Source: China Paper Download Center [09-06-03 09: 10:00] Author: Zhang Hong Editor: studa090420.
Emergency plan is the basis of dealing with emergencies. Through the analysis of individual cases and existing emergency plans at all levels in China, it is found that there are many defects in our emergency plans. The planning system is not perfect and lacks necessary plans; The content of the scheme is simple and lacks maneuverability; Lack of cooperation and coordination between departments; Lack of planning and revision procedures. It is suggested that we should learn from the experience of Britain, the United States and Canada, improve the contents of China's emergency plan, improve the formulation procedures of emergency plan, and attach importance to the revision of emergency plan.
Emergency plan; Defects; improve
main body
Emergency plan is an emergency management, command and rescue plan to deal with natural disasters, accidents, public health incidents and other emergencies. Emergency plan is the basis and important link of emergency response. According to Article 17 of the Emergency Response Law, the state has established and improved the emergency plan system. China's emergency plan system was initially formed. However, there are still some defects in the contents of the emergency plan, and the formulation and revision procedures of the plan need to be improved.
1. Case analysis —— The snowstorm disaster weather in June 5438+ 10, 2008 and the start-up and operation of related plans.
Since June 5438+1October 10, 2008, the freezing weather with the widest range, the greatest intensity, the longest duration and the worst disaster has occurred in the central and eastern regions of China, which has seriously affected China's roads, railways and air transportation, power supply and transmission, industrial and agricultural production and people's lives. 17 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities and corps) were affected to varying degrees, among which six provinces (autonomous regions) such as Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, Guangxi, Jiangxi and Anhui were the most seriously affected. The history of large-scale freezing rain and snow in the south is rare, which also brings great challenges to China's emergency work, and all relevant departments have launched emergency activities one after another.
In terms of electricity, since June 65438+1October 12, 2008, many lines in Central China and East China Power Grid have tripped, which has seriously affected the safe and stable operation of the power grid. 65438123 October, State Grid launched the Emergency Plan for State Grid Corporation to Deal with Large-scale Blackouts, and China Southern Power Grid also launched the emergency plan for repairing damaged power grid facilities.
In terms of communication,1On October 22nd, 65438, the Ministry of Information Industry issued an urgent notice, asking relevant communication departments to pay close attention to the rain and snow weather and trends, and start the emergency plan for communication guarantee in time as needed to ensure smooth communication. By the end of 1, all telecommunications and postal operation departments have launched emergency plans in an all-round way to create a disaster-resistant communication guarantee line. China Mobile has launched the highest level emergency communication scheme; China Netcom launched an emergency plan in an all-round way; The State Post Bureau requires postal production command and dispatch departments at all levels to closely monitor the operation of postal vehicles 24 hours a day.
Meteorology, with the development of the disaster, China Meteorological Bureau organized a special meeting of the State Council Emergency Office and railway, transportation, electric power, civil aviation, safety supervision, civil affairs and other departments at 65438 on June 24, and deployed corresponding emergency response linkage work arrangements. On the morning of June 25th, 65438 10, China Meteorological Bureau launched the Class III emergency response command of the early warning and emergency plan for major meteorological disasters. On the morning of 27th, it was upgraded to Class II emergency response headquarters. Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces (regions) have also launched early warning and emergency plans for major meteorological disasters.
In terms of railway transportation, some passenger trains in the south section of Beijing-Guangzhou line were delayed due to local power supply interruption and the influence of freezing weather on railway equipment. 65438+124 October, the railway department started the emergency plan, strengthened the dispatching command, and made every effort to organize the late trains to catch up.
In terms of highway transportation, all localities affected by low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather have started emergency plans for rushing through highway Spring Festival travel rush.
In terms of civil affairs, on June 30, 65438, the Ministry of Civil Affairs promptly launched the national emergency plan for natural disaster relief and sent a working group to the front line of the disaster area to help guide the disaster relief work.
It can be seen that after the freezing rain, snow and ice disaster occurred in June 5438+ 10, 2008, all regions and relevant departments started relevant emergency plans in time, and actively implemented various disaster relief measures in terms of prediction and early warning, emergency response, recovery and reconstruction, information release, emergency support, etc., in accordance with the requirements of the plan, maintaining traffic and public order in the disaster area, organizing the restoration of municipal infrastructure functions such as electricity and communications, and carrying out life relief work for the affected people.
