Abstract: The principle of "public policy" has special connotation in the analysis of public policy. From the perspective of sustainable development, there are still some practical defects in the concept, process, fair goal and model of public policy analysis that violate the "public" principle. The principle of "public policy" must be embodied in the concept of public policy analysis, followed by the subject, reflected in the "three-dimensional" nature of the fair goal, and implemented in the content, so as to ensure that the corresponding public policy is conducive to the sustainable development of the economy and society.
Stuart Nichol, an American public policy scholar, believes that public policy analysis is a process of determining which policy will most effectively achieve a set of established goals among various available public policies according to the relationship between policies and goals. This analysis process is "the premise of government policy proposition", that is, the premise of government decision-making, proposition and implementation, thus determining the nature of public policy. Sustainable development refers to the development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; It not only means realizing the goal of human economic development, but also means protecting the natural resources on which human beings depend and promoting the harmonious development between man and the environment. The author believes that although not every specific and minor policy issue is related to the issue of sustainable development, at least from a macro perspective, the principle of "public * * *" must be followed in the process of public policy analysis, so that public policy is conducive to the sustainable development of economy and society.
I. Connotation of the principle of "openness * * *"
Scholars in Taiwan Province, China, Zhang Shixian and Chen Heng all believe that public policy is used by the government to "deal with or solve public problems or public goals". Japanese scholar Yakushiji Taizang also believes that the policy of "public * * *" is a policy of "public * * *". It can be seen that the purpose of "public policy" is the essential attribute of public policy. Only by following the principle of "public policy" can the analysis of public policy truly reflect this essential attribute. The so-called "public * * *" principle here refers to the public orientation of policy issues, that is, the principle of realizing public interests in the process of public policy analysis. Public interest is a complex system. The gains and losses among various stakeholders affect the realization of public interests and even the normal social order. Therefore, the government, as "an institution of a country or society", must seek public interests in the process of exercising public power, undertaking public responsibilities and solving public problems by policy means, and cannot infringe on private rights in the private sphere, nor can it seek personal gain for a few people or even the government itself. The principle of "public interest" requires the realization of public interest as a programmatic policy issue to analyze public policy, so that government decision-making can more effectively restrain and guide all social subjects, including the government itself, to promote public interest with their orderly activities in the field of public interest, and make it "neutral" for all social subjects in reality and the future to share equally.
Second, it refers to the publicity of policy goal orientation, that is, in the process of public policy analysis, it adheres to the principle of achieving intergenerational goals. From a historical point of view, the principle of "public policy" requires that through the analysis of public policy, the government's decision-making can regulate and constrain the government's behavior goals in an orientation based on the interests of contemporary people and ensuring the basic conditions for future human development. Only in this way can we reflect the publicity and fairness of government behavior between modern times, rather than being paranoid about contemporary selfishness and narrowness. "Development is the last word". In a sense, only the present and future continuous development, that is, sustainable development, can truly guarantee the realization of the interests of the whole society. This intra-generational and inter-generational sustainable development is the fundamental embodiment of the interests of contemporary and future generations. Therefore, from another perspective, it can also be said that the public interest policy analysis oriented to intergenerational goals is also the embodiment of the principle of "public interest".
Third, it refers to the publicity of the scope orientation of policy issues, that is, in the process of public policy analysis, it adheres to the principle of comprehensive and coordinated development of the whole development system. According to the previous conclusions, the issue of sustainable development should also be a programmatic policy issue of the contemporary government. Sustainable development is the comprehensive and coordinated development of all elements in the whole development system. At present, serious problems threatening sustainable development such as resource shortage, environmental pollution, population explosion and ecological destruction have formed worldwide. It is precisely because the contemporary government violates the principle of "public * * *" and acquiesces in and even encourages people to "take what they need" for public resources, which leads to the imbalance of various factors in the development system, especially the relationship between people and resources, ecology and environment. Therefore, from the scope of policy issues, the principle of "public * * *" requires the government to solve all the problems that restrict sustainable development in an orderly and systematic way, including all kinds of development problems from nature to human society, from contemporary people to future people, and to respect the interests of both human beings and nature; It not only respects the interests of contemporary people, but also pays attention to the interests of future people who are still absent as the main body of interests.
