Time: July 23, 2009
Venue: Institute of Geography, China Academy of Sciences.
Speaker: Liu Shaochuang
Liu Shaochuang: Thank you very much for providing such a place in chinese national geography Lecture Hall, and thank you very much for listening to me introduce the Heyuan project. What I'm going to talk about today is the source of the big river. First, I ask myself a question. Why measure the length of a big river? I started this work from 1999, when I happened to be a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Remote Sensing. During my postdoctoral period, I began to pay attention to a problem, that is, the source of Lancang River. At that time, many people paid attention to this problem, hoping to find the source of Lancang River. At that time, the China Expedition Association was also organizing an investigation of the Lancang River. What method do I want to use to solve this problem later? Later, I tried to solve this problem with remote sensing, because I studied remote sensing.
After the source of Lancang River was solved, I started to be the source of Yangtze River. The fact that the Lancang River is an international river and the Yangtze River plays a greater role in China still inspires me. I should also study the source of the Yangtze River, so I began to study the source of the Yangtze River. After the completion of The Source of the Yangtze River, I think that since The Source of the Yangtze River was first published by the state in Tuotuo River and was determined by Huang Wei after the investigation of 1978, I found that The Source of the Yangtze River was in harmony through image analysis, and both The Source of the Yangtze River and The Source of Lancang River were completed. At that time, when I did this, from my own point of view, it was to show a kind of technology, that is to say, after a student worked for a long time, I learned a craft to see what this craft could solve and solve this problem, and then I wrote an article.
But then I found that this problem could not be easily completed, because I felt that since there was a problem with the source of the Yangtze River, there was also a problem with its length. Then I measured the length of the Yangtze River and found that it was a few tens of kilometers shorter. Later, I measured the length of the Lancang River. The Lancang River may not be dozens of kilometers short, which is very different. Putting all kinds of textbooks, encyclopedias and magazines together, I found that the shortest is about 4020 kilometers. The longest is about 4800 kilometers, so the length is hundreds of kilometers away. Where is the gap of several hundred kilometers? We have to think it over carefully, so we also made the length of Lancang River. The Lancang River was finished, and other materials were put there, and it was found that the length was very different. When you put different materials and data from different sources together, you can't tell which river is the longest in the world. I think this problem is a bit serious. I say let's do it at once. Up to now, ten years have passed, and I have made 13 of the world's great rivers, which is why I have to measure the length of three great rivers.
The predecessor of China National Geographic magazine is geographical knowledge. We started with an article published in 1970s, which was published in Geographical Knowledge of last century. The three major rivers abroad are the Mississippi River in North America, the Amazon River in South America and the Nile River in Africa. Their lengths are not consistent in the map and the book. The length of the Mississippi River has never been calculated by its own length. Based on the length of its largest tributary, the Missouri River, and the confluence of the two rivers, the total length is 6020 kilometers. The Amazon River is composed of two main upstream source rivers, one is the Maranyon River and the other is the Keali River, with great changes in length. According to the principle of consistency, this consistency is the principle of consistency with the mainstream direction. Maranhao should be the source of the Mississippi River, and the other is Keali. The length of the Amazon River, if calculated from Maranon, should be 6,440 kilometers, and according to Kai Ali, it is 7,025 kilometers. People originally thought that the source of the Nile was the mouth of Lake Victoria. Later, a kagera river was discovered in the West Bank, which originated in Burundi. It is about the length of the Nile, which is 66,765,438+0 kilometers. The Missouri River is 6020 kilometers long, and it was later accurate, but everything else was wrong.
The length of these three big rivers, marked in yellow, is the length I just mentioned, and the others have different lengths. For example, the Amazon River has 6800 kilometers and 6275 kilometers, and the National Geographic Society uses 6275 kilometers. This 6800 kilometers is some time ago. The BBC news reported that Brazilian and Peruvian scientists have discovered a new source of the Amazon River, which is 6800 kilometers long, so they think the Amazon River is the longest river in the world. Generally speaking, the length of the Nile is 667 1km, and there are also 6695, which should not be particularly bad. The length of 5584 meters is calculated from the mouth of Victoria Lake, and the length of Mississippi River is several, including 6020, 6465, 438+05, 6262, 597, 1, 465, 438.
