Edit this section of peanuts-geographical distribution
Widely planted in various places, also cultivated in China, the seeds are used for food or oil extraction, and the stems and leaves are good green manure. After fertilization, the flower bends downward, and the young pod penetrates into the soil to mature due to the elongation of the flower stalk. Lower herbs; Stems often crawl; Even pinnate compound leaves with 2-3 pairs of leaflets and no stipules; Stipules and petioles connate; Flowers solitary or clustered in leaf axils, sessile at first, but with a very long calyx tube similar to a pedicel; Corolla butterfly-shaped, yellow, petals and stamens born at the top of calyx tube; Filaments gather into a tube, anther type 2; Ovary has 2-3 ovules; Pods are oblong, cylindrical, slightly rosary, reticulate, non-cracking, and mature underground. Peanut, also known as "peanut" or "longevity fruit", is a leguminous crop and one of the main oil varieties of high-quality edible oil. Peanut is millet. Originated in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. /kloc-was introduced to China in the 6th century, and/kloc-was developed at the end of the 9th century. In addition, since 1950s, carbonized peanut seeds have been unearthed twice in China, providing the physical data of peanuts that existed as early as the Neolithic Age. Therefore, the origin of peanut needs further discussion. Now peanuts are planted all over the country, mainly in Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces (regions). Shandong province has the largest planting area and the largest output.
Medicinal value of peanuts
Peanut fruit has high nutritional value and is rich in fat and protein. According to the determination, the fat content of peanut fruit is 44%-45%, the protein content is 24%-36%, and the sugar content is about 20%. It also contains thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and other vitamins. Mineral content is also very rich, especially containing essential amino acids, which can promote the development of brain cells and enhance memory. Peanut seed is rich in oil, and the oil squeezed from peanut kernel is light yellow, transparent and fragrant, which is a high-quality edible oil. Peanut oil is difficult to dissolve in ethanol. People can identify whether peanut oil is pure by injecting it into 70% ethanol solution and heating it to 39-40.8 degrees to see its turbidity. The source of medicinal value is Ludong Hu ā sh ng, alias peanut (Youyang miscellaneous), fallen flower ginseng (southern Yunnan materia medica), fandou, Tulu road (physical hint), longevity fruit (Ben Feng Jingyuan), Pinus elliottii and sweet bean (classic book). The source is the seed of leguminous plant peanut. In late autumn, fruits are dug, shelled and dried, commonly known as "peanuts". The prototype of bipinnately compound leaves is alternate, with 4 leaflets, oblong to obovate, 2.5 ~ 5.5 cm long and 65438 0.4 ~ 3 cm wide, with blunt or tapering apex, tapering base and entire margin; Petiole 2 ~ 5 cm long, covered with long brown hair; Stipules are large, the base is connected with the petiole base, lanceolate, 3 ~ 4 cm long, and the veins are obvious. Flowers yellow, solitary or clustered in leaf axils, with few pedicels at flowering stage; The calyx tube is slender, the upper three calyx teeth are combined into one, and the lower part is separated into two lips; Corolla butterfly, the flag flap is nearly round and wide, the wing flap is separated from the keel flap, and 9 stamens are combined, 1 degenerate; Anthers 5 oblong, 4 suborbicular; The style is slender, the branches are born on the top of the head, very small and sparse; There are one or several ovules in the ovary. After the ovule is fertilized, the ovary stalk extends underground and develops into pods. Pods are oval, usually narrow between seeds, with thick leathery skin and prominent reticulation. It is1~ 5cm long and contains 1 ~ 4 seeds. The flowering period is from June to July. Fruit-bearing period: September ~ 65438+ 10. Habitat distribution is cultivated all over the country. Chemical composition Seeds contain 40-50% of fatty oil (see "peanut oil" for its composition), 20-30% of nitrogenous substances, 8-2 1% of starch, 2-5% of cellulose, 5-8% of moisture, 2-4% of ash, vitamins, etc. Besides protein, nitrogen-containing substances also contain amino acids, such as γ-methylene glutamic acid, γ-amino-α-methylene butyric acid, lecithin, purine and alkaloids: peanut alkali, betaine and choline, which are actually impure choline. Vitamins include vitamin B 1, pantothenic acid, biotin, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. Seeds also contain triterpenoid saponins. The unsaponifiable substances in cotyledons and hypocotyls of seeds are mainly sterols, stigmasterol, campesterol, cholesterol and 24- methylene cholesterol. The seed coat contains lipids, including hydrocarbon 17. 