It should also be mentioned that, as mentioned above, the principle of "public merger" in public policy analysis is actually intrinsically related to the issue of sustainable development. Sustainable development is not only a state of sustainable development, but also a value orientation of contemporary human beings on development issues. The issue of sustainable development is intrinsically related to the principle of "public policy" in public policy analysis. Sustainable development should be the basic angle for people to look at the principle of public policy analysis.
Second, the deviation of contemporary public policy analysis from the principle of "public * * *"
From the basic point of view of sustainable development, the limitations of contemporary public policy analysis in some aspects make it difficult for public policy to truly reflect the interests of public policy, achieve intergenerational development goals, and coordinate the relations among various factors in the sustainable development system, which deviates from or even violates the principle of "public policy".
(A) the concept of public policy analysis deviates from the principle of "public policy"
Since the 1970s, the idea that personal interests take precedence over public interests put forward by neo-liberals represented by American philosopher john rawls has been deeply influencing the decision-making concept of modern government, which has developed into Joseph Reitz's liberal principle of national neutrality. This principle holds that even if citizens' actions are not approved or go against the wishes of the vast majority of people in society, the state shall not interfere as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others. Kenneth j. arrow, the winner of the American Nobel Prize in Economics, even specifically demonstrated the "impossible theorem", arguing that it is generally impossible for society to form a consistent choice or sort things in a consistent order; Even if the so-called "unanimity" here is only understood as "majority decision", it is unlikely. According to this logic, there is no public interest at all, at least, there is no public interest that can be clearly defined and actually works in reality. This practice of denying the existence of public interests, unilaterally emphasizing national neutrality, and not interfering with the so-called personal interests that do not harm others' interests cannot make public policy analysis reflect the principle of "public interests", which will inevitably harm public interests and of course affect the sustainable development of the economy and society that embodies public interests.
(B) deviation from the principle of "public policy" in the process of public policy analysis
Many scholars believe that "the problem of resource allocation in the production of public goods can not be solved through the economic market, but only through the political market". Therefore, the policy analysis process of contemporary government is mostly a game process with the help of political market. On the one hand, the theory of public choice holds that although the political market has the equality of one person and one vote at the starting point, it is dominated by "the minority is subordinate to the majority" at the end, showing the inequality that "the majority" persecutes the minority. In addition, "the state used to be considered selfless, but now it is regarded as a market for political activists to trade." Therefore, as voters and politicians with the characteristics of "economic man", their value orientation in the political market cannot but be influenced by well-organized or powerful interest groups, which makes the government often have to formulate policies that violate the principle of "public * * *" and direct the use of public resources to the destruction of public interests, or conversely, in the name of public interests, according to the public. On the other hand, due to the limitation of cognitive ability, the contemporary government does not have enough ability to accurately collect information according to the requirements of the political market and form a preference consistent with the requirements of the whole society. This makes it difficult for the government and its departments to obtain effective communication and form enough information needed to understand the public interest. It makes it difficult for the government and its departments to coordinate the contradictions among various factors in the development system, which leads to the disorderly use of public resources by various social subjects, including the government, and finally leads to the loss of available resources and forced interruption of development, which can not achieve sustainable economic and social development.
(3) The deviation between the fair goal of public policy analysis and the principle of public policy.