In view of all aspects of blizzard work, the General Office of the State Council issued a series of notices, such as ensuring traffic security in rainy and snowy weather, ensuring coal production and supply, and strengthening power demand measurement management. Relevant departments at all levels, in accordance with the requirements of the linkage mechanism of relevant plans, the Ministry of Communications and the Ministry of Public Security have established a cross-regional highway transportation security coordination mechanism with relevant regions. SERC and the Ministry of Railways have established a coordination mechanism for railway transportation safety with relevant regions. The financial and civil affairs departments timely allocated disaster relief funds to properly resettle the affected people. The armed police and the People's Liberation Army actively cooperated with local governments and relevant departments to organize manpower, materials and equipment and give full play to the role of commandos.
Through this case, we can clearly see that the effectiveness of the emergency plan in the emergency response process is not ideal, and the emergency work is largely guaranteed by temporary coordination. This urges us to analyze the problems existing in China's emergency plan, and then find ways to improve the emergency plan.
Second, the analysis of the problems existing in China's emergency plan
By the end of 2006, the national emergency plan system was initially formed, and more than 65,438+350,000 emergency plans had been formulated. All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), 97.9% cities (states) and 92.8% counties (cities) have formulated master plans. The central enterprise plan formulation rate is 100%, and most enterprises above designated size in high-risk industries have formulated emergency plans. [1] Through the analysis of various emergency plans at all levels in China, it is found that there are the following obvious problems in China's emergency plans:
1. The planning system is incomplete and there is no necessary plan.
Although China has formulated more than 1.35 million emergency plans from the central government to the local government, the system of emergency plans is still incomplete. In the emergency plan system of the State Council, there are eight emergency plans for railway departments: emergency plans for railway flood control; Railway destructive earthquake emergency plan; Emergency plan for railway geological disasters; Emergency plan for railway traffic casualties; Emergency plan for railway fire accidents; Emergency plan for railway transportation accidents of dangerous chemicals; Emergency plan for railway network and information security accidents; Emergency plan for railway public health emergencies. However, the low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather in June 5438+ 10, 2008 clearly exposed the fact that the railway department lacked emergency plans for disaster weather. The reason why this happens is that the planning department did not foresee the possible emergencies, or did not pay enough attention to the seriousness of possible emergencies. The deeper reason is that we lack a scientific risk assessment system and do not closely combine risk assessment with the formulation of the plan.
2. The scheme is simple and lacks operability.
China's emergency plan is generally a "programmatic" and "declarative" document. Through the analysis of the contents of various emergency plans at all levels in China, it can be clearly seen that the contents of emergency plans generally include the following parts: general rules; Organization and command system and responsibilities; Early warning and prevention mechanism; Emergency response; Post-processing; Safeguard measures; Supplementary provisions, etc. The content of the scheme is simple, the length is short, and it is more a principled expression. It is not easy to operate without scene description. To test whether a scheme is feasible, the most important thing is to see whether it has good operability. If a plan is difficult to operate or the operation process is not smooth, it will be difficult to play its due role and achieve the purpose of making a plan.
3. Lack of cooperation and coordination.
Looking at the contents of various emergency plans at all levels in China, we can find that there is a serious lack of cooperation and coordination between departments. Take the communication guarantee after an emergency as an example. Because all parties need to contact after an emergency, communication guarantee after an emergency is very important. Moreover, in general, if an earthquake, nuclear accident or meteorological disaster occurs, communication equipment will also be damaged. Regarding communication security, the National Earthquake Emergency Plan states: "Telecom operators should restore damaged communication facilities as soon as possible to ensure smooth communication for earthquake relief. Departments with their own communication systems will restore damaged communication facilities as soon as possible to help ensure smooth communication for earthquake relief. " The National Nuclear Emergency Plan points out that ... (2) The communication demand at the accident site during emergency response is guaranteed by the nuclear emergency organization and the nuclear power plant operating unit in the province where the nuclear power plant is located. (3) When nuclear accidents and other radiation emergencies occur in nuclear facilities other than nuclear power plants, the communication means established by the state and local governments should be used as much as possible. (4) When the emergency communication capability is insufficient, take temporary emergency measures to solve it according to the requirements put forward by relevant parties. Use the national disaster relief communication guarantee system when necessary. "It can be seen that these expressions in the scheme are very principled in themselves, and you can't see the cooperation between various departments.