What determines the length of a big river? I come down to four factors, one is the source, the other is the location of the estuary, the data source used for river length measurement, and the technology of river length measurement.
When determining the source of a big river, I summed up several criteria, one is "only the source of the river is far away" and the other is "only the amount of water is large". There are also some criteria for determining the source of a big river, such as basin area, historical habits, arrangement of main tributaries, geological structure of the valley, shape and topography of the valley, but most of us still adopt the principle of only the source of the river is far away and only the amount of water is large. What does this mean? In the whole basin, I find the source corresponding to the longest tributary and regard it as the source of a river. I will go to this tributary when I see which tributary has more water. These are two principles.
There are also different ways to determine the valley. For example, when measuring the length of the Yangtze River, take the place where the No.50 light floats as the end point of measurement. When measuring the river, I take the intersection of the tangent of the land on both sides of the estuary and the center line of the river as the end point of the river length measurement.
Generally speaking, the data source of river survey is topographic map, for example, the length of our other rivers is measured by this result. After the appearance of remote sensing technology, we began to do this with remote sensing images and topographic maps, such as various thematic maps we usually use, such as traffic maps and population distribution maps. The real topographic map is a topographic map with contour lines, and the topographic map has many different scales. For example, there are 1: 1 ten thousand,1:5 million,1:2.5 million, 1: 1 ten thousand, 1.50 million,/kloc-0. This topographic map has a small-scale map, such as 1: 1 10,000, because it is a small-scale topographic map relative to1:50,000. Small-scale topographic map is a kind of map synthesis in the process of large-scale mapping, which is synthesized from large-scale topographic map. In the process of terrain synthesis, many things will be omitted, such as a river. When synthesizing, small-scale topographic maps are basically drawn by straight lines. So when we measure the river length on the map, the river length will be short if the scale is small, but the large-scale topographic map is generally confidential information of the country. Including 1: 1, 000,000 and 1, 500,000, which are usually unavailable. We can only buy such a topographic map through the secrecy regulations and rules of the secrecy unit. However, when surveying the rivers in the world from topographic maps, there is a problem that there are no topographic maps in many places.
What is remote sensing? According to the definition of remote sensing dictionary, it is a modern technical system that mainly uses visible light, infrared, microwave and other detection instruments to identify the nature and motion state of ground substances from remote, high altitude and even outer space platforms through photography or scanning, information induction, transmission and data processing.
According to the distance, such as remote sensing, remote sensing, simply put, if we don't touch this object, but we can feel the information inside, and then identify it, including its shape, including its physical properties. According to the distance, we have satellites, that is, putting sensors on satellites, that is, satellite remote control. If we put them on the plane, that is, aviation remote control, then there is another project, that is, on the hot air balloon platform, depending on the height.
There is also a remote sensing technology based on visible light, infrared, microwave and other detection instruments, that is to say, according to the information wavelength I perceive, there are visible light, infrared, microwave and, of course, information transmission, storage and processing technologies, which is remote sensing.
We can share a piece of the cake first and then go downstream. In the process of measurement, we can generally measure like this. After measuring this place, we will measure it down. The two lengths add up to the length of the whole river.
As far as river length measurement technology is concerned, I just talked about the source and source of data. In fact, there is measurement technology. We have seen our military compass before, and it has a pinion, which is equivalent to pushing you along the curve. According to its turns and distance, I can get the length of the curve by scale, just like a compass, I can measure it further. In addition, take some rope, like iron wire, and walk along the curve, so that you can also measure the length.
I have finished introducing why I do it and the factors that affect its length. Do you have any questions about technology? Including the standards of the big river source?
Question: Since we have determined that there are many standards for the source of the river, mainly because the source of the river is only far away and the amount of water is only very large, are there any prescribed standards? I think this is a hard indicator, because there may be a lot of disputes on the determination of Heyuan, and the disputes will always exist, and no one can convince anyone.