The fair goal of public policy analysis refers to the degree of fair distribution of social resources, benefits and costs enjoyed by policy target groups after the policy is implemented. Fairness should be the unity of intra-generational fairness and intergenerational fairness, and it is an important goal of the government to maintain the order of economic and social development, meet the requirements of social public interests, and improve legitimacy and policy authority. It is both an objective state and a subjective judgment. Ethically speaking, fairness refers to the equal right of future generations to share resources and environmental benefits with contemporary people. However, contemporary people's cognitive limitations and their inevitable utilitarian tendency make it difficult for them to overcome the goal preference of intra-generational equity, and it is difficult to rationally and consciously ask public policy analysis to pay attention to the fair distribution of public resources within and between generations, and make it the main orientation of their policy demands, and seek sustainable development from now to the future.
Moreover, the contemporary government is also facing the realistic pressure to solve the problem of intra-generational equity. Stuyachi Nicogu believes that "politically speaking, it may be easier to increase revenue than to reduce costs". The increase of income means that the government and its policies "operate more effectively or get higher evaluation", and "reducing costs or cutting project budgets" may cause people's opposition, because it means that under certain efficiency conditions, people's possible income will decline. Therefore, in order to achieve fairness, under the premise of "making the situation of the poor better, but not making the situation of the rich worse", the contemporary government's "public policy should be adopted and implemented only when improving the welfare of the smallest group". It can be seen that the goal of intra-generational equity that people require public policies to achieve is not based on puritanical frugality, but on cost input and increasing utilization of natural resources, so as to maximize the average social income and expand its benefits and extent among the poor.
Obviously, the serious problem is that there are serious structural defects in the fair goal of this public policy analysis. It ignores intergenerational equity and favors intra-generational equity; Moreover, under the realistic pressure of intra-generational fairness, it is difficult to effectively limit the requirements of surpassing the carrying capacity of resources and environment and blindly pursuing the interests of contemporary people, which will ruin the conditions for future human development and make the economic and social development show a gap. From the dynamic process of human history, the analysis of contemporary public policy is not so much due to the structural defects of the fair goal, but rather due to the serious violation of the "public" principle, which makes the scope of government functions go beyond its extensive public sphere, and makes the public interests of mankind (including primitive people) more satisfy the immediate self-interest of contemporary people (or government) and restrict the economy and economy.
(D) public policy analysis model deviates from the principle of "public policy"
Scholars at home and abroad have summarized the theoretical model of public policy analysis into various decision-making models. The inherent limitations of some decision-making models determine the tendency of corresponding public policies to deviate from the "public" principle. There are also related works in China criticizing the limitations of these decision-making models. The most typical is the limitation of group decision-making mode. The model holds that public policy, as the product of political process, is the product of the struggle between interest groups and reflects the interests of the dominant interest groups. With the rise and fall of the power and influence of various interest groups, public policies will become beneficial to the interests of those interest groups with increasing influence. This clearly shows that the public policies produced under this decision-making model reflect the interests of the dominant interest groups, not the public interests of the whole society. Although in the actual decision-making process, no matter which interest group, in terms of jurisprudence or ability, can not replace the dominant position of the government, and public policies do not necessarily reflect the policy requirements of the most influential interest groups, this model often ignores the public interest requirements, which will undoubtedly be an recognition of the deviation of the government and its policies from the principle of "public * * * *". The second is the limitation of elite decision-making model. According to this model, public policies are decided by elites who hold the ruling power and put into practice by administrative officials and administrative organs. Public policies reflect the preferences, interests and value choices of the elite. Obviously, although this model reflects the actual possibility of decision-making in various countries under representative democracy to a certain extent, compared with the group decision-making model, this model emphasizes the interests of elites living in minority societies, directly deviates from the "public * * *" principle of public policy and ignores the public interests. In short, these limitations will lead to the deviation of public policy analysis from the principle of "public * * *" to varying degrees, weaken the coordination ability of government policy means on the relationship between people and public resources, make it difficult to control the predatory utilization of public resources, and undermine the conditions for sustainable development.
