The first part of Chinese knowledge points induction in the second volume of Grade 8 1
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three colors: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of this novel consists of four parts: beginning, development and ending.
Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.
Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ Specific appellation ④ Emphasis or emphasis.
part four
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.
Six logical sequences: ① the whole → the phenomenon → the essence → the cause → the result → the generality → the specific part → the whole → the main → the secondary.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.
Part VI
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.
Part VII
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.
Chinese learning methods in the eighth grade
multiread
Just read it over and over again. It is said that Mr. Feng Zikai's reading method is called the "22-time reading method". He has read a good article for 22 times. He deeply understands that after reading the article well, he will gradually recite it from his mouth, and reading more should be the basis of memory.
Have a strong memory
Is to restrain yourself purposefully, remember. Some basic concepts are hard to remember, such as Chinese pronunciation, form and meaning, and foreign words. Memorize what you understand, temporarily remember what you don't understand, and re-consolidate your memory in use.
Ancient poems are easier to understand after reciting, and they will be remembered more firmly after understanding-of course, this requires perseverance and perseverance. Over time, not only does the brain store more and more information, but it also develops a good habit of being willing to remember. Of course, rote learning and rote learning are not the same concept.
Diligent writing
Not only writing a composition, but also a part of it. Diary, lecture notes, punctuation notes in reading, sorting and extracting all belong to this category.
Writing itself is a more advanced memory, and we have this experience: to write a composition, you must first make a draft, and then write the first draft. When copying into the composition book, we can finish it without looking at the first draft. The reason is that writing has mobilized various organs and entered the advanced stage of memory. "A good memory is not as good as a written one" is not unreasonable.
Chinese learning skills in the eighth grade
First, the habit of reading and reciting.
Second, the habit of reading excellent extracurricular books.
Third, the habit of scrutinizing language and writing.
Fourth, the habit of accumulating language materials.
The habit of keeping a diary.
Sixth, standardize the habit of writing.
Seven, the habit of listening to people.
Eight, the habit of speaking Mandarin, speaking in a civilized and decent way.
Nine, the habit of diligent thinking and questioning.
Ten, often consult the habit of reference books.
Summary of Chinese knowledge points in the second volume of the eighth grade 2. Three elements of argumentative writing
Argument, argument, argument.
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: demonstration method
Reasoning argument, example argument, contrast argument, quotation argument, metaphor argument.
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: demonstration method
Argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: common problems and answering skills
(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.
Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.
3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison
④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….
⑤ Quoting arguments: The quoting arguments are complicated and related to the specific quoted materials, including quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, materials, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and data can enhance the persuasiveness and sex of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)
1, Analysis of types and functions of argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argumentation and factual argumentation. The key points of answering questions are: (1), and the types of arguments are clear; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, or the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:
This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.
2. Make clear the central argument of the article.
The central argument is the soul of argumentative writing. All the discussions in this paper are centered around this central argument. Only by clarifying the central argument can we understand the author's point of view and the problems to be solved. You can find or summarize the central argument from the following angles:
(1) Analyze the position of the argument. Title, the title of some articles itself is the central argument; Some articles directly put forward the central argument at the beginning, and then discussed it layer by layer; It is rare for an article to put forward a central argument during the discussion; Finally, some articles summarize the central point of the whole article through discussion.
(2) Distinguish between topics and arguments. The topic is what the author wants to discuss, and it is a range. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. The argument should be a complete judgment sentence or a clear statement sentence.
(3) Analyze the relationship between materials and opinions. Materials, including truth, facts, data, charts, etc. , is used to explain and serve ideas, or guide them or command them. So the argument can be summarized by the relationship between the two. Of course, some argumentative papers have both central arguments and sub-arguments, so some materials may be used to illustrate the sub-arguments, but all the sub-arguments are to clarify the central arguments.
3. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.
The content at the beginning is:
(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.
Ending content:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;
(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;
(3) Appeal ... or exhort people ...;
(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )
Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to exhort people that "one should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.
4. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:
The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed, with only two angles:
(1) language features;
(2) Stylistic features.
To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.
5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.
(1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.
(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.
(3), writing skills are relatively fixed, common is:
(1), combining case argumentation with cause argumentation (narration and discussion);
(2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.
6, paragraph structure function:
(1), the following leads to (all);
(2) Summarize the first (full) articles;
(3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:
(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).
(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
Grade 8 3 Volume 2 Summary of Chinese Knowledge Points 1. Classical Chinese vocabulary
(A), common words
1, cicadas keep singing: "turn" leads to "shh", birds sing.