Liu Shaochuang: The determination of the source place name and the length of the river is actually a muddle. Up to now, there is no unified standard, and there is no organization to take charge of this matter. However, although there are many standards at present, in fact, the final standard is based on the principle of only reaching the source of the river, such as the determination of the source of the Amazon River and the source of the Nile. At first, the source of the Amazon River was in Maranon. Scientists from the National Geographic Society, Peru and Marcy all believe that Kaiali is the positive source. After its source is connected with the snow-capped mountains, it will specifically introduce the situation of the Amazon River.
The country with the longest coastline
The Commonwealth of Australia is called Australia for short. Located in the southwest of Oceania, it faces the Pacific Ocean in the northeast and the Indian Ocean in the west and south. It consists of islands such as the Australian mainland and Tasmania. Australia is surrounded by the sea, with a total coastline of 36,735 kilometers. It covers an area of 7.68 million kilometers. The population is about 6.5438+0.789 million. Canberra, the capital. Most of Australia's inland terrain is low and flat, with an average elevation of 300 meters, of which Kosi Asco Mountain is the highest peak, with an elevation of 2228 meters. 35% of the whole territory is desert and semi-desert. Rivers are mostly intermittent inland rivers. Mostly tropical and subtropical climate.
Eight World Geoparks in China
1. Wudalianchi Volcano World Geopark is located in wudalianchi city, Heilongjiang Province, with a total area of 720 square kilometers. The main geological relics are volcanic geology and landforms.
Wudalianchi is the most complete, typical and latest volcanic group in China. There are 14 volcanoes regularly distributed in the park, of which 12 was formed in the geological period of120,000 years-1719-172/kloc-. Old and new volcanoes are arranged alternately, and the larger frustum volcano is nestled with the smaller debris pile and shield volcano. There are many kinds of craters, including round basin craters, round chair craters, funnel craters, fissure craters, compound craters and so on. Lava from new volcanoes erupts alternately, and a large number of large-scale and well-preserved jet cones and discs are rare in the world. The recent volcanic eruption blocked the river course of that year, forming five volcanic dammed lakes-Wudalianchi, which are connected by Zhuxi and reflect the mountains, enjoying the reputation of "Natural Volcano Museum".
The lava lithology of Wudalianchi Volcano Group is basically similar, so we call the potassium-rich alkaline-intermediate acid volcanic lava of Wudalianchi Volcano Group "Shilongyan". Wudalianchi is located in the axis of rift system in East Asia, and its formation is probably caused by the uplift of mantle plume under the action of rift. Therefore, the Wudalianchi volcanic rocks are of great scientific significance to the discussion of the earth plate activity and magma evolution, and are also very important to the detection of local volcanic seismic activity.
Wudalianchi was uninhabited during Liao and Jin Dynasties in China. With the eruption of two new volcanoes, the formation of five interconnected volcanic dammed lakes and the exposure of magical mineral water, the nomadic Dahan people moved in. Later, a large number of Han people moved into the reclaimed land and thrived, gradually forming the unique national culture and folk customs of Wudalianchi people and surrounding ethnic minorities.
With fresh air, elegant environment, lakes and mountains, the park is a rare scientific tourism, holiday and recuperation resort. There are peculiar volcanic scenery, rich and complete volcanic landforms, and mineral spring "holy water" with remarkable curative effect. It is a comprehensive natural scenic spot integrating sightseeing, recuperation, scientific investigation and other functions.
2. Zhangjiajie Sandstone Peak Forest Geopark is located in Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, with a total area of 3,600 square kilometers. It is composed of Zhangjiajie, Suoxiyu, Tianzi Mountain, Yang Jiajie and Huanglong Cave, and has a complete landscape of mountains, waters, bridges, caves and waterfalls. It is a rare natural museum and a rare tourist attraction.
Zhangjiajie Wulingyuan sandstone peak forest landform represents the unique landform and natural geographical features on the earth. Developed in the Devonian Yuntaiguan Formation and Huangjiagang Formation, the peak forest has a concentrated distribution area of 86 square kilometers, which is a rare and unique landform in the world under the conditions of specific geological structure, specific neotectonic movement and external force. There are more than 3,000 stone cliffs rising from the ground in the park, of which 1000 is more than 200 meters high and Golden Whip Rock is 350 meters high. Individual forms include Fangshan, terraced fields, peak walls, peak clusters, peak forests, stone gates, Tianshengqiao, canyons and Zhanggu. With the unique sandstone peak forest landscape in the world as the core and karst landscape as the background, the park has formed a unique sandstone peak forest landscape combination with a large number of geological relics such as special geological sections and special fossil producing areas.