Third, how should public policy analysis reflect the principle of "public * * *"
Public policy is essentially future-oriented. From the perspective of sustainable development, the principle of "public policy" is embodied in the analysis of public policy, that is, making public policy based on the present and facing the future; Safeguard the public interests of human beings (including present and future generations) and nature, not only for human beings themselves, but also for resources, ecology and environment. Only in this way can human beings reasonably develop, utilize and protect nature within the natural limits, and human interests can be continuously realized and respected, thus ensuring the sustainable development of economy and society.
(a) The concept of public policy analysis must reflect the principles of public policy.
Human activities are not absolutely free in front of nature. In order to protect more public interests, the government must completely abandon the people-centered nature in public decision-making! The Japanese concept has formed a new concept with the main content of protecting nature and coordinating its relationship with human beings, and then "established a new development concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature based on the sustainable development of nature, with the sustainable development of economy as the task and the sustainable development of society as the purpose". According to the requirements of sustainable development, the concept of public policy analysis embodies the principle of "public policy". On the one hand, with new ethics and values, human's freedom to use nature is limited to the extent that nature itself is the interest subject in the overall interests of human ecosystem, so that its rights are not infringed, and nature is no longer regarded as the object of human's arbitrary development and utilization, but as the source of human life and value; On the other hand, it requires the contemporary government to further expand the public's attention to nature, so that every change in nature, whether caused by human activities or not, whether it has a direct interest relationship with human beings, becomes a public concern and enters the government's field of vision, and then enters the policy agenda. Only in this way can we fundamentally coordinate the whole economic and social development system in a wider scope and ensure the realization of sustainable development.
(B) the main body of public policy analysis must follow the principle of "public * * *"
Government is the most important subject of public policy analysis. In the process of public policy analysis, whether it can meet the interests of various factors and links in the economic and social development system, including the interests of resources, ecology and environment as stakeholders, that is, whether it can follow the "public" principle will not only affect the legitimacy of the government itself, but also cause people to occupy resources unreasonably, thus making the government face the problem of whether it can follow the "public" principle. De Hall believes that when policymakers are in a "major dilemma", they should try to "stick to these policies for several years", "because for most adversity, it is impossible to achieve results without years of sustained and consistent efforts". This reminds people to focus on the respective interests of man and nature and their common and long-term interests (including primitive people). The main body of public policy analysis should be "unmoved" in the face of all kinds of interference, adhere to the principle of "public * * * *" in the public sphere composed of man and nature, do not favor the private interests of the government, do not make value preferences, and coordinate the interests of all stakeholders in the whole development system. Otherwise, sustainable development will be difficult to achieve.
What needs to be further pointed out is that the blind growth of industry for a long time has led to the imbalance of the global sustainable development system. If james anderson, an American scholar, said that "the task of the government is to serve and promote the public interest", and this public interest is "a universal and sustained interest shared by people", then the contemporary government, as the main body of decision-making, should follow the principle of "public interest" on a global scale, strengthen international cooperation and solve the global environmental pollution and ecological deterioration problems. It can be considered that regarding the sustainable sharing of interests as the attribute of public interests is Anderson's profound insight into public decision-making. In fact, he intrinsically linked public interest with sustainable development. In this sense, for the sake of global public interest, that is, sustainable development, it will, as Derhore said, "reduce the degree of autonomy of national policy-making." As the main body of public policy analysis, governments of all countries can't even violate the principle of "public policy" on a global scale because of their own value preferences and damage the conditions of global sustainable development.
(C) the fair goal of public policy analysis must reflect the "three-dimensional" requirements.
Most scholars believe that in terms of social significance, fairness is an important driving force for economic and social development and the soul of modern social norms, so it is an important goal of public policy analysis. In order to promote sustainable development, public policy analysis should aim at horizontal intra-generational equity, promote current economic and social development, and thus prepare conditions for future development; Ensure the uninterrupted development of future economy and society with vertical intergenerational equity. In other words, only "three-dimensional fairness" can truly embody the principle of "fairness" in modern times, especially between generations, and realize the sustainable development of economy and society.