In practice, after an emergency, the traditional meeting method is still used to discuss the response plan, which will undoubtedly greatly reduce the efficiency of dealing with emergencies. Just like the low temperature, rain, snow and freezing weather in June 5438+ 10, 2008, China Meteorological Bureau organized a special meeting of the State Council Emergency Office and railway, transportation, electric power, civil aviation, safety supervision, civil affairs and other departments, and deployed corresponding emergency linkage work arrangements. However, this working mechanism is not reflected in the early warning and emergency plan of major meteorological disasters of China Meteorological Bureau.
4. The planning needs to be improved.
First of all, the procedures for making contingency plans need to be improved. The Emergency Response Law requires the state to establish and improve the emergency plan system, but there is no clear stipulation on the formulation procedure of the plan. In practice, the formulation of emergency plan follows the top-down method. Under normal circumstances, after the emergency plan is formulated by the the State Council department, the corresponding department of the provincial government will formulate the provincial department plan, and then the corresponding department at the municipal level and the corresponding department at the grassroots level will formulate the plan. When making emergency plans, the lower authorities usually copy the plans made by the higher authorities, which does not reflect the particularity of the local level. Documents such as compilation norms or guidelines issued by relevant administrative organs involve the procedures for enterprises to make plans, but they are relatively simple and principled on the whole.
Second, there is a lack of joint planning. Almost all kinds of emergency plans at all levels in China are formulated by a certain level of government or a certain department, enterprises and institutions, and few relevant departments jointly formulate plans. Take the freezing rain, snow and ice weather in June 5438+ 10, 2008 as an example. If the relevant departments such as telecommunications, electric power, railways, highways, meteorology, civil affairs and finance jointly formulate emergency plans to deal with disaster weather, emergency activities may be carried out more efficiently and orderly.
5. Lack of planned modification procedures.
Paragraph 4 of Article 17 of the Emergency Response Law stipulates that the emergency plan-making organ shall revise the emergency plan in time according to the actual needs and changes in the situation. However, there are no special provisions on the conditions and procedures for revising the emergency plan. The Opinions on Strengthening Enterprise Emergency Management issued by six ministries and commissions, including the General Administration of Safety Supervision, stipulates in principle: "All enterprises should evaluate, supplement, revise and improve their emergency plans in a timely manner according to the changes of relevant laws, regulations and standards, the drills of emergency plans, and the changing actual conditions of their own operating conditions, equipment conditions, product varieties, personnel, technology and external environment." Many emergency plans have only one very principled provision. Due to the lack of modification procedures, and the modification of the scheme has not attracted the attention of many institutions, the established scheme is rarely modified in practice.
Three, Britain, the United States and Canada's emergency plan and its reference significance.
In 2004, Britain promulgated the Civil Emergency Act of 2004. At present, a relatively complete legal system has been formed with this law as the general outline, emergency preparedness and emergency disposal and recovery as the specific guidance, and local regulations and departmental rules. There are three kinds of emergency plans: gene HC plan; Specific plans and single agency, multi-agency and multi-level plans. [2] Emergency management in the United States is divided into four stages: mitigation, preparation, response and recovery. According to the requirements of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, the US Department of Homeland Security issued the National Response Plan (NRP) in February 2004. The Emergency Management Reform Act after Hurricane Katrina in 2006 is one of the main legal foundations of emergency response. Federal ministries, state governments and administrative agencies often make emergency plans for special areas or special matters according to the provisions of special laws. At the state and local government levels, many emergency plans have also been formulated. Some states have also issued guidelines for making emergency plans, and local governments have also demonstrated emergency plans. [3]
The Canadian government has always attached importance to crisis management. Canada's Emergency Management and Civil Defence Act came into effect on 1990, and has been revised several times. The Emergency Management and Civil Defence Law stipulates the emergency plan in principle. The law requires provincial and municipal governments to formulate emergency plans and stipulate relevant matters in emergency response. These matters include the necessary equipment, procedures and methods for provincial or municipal government staff and others to respond in an emergency. In 2000, the Canadian Emergency Center issued the Model of Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan.
Britain, the United States and Canada all attach great importance to crisis management, and their legal systems are relatively perfect and developed. As the core of emergency activities, the emergency plan has naturally attracted the attention of the above countries. There are many similarities between the three countries in the formulation and content of emergency plans, which are worth learning from.