2. Looking at the valley and forgetting to turn back: "turning back" leads to "returning".
3. Talent and beauty are unobservable: "seeing" and "being" communicate and show.
4, food can not make the best use of everything: "food" through "food", food "things" through "talent", can.
5. There is no horse evil: "evil" leads to "yeah", expressing doubt, which is equivalent to "horse"
6, horse eaters do not know that they can eat thousands of miles: "food" through "feeding", feeding.
7. Limbs are stiff and can't move: "branches" lead to "limbs", limbs
8, classmate embroidery: "quilt" is "covered" to wear.
9. Everything is wasted: "Furniture" is connected with "furniture" and is complete and all-round.
10, belonging to the composition, remember it: "belonging" means "instruction" and charge.
1 1, jade plate is shy: "shame" leads to "jealousy", and food leads to "value", value.
12. When did you suddenly see this house? "See" means "now", appear.
(B) the flexible use of parts of speech
1, mutual charm: Xuan, Miao, adjectives as verbs, pointing to the high place and extending to the distance respectively.
Take pleasure in your ambition: joy, adjectives use verbs to make ... music.
3, the policy is not in its own way: policy, nouns as verbs, whipping, driving away.
4. People who eat horses don't know if they can take Wan Li Road. Eat: Wan Li Road, quantifiers as verbs, and Wan Li Road.
5, waist white jade ring: waist, nouns as verbs, hanging at the waist.
6. I am wearing robes and clothes: I am wearing robes and clothes, nouns are used as verbs, and I am wearing old cotton-padded jackets and rags.
7, pen, noun as adverbial, pen.
Be completely convinced: take pleasure in ...
9. One hundred and twenty paces from the mountain west: west, west, nouns as adverbials.
10, see Tan Xiao: Xia, Xia, noun as adverbial.
1 1, all hovering in the air: nouns as adverbials, in the air.
12, it seems fun to be with tourists: adjectives act as verbs, play and amuse.
13, southwest of Wangchi: southwest, southwest, with nouns as adverbials.
14, fighting and shifting stars: fighting and shifting stars, nouns as adverbial, snake-shaped Beidou, nouns as adverbial, snake-shaped.
15, its shore potential is different from each other: canine teeth, nouns as adverbials, like canine teeth.
16, melancholy and cold bones: melancholy, the use of adjectives makes ... desolate and cold, and the use of adjectives ... cold.
17, near the shore, rolling out of the bottom of the stone: near, adjectives as verbs, near, near.
18. Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later: 1. Adjectives as adverbials, before and after …, adjectives as adverbials, after …, 19, Teng Jiangshou Baling County: Shou, nouns as verbs, do … also.
20. Who's the name? Name, noun as verb, name ...
2 1, there is a winged pavilion in spring: wings, nouns as adverbials, like the wings of birds.
22. I don't know if the pleasure of being a satrap is also a pleasure: the first "le", the adjective uses the way of conation, taking pleasure in. ...
23, spring and tea: spring, nouns as verbs, draw spring water, take spring water tea, nouns as verbs, make tea.
24. Song singer: Song, noun as verb, holding a glass of wine.
25, wearing red: wearing red, nouns as verbs, wearing heavy makeup, riding donkeys.
26. If you do, you can fly: fly, this verb is used to do ... fly; Verb causative usage, cause.
Comprehensive learning
(1) Song for Mother
1. Please write two famous sayings about maternal love, and write down the author or source.
A All the glory and pride in the world come from my mother (Gorky).
Motherly love is a great flame (romain rolland)
Please write two common sayings about maternal love.
A son travels thousands of miles, a mother is worried, and B raises a son to know his parents' kindness.
3. Write ancient poems about maternal love
The thread in the hand of a kind-hearted mother makes clothes for her wayward son.
Grass can't repay the kindness of warm sun.
4. Please write the stars in Bing Xin; Motherly love poems in spring water
Mom! The wind and rain came, and the birds hid in the nest;
The storm in my heart is coming, and I only hide in your arms-the stars.
(2). "Looking for traces of spring"
1. Please write down six of the 24 solar terms in mid-spring and explain the meaning of "fright".
At the vernal equinox, it rained heavily in early spring.
Sting: The sudden movement of spring thunder woke up the animals that were dormant and hibernating in the soil.
Please write two agricultural proverbs about spring.
A year's plan lies in spring, and a day's plan lies in morning. B spring rain is as expensive as oil.
Please write two ancient poems describing spring.