Another distinctive landform in the park is the karst cave landform. Landforms include funnels, depressions, karst hills, stone buds, stone forests, caves, caves, undercurrents, underground rivers and so on. The cave is a typical Huanglong cave, with fascinating landscape, including cave maze, curled stalactites, goose tube, skewed stalactites, and dripping stones with gorgeous colors, different shapes and exquisiteness, such as stalactites, stalagmites, stone pillars, stone waterfalls, stone curtains and stone flowers.
It is one of the places with the most concentrated stalagmites and the most realistic expressions in caves found in the world. In addition, the park is densely forested with rare plants such as Ginkgo biloba, Davidia involucrata, Taxus chinensis and Liriodendron chinense, which provides a real example for studying biological evolution.
The park and its surrounding areas have a long history of human activities, and ancient relics and sites are widely distributed. Many stone tools and cores were collected in the Quaternary soil layer at a distance of 1.5 meters from the surface of Yuntai Village, which were all raw materials for sharpening stones, reflecting the cultural continuity from Paleolithic to Neolithic. Zhujiajian Island ancient Shang and Zhou sites, White House City, sites from the Western Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, stone walls, bronze swords, bronze swords and sculptures in the Tang Dynasty, Jinding Buddha Hall in Yunchao Mountain, and many other ancient temples and buildings have fully demonstrated the long ancient cultural history and added profound local customs and ethnic customs, which makes people linger.
3. Guangdong Danxia Mountain Geopark is located at the junction of Renhua and Qujiang counties in the northeast of Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, with a total area of 290 square kilometers. There is a kind of landform in the world, which is composed of red continental glutenite and characterized by red cliff. It is called Danxia landform, and Danxia Mountain is the name of this special landform.
Danxia Mountain is located in an intermountain basin on the south side of Nanling Mountains. The whole structure is red-bed peak forest, with more than 380 stone peaks, stone castles, stone walls and stone pillars. Bazhai, the main peak, is 6 18 meters above sea level, and most peaks are between 300 and 400 meters. It is rugged, patchwork, with various shapes and changeable weather. Danxia Mountain is composed of red glutenite and is characterized by Chibi and Chibi. It looks like layers of red city and clouds. The ancients called it Danxia Mountain, which means "the color is like lotus, and the brightness is like blue sky". Danxia Mountain, also known as "China Hongshi Park", has been the first wonder mountain in Lingnan since ancient times. Danxia landform in various forms and combinations is like a Millennium stone castle. Danxia's rocks imitate people, animals and birds, just like a masterpiece of sculpture, but all this is due to the ingenuity of nature.
Danxia basin was born in late Paleozoic, formed and developed in Mesozoic, and reformed in Cenozoic. Its geological history includes three complete cycles: geosyncline-platform-platform activation (diwa). The material basis of Danxia landform is red river and lake glutenite formed in the late Cretaceous about 70-90 million years ago. About 65 million years ago, Ben
Affected by tectonic movement, many faults and joints have been produced in the area, and the whole Danxia basin has also become a denudation area. The Himalayan movement, which began about 23 million years ago, made this region rise rapidly. In the long years, the intermittent uplift has caused earth-shaking changes in the landform of this area, and the geological process has shaped this area very beautifully.
In addition to beautiful natural scenery, there are well-preserved ecological environment, primitive ecological communities on hilltops and valleys, ancient and famous trees and wild animals.
Danxia Mountain has a long history of development and rich cultural landscape. Ancestors lived near Danxia Mountain a long time ago, and there are famous skull fossils of Maba people (Nide people) on the southwest edge of Danxia Basin, which is an important clue to study early Homo sapiens. At the same time, the Lion Rock Xia Cultural Site is the remains of ancient human culture in the late Neolithic Age 6000 years ago. There are many anecdotes and folk stories circulating here from ancient times to the present, such as Nu Wa's making man to mend the sky, Shun Di's playing Shao Shi, etc., which is not only a good history.