First, the legalization of planning procedures. The laws and regulations on emergency management in Britain, the United States and Canada all specify the procedures for making emergency plans. Taking Britain as an example, the procedure of making emergency plan generally includes five steps: hazard description; Determine the purpose; Determine tasks and countermeasures; Establish an organization; Determine the obligation. For each step, emergency planners have detailed requirements. These countries attach particular importance to crisis risk assessment procedures. Some countries regard the crisis risk assessment procedure as the first step in making contingency plans. In some countries, risk assessment is regarded as an independent procedure, but it is also regarded as a prerequisite for making emergency plans. For example, in Britain, the Internal Emergency Act requires governments at all levels to be responsible for assessing disasters and threats. According to the possibility and influence of the event, the risk assessment results are divided into four levels: low risk, medium risk, high risk and extremely high risk. The disposer will decide whether to make a plan according to the results of risk assessment.
Second, the emergency plan should be as detailed and logical as possible. The emergency plans of Britain, the United States and Canada are rich and detailed, with long space and strong operability. The contents of emergency plan generally include the following key parts: briefly describe the purpose and formulation process of the plan; Emergency management institutions, emergency teams, relevant organizations in emergency activities and their obligations, as well as the contact information of these institutions and their main staff; Emergency response activities, including the start of the plan and the development of emergency rescue activities; Post-disaster recovery and reconstruction; Revision and implementation of the plan.
Third, attach importance to the organization of emergency activities and clarify their respective rights and obligations. Emergency organizations are the subject and soul of emergency activities, and Britain, the United States and Canada attach great importance to emergency organizations. Emergency organizations often include management institutions and emergency management teams in the existing institutional system. The status and obligations of organizations in emergency activities will be clearly and in detail stated in the plan. In addition, the plan will list in detail the main staff of emergency agencies and their contact details. For example, the national emergency plan of the United States requires the plan to clarify the roles and obligations of the federal government, state governments, local governments, tribes, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and citizens in emergency management. The Emergency Plan Guide issued by the California Crisis Management Office requires that the activities of various departments dealing with emergencies should be clarified, including management departments, news departments, military departments, budget/administrative departments, etc.
Fourth, pay attention to cooperation and coordination. Cooperation mainly refers to the cooperation between various departments and emergency subjects, and the cooperation between the government and the private sector and non-governmental organizations. Cooperation is not only reflected in the formulation of emergency plans, but also in the start of emergency plans, emergency response activities and post-disaster recovery and reconstruction stages. For example, the emergency plan guide issued by the California Crisis Management Office explicitly requires that the plan be written into inter-agency cooperation to ensure the priority allocation of resources and the maximum utilization of resources. The so-called coordination refers to the coordination between plans. On the one hand, we should pay attention to the coordination of plans made by different institutions at the same level, on the other hand, we should pay attention to the coordination of plans between governments and institutions at all levels. For example, British law requires that the overall plan of each institution should be coordinated with the plans formulated by other cooperative institutions.
The national emergency plan of the United States requires attention to the coordination and cooperation between federal emergency management activities and the relationship between emergency plan and other types of emergency plans. Improve emergency management liaison between governments at all levels and between the government and the private sector; Promote mutual assistance between the federal and state, local governments and tribes.
Fifth, attach importance to the revision of emergency plans. The emergency plans of Britain, the United States and Canada have all revised the terms of the emergency plan. These countries regard the emergency plan as a living document, and believe that the reorganization of institutions, new risk assessment data, the adoption of new laws, the experience of drills and the occurrence of disasters may all lead to the revision of the emergency plan. The law generally requires emergency plan makers to check the plan regularly or irregularly. For example, the relevant regulations in Britain require that the contact information in the plan be corrected every three months and the plan be re-examined in stages; If the plan is revised, it shall be announced in time.
Fourthly, suggestions on improving China's emergency plan.
The formulation of emergency plan is of great significance. Some defects of emergency activities will be exposed in the process of making the plan, such as poor communication, insufficient emergency rescue materials and insufficient emergency rescue team personnel. You can also find dangerous situations that you are not aware of; It can also improve the risk awareness of the planning subject and its staff.
