1, material selection should be new.

2. Ambitious

3, the structure should be clever

4. The language should be beautiful

Second, the general requirements of argumentative writing

1, the argument should be clear and correct.

2. The arguments should be sufficient and typical.

3. Argumentation methods should be varied.

First, the general narrative writing requirements

1, material selection should be new.

I remember Professor He Yongkang, dean of Nanjing Normal University College and head of the Chinese Department, once said this when summing up the gains and losses of the college entrance examination composition.

One thing, that is, 199 1 year, when I was reviewing the composition "Imagination of' Circle'" in the college entrance examination in our province, I met a large number of candidates and all put' Circle'.

Imagine a bright red sun. When I first saw this article, Professor He was a little praised. The circle is like a bright red sun, dazzling.

Eyes, fresh and bright, symbolize a generation of energetic young people and the prosperity of the motherland, but seeing one sun after another, my heart

I was bored in my room, and then I began to dislike it. In the words of Professor He, "On a hot summer day, in a stove in Nanjing, three to five days a day.

Ten suns shone on the head, almost roasting people to death! An important problem reflected here is that many middle school students will not choose materials. In the election

The selection of materials is too shallow, too broad and lacks originality. For example, writing that teachers always "attend classes with illness"; When I write to my mother, I always send it to me in the middle of the night.

Hospital "; Write deskmate, always "conflict first and then make up".

In my opinion, the key step in writing a good narrative is to choose the right materials. With unique and different materials, you can make your own words.

Zhang's superior position laid the foundation for success.

For example, we once wrote an exam composition entitled "Umbrella in the Rain". Many students thought of rainy days and their families rushed to school.

"The story of sending umbrellas and ponchos is not about parents or grandparents. The selection of materials is very conventional, but there are two articles about commercial buildings and

Xinhua Bookstore provided convenient umbrellas to customers in rainy days, and people returned them consciously the next day. This story is unique in the selection of materials and reflects its appropriateness.

Good quality as a citizen reflects the new social outlook. A classmate wrote that a bright red umbrella struggled in the mud on rainy days in mountainous areas.

On the mountain road in Ning, the story of a primary school student finally going to school in the wind and rain is also very touching. The selection of materials can be refreshing, but

There is hope of getting high marks in the exam.

2. Ambitious

Take Umbrella in the Rain as an example. An article once wrote a story about a male classmate who never liked to take an umbrella.

On the way to school, a girl in the same class helped him to go home. After three years of classmate life, he formed a fixed habit. Later, two

People are separated and admitted to different high schools, so students who never bring umbrellas miss them very much in the new school and the first rainy day of the new semester.

His former female classmate who held an umbrella for her. When the teacher reads this, it feels a bit like writing "first love", but middle school students are not allowed to talk about it.

In love. But the end of the article was unexpectedly written like this: I suddenly felt a strong palm on my back, "Hey! I know you, son.

This slacker never takes an umbrella. Let me take you home today! "Looking back, it turned out to be another class that was admitted to a key middle school junior high school.

Study, and then I thought, "There are so many good people in the world!" After reading the whole article, I realized that what he wrote was not the first love of junior high school students, but his classmates.

Friendship that helps each other is everywhere. In this way, the intention of the article is obviously high.

The material is good, the theme is good, the idea is high, and the article is of higher value.

3, the structure should be clever

The material is new and the idea is high, followed by the frame structure of the article, which is the layout of the article. Because of the choice of narrative materials

Extensive, diverse forms, free and flexible structure, to sum up, the narrative structure has the following characteristics:

① Arrange the structure in chronological order.

This arrangement structure can have narrative methods such as sequence, flashback and insertion.

② Arrange the structure according to the transfer of people's activity places.

This arrangement is conducive to reappearing the scene at that time.

③ Arrange the structure according to the development of the event plot.

This hierarchical structure can understand the occurrence, development and results of events.

There are three points to note about the structural layout:

(1) The details should be arranged properly.

The key materials should be written in detail, and the secondary materials should be written slightly if there is any explanation.

② Transitional nursing should be natural.

Transition is for cohesion and transformation between contexts, and quotation is for taking care of the content before and after the article. Transitional concern for nature can make the text

This chapter is clear and magnificent.

The beginning and the end are infectious.

A good beginning can deeply attract readers, and a wonderful ending can deeply infect readers, so the ancients have the saying of "phoenix crown" and "leopard tail"

As for the method at the beginning, it can be to describe the environment and create an atmosphere; It can be to express feelings and cause * * *; You can write the ending first,

Flashback techniques and so on.

There are also various forms of ending: taking care of the beginning and echoing from beginning to end; Discuss topics and deepen the theme; Write lyrical scenery and render the atmosphere; Famous policeman

Sentences, profound meanings and so on.

4. The language should be beautiful

Narrative is mainly expressed by narration and description, so its language is required to be fluent, natural, vivid and beautiful.

Feeling. Vividly reproduce people and events; It is necessary to express the language and psychology of the characters in depth and delicately; We should imitate environmental objects vividly.

Scene. Only in this way can you successfully write a narrative.

Second, the general requirements of argumentative writing

1, the argument should be clear and correct.

Argument is the author's views, attitudes and opinions on the issues discussed. So the argument must be clear and correct. worship

What to achieve, what to oppose, what to affirm and what to deny, and the attitude and position should be clear. Therefore, the expression of argument is generally clear.

Affirm positive or negative judgments. Such as "remoulding our knowledge" and "opposing liberalism".

There are two types of arguments: central arguments and sub-arguments. The central argument, also known as the basic argument, is used to guide all viewpoints throughout.

A consistent argument, which is the main argument repeatedly demonstrated by the author. Sub-arguments, also known as secondary arguments, are used to expand, prove or supplement the central theory.

