Turgenev
Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev (18 18 ~ 1883)
Russian critical realist writer19th century was born into a hereditary aristocratic family. 1833 joined the literature department of Moscow university, and one year later transferred to the Chinese major of the philosophy department of Petersburg university. After graduation, he went to Berlin University in Germany to study philosophy, history, Greece and Latin.
1In the spring of 843, Turgenev published a long narrative poem "Balasha", which was well received by belinsky, and they established a profound friendship.
1847 ~ 185 1 year, he published his famous work Hunter's Notes in the progressive journal Modern People. It appears in the form of prose written by a hunter while hunting, including 25 short stories. While describing the rural scenery, living customs and farmers' images, the book profoundly exposes the ugly and cruel nature of landlords who seem to be civilized and kind, and is full of sympathy for the bullied working people, writing their wisdom and kindness. The anti-serfdom tendency of this work angered the authorities, who arrested and exiled Turgenev because he published an article commemorating Nikolai Gogol and violated the censorship regulations. During his detention, he wrote the famous anti-slavery short story Jiang Mumu.
The fifties and seventies of 19 were the heyday of Turgenev's creation. His novels have been published one after another: Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), Eve before (1860) and Father and Son (1860). Luo Ting, his first novel, created another "superfluous man" image after onegin and Pickering, but the difference is that Luo Ting died in the street fighting in Paris in June 1848. Father and Son is Turgenev's masterpiece. It reflects the "father-son" relationship representing different social class forces, describes the "old times" of Kirsha Novo, a representative of the pro-British liberal aristocracy, and shapes a new generation of representative-civilian intellectual Bazarov. But Bazarov is also full of contradictions. He is a rebel of the old system and a "nihilist" who denies all old traditions and ideas. He claimed to fight, but he didn't act. After the novel came out, it caused a heated debate in the literary world.
Since 1960s, Turgenev has spent most of his time in Western Europe, and made many famous writers and artists, such as Zola, Mo Bosang, Dude, Goncourt and so on. Attended the "International Literature Conference" held in Paris, and was elected as the vice chairman (with victor hugo as the chairman). Turgenev is a bridge between Russian literature and European literature.
Turgenev is a writer with unique artistic style. He is good at both delicate psychological description and lyricism. The novel is rigorous in structure, compact in plot and vivid in characters, especially good at depicting women's artistic images in detail, and his description of charming nature is also poetic.
Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev
Russian writer.
His life was1818165438+10. He was born in an aristocratic family in Oreal province on September 9th and died in Paris on September 3rd, 883. My father is a retired officer and my mother is a violent and willful landlord. I spent my childhood and adolescence in Spask Farm. 1827 moved to Moscow with his family. 1833 entered the Chinese Department of Moscow University, transferred to the Chinese Department of Philosophy Department of St. Petersburg University the following year, and graduated from 1837. 1838 Go abroad to study philosophy and classical Chinese at Berlin University. 184 1 year returned to China and worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the end of 1842, he met belinsky, and they forged a profound friendship, which had a profound impact on his life and literary career. At the beginning of 1847, he wrote several close-ups which were later included in the Hunter's Notes. 1moved to Paris in February, 848 and witnessed the bloody suppression of the workers' uprising by the bourgeoisie. He was very angry. 1850 Return to China. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol died in 1852. He published a mourning article, and the czar authorities detained him for one month for "violating censorship regulations". During his detention, he wrote the short story "Jiang Mumu" to protest against serfdom to express his will to persist in the struggle. Subsequently, he was deported to his hometown and continued to be under the supervision of the police. He was only allowed to return to Petersburg at the end of 1853.
Turgenev began to write for modern people from 1847, and maintained close cooperation with him in the 1950s. Later, he left Modern People magazine because there were serious differences between his liberal views and the revolutionary democratic views of Chernyshevski, director of the magazine.
