1, the kingdom of Monera
Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms without nuclei, and there are no organelles with membranes in cells. Prokaryotes, including bacteria and cyanobacteria formerly known as "blue-green algae", are the simplest group of organisms that can divide and reproduce. Prokaryotes used to be the only life form on the earth, and they monopolized the earth for more than 2 billion years. Today, they are still very prosperous and play an important role in the nutrient cycle. The kingdom of monera includes at least 4000 species.
2. Protozoa
A boundary in the field of eukaryotes.
All living things in the protozoan world have nuclei, almost all of which are single-celled creatures. Eukaryotes are like plants (such as diatoms), animals (such as amoebas and ciliates), and both plants and animals (such as eye worms).
Protozoa include algae and protozoa. They evolved from prokaryotes and are the most primitive groups in eukaryotes. Early algae are the ancestors of plants and early protozoa are the ancestors of animals, so when people classify organisms, they often attribute algae to the plant kingdom and protozoa to the animal kingdom. Among protozoa, algae are abundant and widely distributed, and have the closest relationship with human beings.
3. Mycobacterium
Biological 1 boundary. All members of this world are eukaryotes, and eukaryotes are the highest taxonomic order of fungi. Fungi are widely distributed in soil, water, animals and plants, their remains and air all over the world, and live by saprophytic, parasitic and * * *. In the more than 200 years since C.von Linnaeus divided organisms into animals and plants, fungi were classified as plants because of their fixed life and cell walls. Since the mid-20th century, biologists believe that fungi are different from plants in origin, tissue, nutrition and cell wall composition, so it is not suitable to be classified into the plant kingdom. The nutritional mode of fungi is "absorbing heterotrophy" and its main function is decomposition, which is essentially different from photosynthetic autotrophy of plants and feeding heterotrophy of animals. Therefore, in recent 20 ~ 30 years, fungi are mostly classified independently in more than four classification systems.
There are many kinds of fungi, with the reported number of genera exceeding 6,543.8+0,000 and species exceeding 6,543.8+0,000. Except for a few lower types of single cells, most of its vegetative bodies are composed of slender tubular mycelium. The hyphae of lower fungi have no septa, while those of higher fungi have septa. The former is called partition, and the latter is called partition. In the cell walls of most fungi, chitin is the most characteristic, followed by cellulose. Common fungal organelles are: nucleus, mitochondria, microbodies, ribosomes, vacuoles, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella and so on. Common inclusion bodies are glycogen, crystals, liposomes and so on.
4. Plant kingdom
The world of biology. The general term for organisms that can produce the food they need through photosynthesis. In different biological boundary systems, the concept of plants and the groups they contain are different. For example, when organisms are divided into plants and animals, the plant kingdom includes algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns and seed plants; In the five kingdoms system, the plant kingdom only includes multicellular photosynthetic autotrophic groups, and fungi, lichens, unicellular algae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria are not included.
5. Animal kingdom
The world of biology. The members of this community are all eukaryotes, including all creatures that can move freely and feed on carbohydrates (synthesized from complex organic substances) and protein. As the highest element in animal classification, the animal kingdom has found about 350 orders and1.5000 species in 35 phyla and more than 70 classes. Various habitats distributed on the earth, including mountains, grasslands, deserts, forests, farmland, waters and poles, have become an inseparable part of the natural environment.
Animals are a major group of living things, called animals. They can respond to the environment and move, preying on other creatures. According to the current research results of genetics, the ancestors of animals should come from the collection of various protozoa and then undergo cell differentiation. Not from polynuclear prokaryotes.