Ordered. For example, in the article "Great Ideal" in the second volume of senior high school, the author repeatedly emphasized that "it is most important for us to realize * * * capitalism.

Lofty and greatest ideal ",there are three arguments:

Everyone has his own ideal.

② Ideal is social and class.

The ideal problem is essentially a person's world outlook.

2. The arguments should be full, typical and true.

Arguments in argumentative essays are used to prove the reasons and basis of arguments. Arguments include two basic types, namely factual basis and theoretical basis.

The factual arguments can be typical cases, historical materials, data, etc. The theoretical basis can be famous sayings, epigrams, principle formulas, etc. this is

It is what people usually call putting facts and reasoning, which is one of the characteristics of argumentative writing. Therefore, the factual basis and the rational basis are usually combined.

Taken together, an excellent argumentative essay can only be convincing if it has both facts and reasons.

Arguments in argumentative essays should have three characteristics: full, typical and true.

First of all, the argument should be sufficient. If the argument is not comprehensive and substantial, it will be unconvincing. For example, in the fourth volume of high school typo, Lu

Mr. Shuxiang pointed out the source of typos from four aspects: "the author's clerical error, typographical misunderstanding, proofreading error and editing error correction".

In addition, 18 examples of spelling mistakes are listed from many aspects, such as "looking at the text to create meaning, similarity in form and sound, illegible, right and wrong * * *", which fully explains the mistakes.

Is the word has reached the point where we have to pay attention to it!

Secondly, the arguments should be typical.

Choosing typical and appropriate materials as arguments can reflect the overall situation and essence of things and fully prove the arguments. If the material

There are many examples, but they are not typical and representative, and such materials are not convincing. For example, the argumentative essay "Talking about Bone" in junior high school

It is a masterpiece of choosing typical examples to prove the argument. The article comes straight to the point and puts forward the central argument: "We China people have backbone." Then choose

Select three typical cases in ancient and modern times. After Wen Tianxiang, a patriotic general in the Southern Song Dynasty, failed to resist the Yuan Army, he would rather die than be moved by senior officials.

Qu. When there is famine in Qi, the poor are not allowed to be eaten by others, and their personality and dignity are not allowed to be defiled. Wen Yiduo, a democracy fighter, hit his head.

Denouncing the crimes of Kuomintang reactionaries would rather die than surrender. These three examples, the specific content and the background of the times.

Not the same, but from three different angles, "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent", it proves the backbone and hardness of the people of China.

Bone and soul.

Moreover, the argument should be true.

There is a sentence in the third volume of Yi Li, Textual Research and Zhang Ci in senior high school: "Some people may think that as long as it does not hinder the meaning to be expressed.

It doesn't matter if the material details are a little different. This idea is wrong. Even if the differences in details are not directly related to the whole argument.

The influence will also make people doubt the reliability of all materials, thus hurting the persuasiveness of the argument. "This passage fully emphasized.

The important role of demonstrating authenticity is discussed. If the argument is untrue, inaccurate or even wrong, it will be untenable.

3. Argumentation methods should be varied.

Argumentative writing is to organize arguments and arguments in a certain way according to their logical relationship, that is, to use arguments.

A way to prove an argument.

There are many ways to demonstrate, and the common ones are as follows:

① induction

This is the way to know things from the individual to the general, that is, to know some properties of a specific thing first, and then generalize it to find out this.

* * * the same nature of a class of things, thus summing up the law.

② deductive method

Contrary to induction, deduction is a kind of reasoning method from general to special, that is, the conclusion of particularity is deduced from the general premise.

Reasoning method.

(The above is divided in the form of logical reasoning. )

③ Example method

It is a method to prove an argument with typical examples, and it is the most commonly used and convincing proof method.

④ Introduction method

The method of proving an argument with known and recognized principles often refers to classic speeches, axioms and idioms.

To prove this argument.

(The above points depend on the type of argument. )

⑤ Contrast method

Is to compare two things that are completely opposite or different in nature. If the nature of the same place is opposite at the same time.

The comparison of things is called "horizontal ratio". If you compare the same thing at different times, in different places and under different circumstances, it is called "longitudinal comparison". Like high school.

This contrast is used to illustrate "subjective attitude" and "Marxist-Leninist state" in the fourth volume "Transforming Our Learning"

Degree "principle differences.

⑥ Metaphor method

This is a way to explain the truth with vivid metaphors. People can easily use popular images to explain profound things or truths.

Therefore, it is easy to be contagious. For example, in "Takeism", the big house is used as a metaphor for cultural inheritance, "confused", "confused" and "confused"

"Fei" is a metaphor for three kinds of people who have a wrong attitude towards cultural heritage.

⑦ analogy method

This is to compare the same aspects of essential attributes between two things and infer from a certain feature of a known thing.

Prove that another similar thing also has certain characteristics, such as "as long as it spreads, it is good literature" in Six Volumes of Literature and Sweating in High School.

As long as bad literature is eliminated, "those who get the world are kings, and those who don't get the world are thieves." Is a typical example. In the explanation

China's historical theory also spread China's literary theory.

⑧ Extension method

Also called reduction to absurdity, it is a way to prove the truth by drawing wrong conclusions from negative arguments. Is to assume that the other person's wrong judgment is

"Correct", and then deduce an absurd conclusion from it, so that the other side's argument is self-defeating.

(The above is divided according to the means of expression of argument. )

It should be noted that the argumentation method serves the content, and what argumentation method is adopted is determined by the argumentation content. Many other methods of argument are also common.

They can usually be used together in an article. No matter which demonstration method is adopted, it should be used flexibly according to the actual situation and must not be excessive.

The pursuit of methods limits one's thinking and affects the effect of the article.