Analysis of public policies aimed at realizing intra-generational equity is helpful to promote current development. People have realized that intra-generational equity helps to strengthen the legitimate authority of the government, improve the credibility of the government, and make public policy more effective as a "visible hand". On the one hand, the improvement of intra-generational equity can inhibit the unfair utilization or even destruction of resources, ecology and environment by economic and social activities, and bring them into an orderly track, promote the controlled utilization of natural resources by the whole society, and further reduce the resource shortage or ecological environment constraints that may be faced in future development. On the other hand, intra-generational equity can protect the inviolable rights of the poor in the fair use of resources, thus avoiding the unequal possession of resources by all social subjects and solving the poverty problem. In poverty, people are often in a helpless situation where their basic survival needs are difficult to meet, so they "have to consider immediate interests and use resources at a high discount rate", thus "aggravating the degradation or even exhaustion of resources". Therefore, intra-generational equity based on avoiding or reducing intra-generational poverty is not only a realistic development, but also a necessary condition for sustainable supply of resources, sustainable balance and utilization of ecology and environment. At the same time, under the guidance of intra-generational equity, it is conducive to the effective allocation of resources needed by current economic and social development by public policies, especially scarce resources. American economist Paul R. Gregory and others believe that "as long as the economy is completely competitive, the allocation of resources will be in an optimal state." The logical requirement of "perfect competition" is fairness, at least intra-generational fairness. Under contemporary conditions? Dam shape? Closed? Tuo? A cabin? Cure it? Hat plaque? Angry? Is it dangerous? Reduce neon harmonics? Fat? Why not try the magnetic shading of rose-grade plutonium? Let's try to make an appointment, right? A man? What is glue? Do you want to retreat? Surrender? Twilight massacre? Isn't it good to connect the curtains? Brother clock? Why don't you try? Am I stupid enough to blow things up? └? Hey, y? Paper? Brother? What is the source of stupidity and kindness? Manufacturing? Car? Investigate the tomb? Cabin? How about treating Yan Xin? What if you are worried about that broken bed? Xie canxin? ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄ ⒄? What's the matter with you? What's the matter with you? Manufacturing? Do you think it's good to gamble when your legs are dead? ? 9371What do you mean by "s"? Hey? Is it still mechanical milk? Manufacturing? Are you bored? What is the shape of international 3J? Then play? What is the shape of Huai Xie 3? What shape is the killer? Are you looking for thin F? Think about it, don't you? Are you kidding? Bay? Make a plaque? Quail danger? Fade and steal? What's wrong with you? Stupid? ü cabin? Cure it? Weft burning Knock on the shackles? Dog shell? Shuohao? Phenol, cheese and quail are dangerous? Hey? Meng Louzha is stupid and kind. Excuse me. Are you tired of scratching and climbing? 6. What is a margin? What is the relationship? ⒑ Figure? How can you manage the glass? Bay? Tomb? Cabin? Hey? Call? Embrace shellfish? From the point of view of playing and never coming, we can see the development of the public. In the absence of future people as the main interest subject, it is immoral for contemporary people to meet short-sighted needs, overdraw the cost of resources, ecology and environment, and hurt or even lose the objective conditions on which future people depend for development. The nature conservation movement in the United States 19 has clearly stated that resources should be reserved for future generations. We must adopt mandatory policy norms under the principle of "public * * *" and realize the intergenerational synchronous utilization of resources, ecology and environment based on the mutual benefit between man and nature. Only in this way can we ensure the future economic and social development and the conditions for sustainable development. It should be noted that what is emphasized here is the principle of "fairness * *", not just the goal of fairness. Its advantage is that the former is based on the realization of the common interests of all stakeholders, including the rich and the poor, human beings and nature, to solve the problems of poverty and development and sustainable development, and generally does not lead to the opposition between the rich and the poor, human beings and nature, which is conducive to sustainable development.