4. Huangshan Geopark is located in the beautiful mountainous area of southern Anhui, with an area of about 1200 square kilometers. It is a geological park characterized by Mesozoic granite landforms.
Huangshan Mountain is famous for its magnificent beauty. /kloc-There are 72 peaks over 0/000 meters, and there are dangerous peaks and rocks everywhere. The top of the mountain is steep, and the foot of the mountain falls straight to the bottom of the valley, forming a medium-high top topography with steep peaks. There are many U-shaped valleys and V-shaped valleys distributed radially from the center of Huangshan Mountain. Granite stone pillars are widely distributed in hilltops, hillsides and valleys, especially smart stones all over the peaks and valleys. The main types are dome peak, cone peak, ridge peak, column peak and box peak. The Qifeng in the area stands majestic; Pine, tall and straight; Jieshi is rugged, such as sculpture; The sea of clouds is vast and magnificent; Hot spring water heats up and spews out.
In the Late Jurassic, about10.40 billion years ago, underground thermal magma invaded along the Huangshan area with weak crust, and the rock mass in Huangshan area rose strongly around 65 million years ago. With the intermittent uplift of the earth's crust, the underground rock mass and its overlying strata are weathered and denuded, and at the same time subjected to various in-situ stresses from different directions, resulting in joints in different directions in the rock mass. Since the Quaternary (6.5438+0.75 million years ago), it has risen intermittently, forming a three-level ancient erosion surface, and finally forming today's Huangshan Mountain. Due to the differences in mineral composition, crystallinity, mineral granularity, weathering resistance, joint properties and density in these rock masses, the beauty of Huangshan Mountain is like an uncanny workmanship.
Huangshan Mountain is unique with its "three wonders" of strange pines, strange rocks and sea of clouds, and its rich waterscape and their mutual combination, which shows the perfect harmony and rich and diverse organic unity of Huangshan Mountain. In Lima Bridge, Tiandufeng, Beihai and other areas, it is considered to be famous for Quaternary glaciers. The existence of Huangshan Glacier has been debated for more than half a century, and it is still inconclusive, which is another attractive charm of Huangshan Geopark.
Huangshan Geopark, featuring ancient bridges, ancient lamp islands, cliff stone carvings and Huangshan landscape paintings, is permeated with profound cultural connotations in the magnificent and beautiful natural landscape. Among them, Huangshan Painting School occupies an important position in China painting circle, which has a great influence on the development of China landscape painting and is an important material for studying the cultural history of China and the history of Chinese painting. In a word, Huangshan Geopark has granite landforms, Quaternary glacial relics, hydrogeological relics, geological landscape resources, Huangshan culture and other geological relics and human landscape resources, as well as abundant animal and plant resources, which constitutes a large-scale natural museum in granite areas integrating mountains, water, humanities, animals and plants.
Lushan Geopark is located in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, with a total area of 500 square kilometers. The main types of geological relics are geological landforms and geological sections.
There are horst-type fault-block mountains and Quaternary glacial remains in the Geopark, as well as Quaternary glacial stratigraphic section and early Proterozoic Xing Zi rock group stratigraphic section. Up to now, more than 100 important glacial geological relics have been discovered in Lushan Mountain, which completely records the whole process of ice and snow accumulation, glacier formation, glacier movement, rock erosion, rock transportation and mud and gravel deposition, and is a historical record of paleoclimate change and geological characteristics in eastern China. There are many similarities with the characteristics of Quaternary glacier activity in European Alps and North America, which is of global comparative significance and has high scientific value for studying global paleoclimate change and geological development history.
The extensional structure as the main body, the fault-block mountain structure and metamorphic core complex structure accompanying Lushan Mountain constitute another feature of Lushan Mountain's geoscience landscape. Under the influence of neotectonic movement, Lushan Mountain stands tall, with majestic large structures and diverse small structures. The structure of Lushan metamorphic core complex is outstanding, which is in sharp contrast with the typical metamorphic core complex in the world. China stratigraphic code records the early Proterozoic "Xing Zi Group" metamorphic complex strata exposed at the southern foot of Lushan Mountain 2.5-6.5438+8 billion years ago.