1. Improve the contents of the emergency plan.
A common problem in China's existing emergency plans is that they are simple in content, lack of operability and weak in pertinence. Article 18 of the Emergency Response Law stipulates that the emergency plan shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws and regulations, specifically define the organization and command system and responsibilities of emergency management, emergency prevention and early warning mechanism, disposal procedures, emergency safeguard measures and post-event recovery and reconstruction measures in view of the nature, characteristics and possible social harm of emergencies.
As mentioned earlier, the emergency plans of Britain, the United States and Canada are rich and detailed, with a long length and strong operability and pertinence. Drawing lessons from the experience of these countries and perfecting the contents of China's emergency plan should start from the following aspects: First, there should be a general description of risks in the emergency plan. For example, when planning an area as a whole, all risks existing in the area should be described in general; When making departmental plans, the risks of emergency situations targeted by departmental plans should be generally described. Second, the content of the emergency plan should have a description of the situation, rather than simply listing the necessary content. This requires us to fully absorb experience, use our imagination and imagine some possible situations when making emergency plans. Third, pay attention to the coordination between the contents of emergency plans formulated by different subjects. Generally speaking, the response to emergencies can not be completed by a single department alone, but needs the cooperation of multiple departments. Therefore, the contents of emergency plans should reflect the coordination with those formulated by other relevant departments, including the coordination between departmental plans, special plans and overall plans, the coordination between overall plans formulated by lower and higher governments, the coordination between departmental plans and special plans formulated by lower and higher government departments, and the coordination between plans formulated by departments or units at the same level. Fourth, clarify the emergency management institutions, emergency teams, relevant organizations in emergency activities and their obligations, especially the detailed contact information of these institutions and their main staff. Fifth, explain the modification and exercise of the plan in detail. The emergency plan shall specify in detail the conditions and procedures for the revision of the plan and the drills of the emergency plan. Make the emergency plan come alive through drills and make it timely through the revision of the plan.
2. Improve the emergency plan formulation procedures.
Drawing lessons from foreign emergency plan formulation procedures, the author believes that China's emergency plan formulation procedures should include the following basic steps: [4]
The first is to set up a planning team. This is an important link in the preparation of emergency plan and plays an important role in realizing the basic principles of emergency management. At the same time, it provides a very important cooperation and exchange opportunity for all emergency departments, which is conducive to unifying the views and opinions of all emergency parties. The members of the plan preparation team should generally include: the chief executive or his representative, emergency management departments, fire protection, public security, environmental protection, health, municipal administration, hospitals, medical first aid, health and epidemic prevention, posts and telecommunications, traffic management and other relevant departments; Radio, television and other news media; Legal advisers, relevant enterprises, representatives of higher-level governments or emergency agencies, technical experts, etc. After the members of the planning team are determined, it is necessary to determine the planning, clarify the division of tasks, and ensure the scientific and orderly planning.
The second is risk analysis and emergency response capability assessment. Risk analysis is the basis of emergency plan. The results of risk analysis not only help to determine the priority of emergency work, but also provide the basis for dividing the priority level of plan preparation, and provide necessary information and data for emergency preparation and emergency response. Risk analysis includes hazard identification, vulnerability analysis and risk assessment.
The purpose of hazard identification is to identify major risk factors that may exist, and analyze natural conditions such as geography and meteorology, as well as the specific conditions of industrial transportation, commercial trade and public facilities. , and summarize the major accidents that have occurred in the history of the region to identify possible natural disasters and major accidents.
Vulnerability analysis should determine: once a dangerous accident occurs, the area or unit that is most vulnerable to impact damage and the link that is most likely to fluctuate or change dramatically. The results of vulnerability analysis should provide the following information: the areas seriously affected by accidents or disasters, and the influencing factors (such as topography, traffic, wind direction, etc.). ) in this regard; The number and type of population expected to be located in vulnerable areas (such as residents, staff, sensitive groups-hospitals, schools, nursing homes, nurseries); Possible property losses, including infrastructure and transportation routes; Possible environmental impact; It can indicate the areas, units and people that need protection most.
Risk assessment is based on the results of vulnerability analysis to evaluate the possibility and actual degree of damage (or injury) caused by public emergencies. You can usually choose to analyze the most serious cases (top-level events). Risk analysis can provide the following information: the possibility of accidents and environmental anomalies, or the possibility of multiple emergencies at the same time; Types of injuries (acute, delayed or chronic) to people and related high-risk groups; Type of property damage (temporary, repairable or permanent); And the type of damage to the environment (recoverable or permanent).