The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. When will the bright moon shine on me? B The rain in Tianjie is crisp, but the grass color is far and near.
Third, the introduction of famous works.
1, two Wan Li under the sea.
Author: French science fiction writer jules verne, known as "the father of modern science fiction".
Two Wan Li under the Sea is the second part of Verne's trilogy. The first part is Captain Grant's children, and the third part is Mystery Island.
The protagonist in the book is Pierre Aronnax, a natural scientist. He and his companions Conseil and Ned Land accidentally boarded the submarine Nautilus in an ocean chase, thus starting a legendary underwater exploration. Captain Nemo, the owner of the Nautilus, was a gloomy and learned man. In a short time of less than 10 months, they traveled all over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Antarctic Sea and Arctic Ocean. The flight is about two days, in Wan Li. During this period, they witnessed countless underwater wonders, discovered the treasures of underwater coal mines and shipwrecks, fought against big sharks and octopus, and repelled the siege of indigenous people ... and so on. With perseverance and extraordinary wisdom, the professor and his companions finally returned to their own country, but the nautilus disappeared mysteriously from then on.
2. Who's Who
Author: romain rolland, a French humanitarian writer in the first half of the 20th century.
The novel narrates the hardships and frustrations of German musician Beethoven, Italian painter and sculptor Michelangelo and Russian writer lev tolstoy, and praises their noble character and indomitable spirit.
Reading experience:
Life will inevitably encounter hardships, life is not full of flowers and joy;
(2) To succeed, we must overcome all kinds of difficulties in real life;
(3) to evaluate a person, we should look at his quality and value, not judge a person by his appearance, but by his partiality.
Learning methods of eighth grade Chinese in People's Education Press
1. Around the center, review in time. The primary task of review is to consolidate and deepen the understanding and memory of what you have learned. First of all, we should determine a central content according to the knowledge system of the textbook, focusing on the central emphasis and difficulties of the textbook. Secondly, it should be consolidated in time to prevent forgetting. Ushinski, an educator in the former Soviet Union, said: "It is better to use review to prevent forgetting than to restore memory." It is best to review before forgetting. If you forget, it will be inefficient. Recitation in Chinese learning is even more so.
2. Check the missing information to ensure the integrity of knowledge. Once the gaps and weak links of knowledge are found in the review, they should be made up in time, and they should not owe "debts".
3. Recall first, then read books to enhance the review effect.
4. Read reference books and broaden your knowledge appropriately.
Learning skills of eighth grade Chinese in People's Education Press
First, the habit of reading and reciting.
Second, the habit of reading excellent extracurricular books.
Third, the habit of scrutinizing language and writing.
Fourth, the habit of accumulating language materials.
The habit of keeping a diary.
Sixth, standardize the habit of writing.
Seven, the habit of listening to people.
Eight, the habit of speaking Mandarin, speaking in a civilized and decent way.
Nine, the habit of diligent thinking and questioning.
Ten, often consult the habit of reference books.
The eighth grade, the second volume, Chinese knowledge points induction 4 Yunnan Song Festival
Explain the meaning of the following words
Enlightenment: Say something else first to arouse association and literary thinking.
Example: The usual practice.
Bang: birds sing.
Good face: familiar face. Quote: Quote a sentence or story from a classic.
Metaphor: analogy.
Duck eggs on Dragon Boat Festival
key word
Zongzi (zng) threshold (kǐ n) lintel (méi) nitrate medicine (xiāo) amaranth (xiàn)
Pickled eggs (yān) complex (ao) Che Yin (yìn) capsule fireflies reflect snow (náng) Huang Cheng.
Canghai (cāng) buttons (ni τ) large row buttons (jοon) and (jο) pins (ao).
cry out
Cable (lái) clamp (qián) iron screw (xuàn) yong (yu)
Fences, straw and cymbals
Snow buttermilk (là) water chestnut (bíqí) Buckwheat skin (qiá) rhymes with (zhé).
Drum up: drum up.
Wine brewed in spring
(1) Athena Chu
Lycium barbarum, barley and olives
Pour (zhēn) picky (tī) fermented grains (pēi) and technology (páo).
(2) Explanation of words
Picky: Criticizing details is too strict.
Processing: the process of making Chinese herbal medicines into medicines.
Secular person
(1) Athena Chu
Hun (hūn) wither (niān) praise (bāo) nickname (chu) dig (k not u)
Dip in (zhàn) and put (Li Ao) and (chê) stamps (Chuōno no).
(2) Explanation of words
At a loss: in a daze.
Fear: fear.