Introduction to Historical Calligraphy: Calligraphy in Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
The Zhou dynasty ruled the world under the system of enfeoffment, and the vassal States made enfeoffment under the premise of loyalty to the emperor. The origin of the bronze inscription mentioned above was dominated by people who showed royal demeanor under the rule of the Emperor of Heaven. Western Zhou Dynasty vassal states also made bronzes, but there were few inscriptions. Especially in the early and middle period, his book style is similar to that of royal works, and there is no clear development order, so I will not discuss it. With the development of regional culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition, the norms of seal script did not have a unique impact outside the core area of the Central Plains. Especially after the decline of imperial power and a few vassal States gradually dominated one side, the style of gold documents of vassal States with strong regional characteristics began to appear. After entering the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, just as the collapse of cultural etiquette led to a hundred schools of thought contending, so did the art of calligraphy? Books with the same characters? Five hundred years ago, it was a magnificent and complicated era.
Appreciate calligraphy works:
In the first year of Zhou Pingwang (770 BC), the capital was moved to Luoyang, which was the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and ended when Qin unified the world (2265438 BC+0 BC). Historians of later generations took the first year of Zhou Yuanwang (475 BC) as the boundary, formerly known as the Spring and Autumn Period and later as the Warring States Period. For more than 500 years in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Emperor of Zhou gradually lost control of the country, the warring states merged in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the seven warring states fought for hegemony. There was chaos in the world. What happened in the late Western Zhou Dynasty? Bad text message? Therefore, the road to font unification is full of thorns, the future is long, the text is not standardized, and the variety of books is getting worse. Preface to Mao Poetry says:? As for the decline of kingship, the loss of politics and religion, and foreign politics. The family is extremely vulgar, but it has become fashionable and elegant. ? It is about poetry creation after the prosperous Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Positive wind? 、? Zhengya? Turn? Change the wind direction? Become elegant? Investigate its reason, this also tells the root cause of great changes in calligraphy art during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. What if we say that the inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty are steady and simple, and emphasize the sense of order? Positive wind? 、? Zhengya? Temple calligraphy, due to the decline of kingcraft and the loss of politics and religion, has gradually established new and more pluralistic and secular values and aesthetics. ? Change the wind direction? Become elegant? Therefore, his calligraphy works also happen from time to time, which has become a common practice. Early Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although the official seal script is still widely used in solemn occasions, the calligraphy style of seal script, which has been alienated to varying degrees, has begun to go its own way in some neighboring vassal States. Since then, in several major vassal countries with relatively developed cultures, due to the change or improvement of seal cutting tools and carriers, as well as the demand for practical simplification and rapid writing, various new calligraphy styles have begun to sprout and mature. In the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty, on the one hand, the confusion of calligraphy in various countries hindered cultural exchanges. World trend? On the other hand, after brush calligraphy became the mainstream. Great progress has been made in the simplicity of the new book style and the variability of the font, resulting in the strangest and most complicated landscape in the history of writing, but from the standpoint of calligraphy history, it is a good landscape full of flowers and spring scenery.
Appreciate calligraphy works:
Calligraphy works in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are still dominated by inscriptions on bronze. According to archaeological excavations, bronze ritual vessels, weapons and coins engraved with inscriptions are spread all over more than 50 vassal States in all directions, and their works are varied in forms and styles. The bronze inscriptions in the early Spring and Autumn Period are very similar to those in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and the bronze inscriptions in different countries are not far apart. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the inscriptions of Qi, Jin, Qin and Chu were the most distinctive with strong regional color. In the northern state of Jin, there appeared a kind of writing with a pointed fat belly and a tadpole shape, which is suspected to be the tadpole writing mentioned by later generations. The scripts of Wu, Yue, Cai, Chu and other countries in the southern part of the Jianghuai region have twists and turns, long tails, or are decorated with bird-shaped, insect-shaped and polka dots, which are similar in patterns, and are more common in weapons. It should be the so-called Book of Birds and Insects. Guo Moruo said: Consciously using words as works of art, or making the words themselves artistic or decorative, began at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was the development of words to calligraphy that reached a conscious stage. ? Dialectical development of ancient Chinese characters.
In the middle and late spring and autumn period, the so-called gold-staggered process of embedding gold wires on the surface of metal objects appeared, which was used to engrave inscriptions by mistake. Luan Shu, handed down from the National Museum of China, is the earliest bronze inscription ever seen, belonging to the State of Jin in the late Spring and Autumn Period. There are five lines and forty words in the gold inscription on the neck and shoulders, which records the achievements of Dr. Jin Dafu in attacking Zheng and defeating Chu. This kind of inscription is different from the bronze inscriptions cast on the vessels in the past, but it is engraved in the most prominent position of the vessels, so the decorative requirements of the fonts are higher, which is one of the reasons why the bronze inscriptions in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty emphasize the beauty and splendor of the external form. This inscription is manjusri, with clear pronunciation and mellow voice, smart lines and graceful charm, which was not found in previous bronze inscriptions. During the Warring States period, the wrong gold technology was further developed. These inscriptions engraved on the surface of plain objects are round, beautiful and gorgeous, and have the unique style of inscriptions on gold. At this time, with the exploitation of iron and the wide application of iron tools, iron tools sharper than bronzes directly left inscriptions on bronzes, and the carved strokes were slender and bold. Is it true? Iron hook, silver hook? . Moreover, the carvings on some weapons are often scribbled and colorful, and they are not brilliant.