The complex landscape formed by tectonic movement, glacier erosion and flowing water is another major feature of Lushan geoscience. Together with vegetation and biodiversity, it constitutes a magnificent picture of Lushan Mountain, which embodies the extremely high aesthetic value of Lushan Mountain's geological landscape.
Lushan Mountain is not only an important birthplace of China's landscape culture, but also the birthplace of China's pastoral poetry with Tao Yuanming as its founder. In history, more than 1500 famous scientists, writers, philosophers and literati visited Lushan Mountain, leaving more than 4,000 famous poems and nearly 1,000 academic papers, travel notes and pictures, which shows that Lushan Mountain is a wonderful reflection of China's landscape culture and a historical microcosm.
Lushan architectural culture, which combines Chinese and western cultures, enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. From the end of 19 to the 1930s, more than 20 countries in the world built nearly 1,000 villas in Lushan Mountain. The cool and beautiful Lushan Mountain was called "World Park" and "World Village" in the early 20th century. The historical relics and humanistic landscape of Lushan Mountain have been integrated into the beauty of nature with outstanding value in its unique way, forming a humanistic landscape with high aesthetic value and closely linked with the spiritual and cultural life of the Chinese nation.
6. Yuntaishan Geopark is located at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain in the north of Xiuwu County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province. It is mainly composed of single-sided mountain landforms, cliffs, waterfalls and valleys.
Have the characteristics of. The "Yuntai landform" landscape in the park is a new landform type, which has both aesthetic appreciation value and typicality, and is formed by tectonic action and natural erosion.
In the East Asian Rift System with global tectonic scale effect, Yuntaishan Geopark is located at the intersection of the North China Rift Zone of Cenozoic East Asian Rift System in North China Block and the Xi 'an-Zhengzhou-Xuzhou near east-west rift transition zone. Controlled by the deep fault in front of Taihang Mountain, during the Himalayan orogeny, a series of zigzag, linear, annular and stepped cliffs, weng valley, deep barrier valley and overhanging ditch landforms were formed in the Cambrian-Ordovician limestone stratum, which constituted the Taihang scenery with deep canyons, towering waterfalls and clear springs.
There are strata in the park, which were formed between 654.38+400 million and 300 million years ago, from Yunmengshan Formation of Mesoproterozoic Jixian System to Taiyuan Formation of Upper Carboniferous System, and the exposed system is complete. There are Archean-Early Proterozoic basements, as well as typical structural relics, such as Archean gneiss complex structure in basement, basement dome structure of early Proterozoic supracrustal rocks, overlying structure of caprock, ductile shear zone structure, ductile-brittle deformation structure, brittle fracture structure, unilateral mountain structure, collapse structure and landslide structure in caprock, etc.
The special tectonic position and stratigraphic lithologic conditions make the water body and hydrodynamic action in the park extremely developed. The waterfalls, streams, travertine terraces, travertine waterfalls and travertine beaches formed represent the characteristics of karst in northern China and are a beautiful landscape.
The special geographical location and landform of the park have preserved and grown some ancient tree species such as white crane pine and beech, special plants such as bamboo forest, and protected animals such as Taihang macaque and leopard. Some special animals and plants have also become the northern boundary of their growth and distribution in northern China, so they have important protection value.
At present, there are seven categories of 170 natural landscapes, including peaks 100 and cliffs 10. A large number of geological relics are preserved in the canyon, among which the systematic and unique strata, rocks and minerals tourism resources, typical geological structure tourism resources, steep and beautiful structural erosion land tourism resources and strange and diverse tourism resources are more important.
Yunnan Shilin Geopark is located in Yunnan Province, with a total area of 400 square kilometers. The main geological remains are karst geological landforms.