1863 and then lived in baden-baden. 1872 moved to Paris in February. In Paris, he kept close contacts with French writers such as Flaubert and Zola, and did a lot of work in publicizing and introducing Russian literary achievements to Western Europe. At the same time, he also made friends with Russian populists Lavrov and Krupotkin living abroad, and funded their publication "Forward". After his death in Paris, his body was transported back to China and buried in volkov Cemetery in Petersburg.
Turgenev's creative career began in college. 1834, he wrote his first poetic drama "stino", which has distinct romantic characteristics. The narrative poem balasa published by 1843 marks his transition from romanticism to realism. Belinsky saw the author's "unique talent" from this poem. Then he gradually turned to prose creation. The first prose work is the novella Andre Kolosov. Then he published the narrative poem The Landlord and the novella Bitu Skov, all of which showed the influence of naturalism and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He also wrote many plays, including Dinner, Banquet of the Noble, The Bachelor and so on. , mainly reflects the life and customs of the nobility. Novellas published in the early 1950s, such as Diary of a Redundant Man and Yakov Pa Sinkov. The play "January Village" reflects the contradiction between ordinary intellectuals and nobles for the first time.
What brought Turgenev great fame was his Hunter's Notes, which consisted of 22 monographs and short stories. There is a unified theme in the book, which is to expose and protest feudal serfdom. Many written characters can be divided into two diametrically opposite categories: one is the peasant image described by the author from the perspective of "no one has ever been so close", and the other is the landlord image described by the author from the perspective of hatred. The different attitudes and evaluations of the two types of characters clearly show the author's ideological tendency of humanitarianism and democracy. The poetic description of nature and lyrical narrative style in the works increase its artistic charm.
From the mid-1950s to the end of 1970s, this writer published six novels, which became the artistic chronicle of Russian social life from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Luoting is about the role of aristocratic intellectuals. Luo Ting, the hero, is an "unnecessary person" in life. The Noble House is also a novel about "redundant people". The protagonist Ralph Lenski finally resigned from the battlefield of life, which indicates the end of the historical role of aristocratic intellectuals. The Night Before is the first novel in which the writer turns to a "new person", an ordinary intellectual. Yelena, the heroine, pursues freedom and liberates a new female image. Father and Son focuses on Russia's own "newcomers". Father refers to the older generation of nobles, and "son" refers to the new generation of civilian intellectuals. The novel profoundly reveals the contradictions and conflicts between these two generations. Smoke reflects the nominal reform of serfdom. Virgin Land directly reflects the social movement of "going to the people" initiated by populists in 1970s. The author evaluates this movement from the angle of his own gradualism, and places his hopes on the reformist Salome.
Turgenev's works include novellas such as Faust, Summer, First Love, Spring Tide and later prose poems.
Turgenev is a world-renowned Russian realistic artist in the19th century. His novels not only reflected the social reality of Russia at that time quickly and timely, but also were good at creating many vivid characters through vivid plots, appropriate words and deeds and descriptions of natural scenes. His language is concise, simple, accurate and beautiful, which has made important contributions to the standardization of Russian language. China began to translate and introduce Turgenev's novels as early as 19 17. Now almost all his major works have been translated into Chinese, and some famous works have many translations.
Turgenev is a Russian writer. Born into a noble family. He wrote poems (Palasha, Landlord, etc.) in his early years. ). 1847 ~ 1852 published the hunter's diary, which exposed the cruelty of serf owners and the miserable life of serfs, so he was exiled. While in prison, he wrote a novella Jiang Mumu to protest against serfdom. Later, Luo Ting (1856), Noble House (1859), novella Xia, Diary of a Redundant Person and so on were published. Describing intellectuals from aristocratic landlords who are argumentative but lack the spirit of struggle. The novel Eve (1860) portrays the image of Salov, a Bulgarian revolutionary and an Englishman. Later, he published the novel Father and Son, which described the ideological conflict between aristocratic liberals and civilian intellectuals. Later novels Smoke (1867) and Virgin Land (1877) denied aristocratic reactionaries and aristocratic liberals, criticized incomplete populists, but showed pessimism. In addition, he also wrote the play Village in January and prose poems.