacher said, "You are the flowers of the motherland and the future of the motherland." We should cherish the good times, study hard and remember Premier Zhou's words. Now let's learn morning reading, let students know the purpose of reading and learn the text naturally.

On Chinese teaching methods in primary schools

First, the penetration of quality education in Chinese teaching

Teachers should care for students, devote themselves to teaching and educating people, understand children, create an equal, democratic, harmonious and harmonious learning atmosphere between teachers and students, and let students experience the happiness of learning and success. Teachers should be tolerant, allow students to make mistakes, allow students to fail, care about students' healthy physical and mental growth and the development of complete personality, and don't take academic performance as the only criterion to evaluate students; Teach students in accordance with their aptitude, so that every student can make progress on the original basis. Everyone has goals, confidence, motivation and methods. Everyone has a sense of accomplishment. Teachers should pay attention to students' potential development, make them become people with innovative spirit, independent personality, good moral cultivation, self-reliance, self-confidence and self-esteem, and liberate their brains and hands.

Second, stimulate students' interest in learning

Interest is the best teacher for students. With interest, students will not feel that learning is a burden, but that learning is a happy thing. In teaching, we should talk more about topics that children are interested in and stimulate children's interest in learning with situational teaching.

For example, telling stories, solve riddles on the lanterns, playing games, watching videos, making up stories and acting out plots. , can fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students, let students study in a happy atmosphere, let students experience in a happy atmosphere. Teachers should use encouraging language to evaluate students. Every student likes to listen to inspiring language. You can encourage them more. For example, your ideas are bold and creative, your colors are bright, you are a smart boy, and your composition is so reasonable ... I think using such words more will give children great encouragement and confidence, make them have confidence in themselves and make them like Chinese. In short, there are various teaching methods, so we should explore more and better methods to arouse students' interest in learning.

Third, be familiar with and understand the teaching content.

It is an important part of a good class to study the text carefully, understand the spirit of the text and make teaching presuppositions carefully. Only by understanding the content of the textbook can we better formulate the teaching objectives, teaching difficulties and teaching methods. With the new curriculum reform, the content of our Chinese class has also been greatly updated. If you don't preview and study before class, some knowledge will be unclear.

Therefore, we teachers must understand and master the teaching content, make clear the teaching objectives of Chinese, highlight students' dominant position in learning Chinese, highlight the new requirements of modern society for Chinese ability, highlight the practical characteristics of Chinese courses, and constantly learn and enrich their knowledge. Today, we should put forward higher requirements, be familiar with all language resources, and develop and utilize all language resources.