Yunnan Shilin Geopark is a karst geological park with Shilin landform as its main landscape. The Late Paleozoic was a coastal-shallow sea environment, with thousands of meters of limestone and dolomite deposited, which laid the foundation for the formation of stone forest landform in this area. After the crustal movement uplifted in the later period, it became land, and was eroded by groundwater and surface water along rock cracks in many stages, eventually forming various combinations of stone forest landscapes. The earliest stone forest was formed in the late Early Permian more than 250 million years ago, and the latest is still being formed. During this period, it experienced the covering of basalt and lake clastic deposits and many uplifts and erosion. Under the unique geological, climatic and hydrological conditions, multi-stage stone forests inherit and develop, overlap each other and have distinct levels.
-It has the most diverse karst landforms in Shilin. There are the most typical stone forest karst forms in the world, not only well-developed sword karst and blade ridge karst, but also mushroom karst and tower karst. It can be described as the "Shilin Karst Museum" with high scientific and aesthetic value.
-It is the only stone forest in the subtropical plateau. In the nature reserve, low stone teeth and tall stone pillars are widely distributed in various landforms such as mountains, valleys and depressions, and are closely related to caves, lakes and waterfalls, forming a panoramic view of karst landforms. In particular, there are a series of stone pillars 20-50 meters high, which look like a forest from a distance. People call it "Stone Forest" when they look at things. The word Shilin originated here and is an ideal place to study regional geological evolution and karst process.
Sani people of Yi nationality have lived in Shilin area for more than 2,000 years, and their lives are closely related to Shilin karst. The well-known epic "Ashima", the passionate torch festival, the cheerful "Xi Leaps over the Moon" and the affectionate "Faraway Guests Please Stay" have long been widely known. Colorful national culture and rich national customs combined with pleasant Shilin landform form a harmonious beauty of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, which adds more attraction to Shilin landscape.
8. Songshan World Geopark is located in Dengfeng City, Henan Province with a total area of 450 square kilometers. The main types of geological relics are geological (including structural) sections.
Songshan Mountain is located in the southern margin of the ancient land in North China. Since 3.5 billion years, strata in Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic geological history have been continuously and completely exposed, with clear stratigraphic sequence and typical structural characteristics. Called "five generations under one roof" by geological circles, it is actually a complete stone book on the history of the earth.
Yuzhai Mountain, Jijunfeng Mountain, Wuling Mountain and Jianshan Mountain in the main peak area of Songshan Mountain are mostly composed of quartzite. Coupled with tectonic movement, peaks rising at an altitude of 400 meters, steep and delicate rock walls and strange peaks and valleys spread all over the region, forming a unique landform.
This area clearly preserves the interface traces of sedimentary discontinuity and stratigraphic angle unconformity formed by three Precambrian global crustal movements 2.3 billion years ago (named Songyang Movement), 65.438+0.85 billion years ago (Zhongyue Movement) and 570 million years ago (Shaolin Movement). Zhongyue movement shaped the embryonic form of Songshan tectonic geological body and provided the original conditions for weathering and erosion. The tectonic pattern produced by Yanshan movement provided a prototype for the present appearance of Songshan Mountain. The Himalayan movement caused Songshan Mountain to suffer erosion in the continuous uplift, and the fault fracture zone became a pass. Broken joints and cracks form canyons with different shapes, sizes and depths; Quartzite with vertical occurrence is denuded into forest landform or thousand-wall cliff. The formation of uplift, depression, fold, fault and other crustal surface structure types is a structural pattern of alternating rings, lines and blocks, which is a microcosm of crustal structural evolution. It is a natural experimental field to study the process of compressional metamorphism, folding orogeny, denudation and leveling and even the law of crustal evolution in Precambrian sedimentary construction, and it is a treasure house to popularize earth science knowledge to tourists.
Eight ethnic groups, including Han, Hui, Pumi, Bai, Yi, Miao, Uygur and Mongolian, live in the park, forming a multi-ethnic family. On the festivals of ethnic minorities, the local government and Han compatriots celebrate together, fully display their folk customs and enjoy the customs of ethnic minorities.
Songshan Mountain is one of the famous "Five Mountains" in China-"Zhongyue", with many cultural landscapes, including more than 270 temples, five halls, five palaces, three views, four halls, four caves, three altars and four pagodas. Historically, it is a place where Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism gather together, and the world-famous Shaolin Temple has a profound foundation.