Emergency capacity assessment is to evaluate the existing emergency resources and emergency capacity according to the results of risk analysis, including the evaluation of emergency resources of cities and enterprises, and to clarify the needs and shortcomings of emergency rescue. Emergency resources include emergency personnel, emergency facilities (equipment), equipment and materials; Emergency response capability includes the operation of systems and mechanisms and the skills, experience and training of personnel. The assessment of emergency capacity should also pay attention to finding the defects and deficiencies in the emergency system. When making a plan, we should choose the most realistic and effective emergency strategy on the basis of evaluating the emergency resources and capabilities suitable for potential dangers.
The third is to prepare an emergency plan. The preparation of emergency plan must be based on the analysis results of major accident risks, with reference to the demand and current situation of emergency resources and the requirements of relevant laws and regulations. In addition, when preparing the emergency plan, we should fully collect and refer to the existing emergency plan, including the emergency plan of the higher authorities and the overall plan of the region, so as to minimize the workload, avoid the repetition and overlap of the emergency plan, and ensure the coordination and consistency with other related emergency plans.
The fourth is the review of emergency plans. In order to ensure that the emergency plan is scientific, reasonable and in line with the actual situation, the emergency plan must be reviewed, including internal review and expert review, and if necessary, the superior emergency agency should be invited to review it.
The fifth is the approval and release of emergency plans. After examination and approval, the emergency plan shall be submitted to the relevant departments for approval before it can be officially released and put on record. Under normal circumstances, the special plans of government departments at all levels shall be approved by the people's government at the same level and issued by the emergency management committee of the people's government at the same level. Departmental plans and special plans shall be reported to the competent administrative department for the record. The emergency plans of enterprises and institutions shall be approved by the leaders of the units, released by themselves, and reported to the administrative departments for the record. For example, the departments and units of the provincial people's government, the central government in Shaanxi enterprises and institutions, the people's governments of various districts and cities, and the colleges and universities in the province must report to the Seismological Bureau for the record in accordance with relevant regulations; The emergency plan for destructive earthquakes formulated by each district and city must be approved by the people's government at the same level and reported to the Seismological Bureau of the province for the record.
3. Pay attention to the revision of the emergency plan.
The revision of the emergency plan is as important as the formulation of the plan. Because the objective situation often changes, only by modifying the plan in time can we deal with emergencies more effectively. Article 17 of the Emergency Response Law stipulates that the emergency plan-making organ shall revise the emergency plan in time according to the actual needs and changes in the situation. However, there are no further provisions on the conditions and procedures for the revision of the emergency plan.
Generally speaking, the plan should be revised under the following circumstances: first, new risks or situations are found to indicate that the plan is outdated. Second, lessons learned from emergencies. The occurrence of unexpected events often exposes some risks that have not been noticed before, or indicates the need for better emergency procedures, or the need to include some organizations in the plan. Third, the experience and lessons of emergency drills. The lessons learned from emergency drills are similar to those learned from emergencies. The difference is that emergency drills are artificially controlled, and the procedures specially used to test emergency plans can be repeated until reasonable arrangements are made. Fourth, the organization and its procedures and technical systems have changed. Fifth, key employees have changed. The emergency plan or its by-laws must constantly reflect the changes of key employees, including names, titles and contact information. Sixth, the relevant laws and regulations have been revised, or new laws and regulations have been formulated, and the emergency plan needs to be revised.
According to foreign experience, the emergency plan should be revised regularly at least once a year. If there are emergencies, emergency drills, organizational changes, etc. During this year, the emergency plan should be revised in time. The original subject is responsible for the revision of the emergency plan. After the plan is revised, it shall be published in a timely manner.
To annotate ...
[1] Response to Public Emergencies in China in 2006, China Emergency Management, No.7, 2007.
[2] For the contents of the British emergency planning system, we mainly refer to the British Domestic Emergency Law (2004), the Domestic Emergency Law Implementation Bill (2005), emergency preparation, emergency disposal and recovery and other laws and regulations.
[3] For the contents of emergency plans in the United States, we mainly refer to the Homeland Security Law (2002), the Emergency Management Reform Law after Hurricane Katrina (2006), the Emergency Plan Guide issued by the California Crisis Management Office and the Model City Plan.
[4] See Liu Tiemin: Compilation and Management of Emergency Plans for Public Emergencies, contained in Emergency Management of China,No. 10, 2007.