1%, sterol ester 12.4%, triglyceride 8.4%, diglyceride 9.9%, monoglyceride 25.2% and free fatty acid 3.9%. It also contains a considerable amount of sterols, 7% catechol tannins, a small amount of ochratoxin and anthocyanins, such as colorless cyanidins and colorless delphinidins, and also contains peanut glycosides that cause goiter. The outer shell contains glycosides with cardiovascular effects (1, 3, diphenyl propylene glycol-1, 2- ketone -3 substitute). Pharmacological effects ① Hemostasis It was initially found that taking peanuts orally can alleviate the bleeding symptoms of hemophilia patients. Later, I learned that it is not only effective for hemophilia A patients (due to lack of the eighth factor), but also more effective for hemophilia B patients (lack of the eighth factor). It also has hemostatic effect on some other bleeding patients, but it has poor hemostatic effect on patients with severe bleeding. The efficacy of peanut coat is 50 times stronger than that of peanut itself, and it is greatly discounted (20 times weaker) after frying. Oral administration of10g bark extract every day is effective. Originally, hexane extraction was advocated, but now ethanol extraction is mostly used, that is, after 200 grams of peanuts are slightly fried, they are soaked in 2 kilograms of 96% ethanol for 96 hours, stirred vigorously for 8 hours every day, left standing, filtered and evaporated, and the residue is diluted to100g with 96% ethanol, and taken orally for 40 drops, four times a day. The principle of its hemostatic effect has not been fully clarified, and it has no special effect on hemophilia coagulation defect, but only relieves bleeding symptoms and does not increase the content of factor ⅱ~ X in patients' plasma. Peanut oil did not increase the contents of factors ⅱ, ⅶ and ⅹ in rats fed with high-fat diet, and had no effect on human fibrinogen and ⅷ. Peanut coat can shorten the coagulation time of hemophilia patients to normal. Some people think that its hemostatic effect is related to vasoconstriction, but it has not been confirmed. At present, it is considered that its hemostatic effect is related to anti-fibrinolysis. Oral administration of peanut skin can also reduce the fibrinolytic activity of normal people (from 100% to 40%). Peanut also has this effect on normal rabbits and rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet. Semi-refined trypsin inhibitor isolated from peanut can delay fibrinolysis, and its activity is higher than that isolated from soybean. The "euglobulin clot dissolution time" of hemophilia patients was also significantly prolonged. It has been suggested that the clinical effect of peanut on hemophilia is related to its cholinesterase. In addition, it is reported that its extract can reduce the "calcium recovery time", accelerate the activity of plasma thromboplastin and improve the elasticity of thrombus. The trypsin inhibitor contained in it can delay the production of thrombin in large doses, and slightly delay the "tissue thromboplastin time" in large doses, but has no effect on the "thrombin time". It has also been proved in animal experiments that injecting peanut aqueous solution (10% 2ml/kg) into normal dogs can shorten coagulation time and calcium recovery time, improve plasma tolerance to heparin, and promote thrombosis and thromboplastin activity. If the fibrinolytic activity is obviously inhibited or the fibrinogen concentration is reduced first, the content of factor VIII and factor VIII in blood can be increased. In vitro tests, it did not accelerate blood coagulation. It has been reported in earlier years that removing fat from peanut seeds and most of protein's leachate has heparin-like effect and can prevent blood coagulation. ② Other seeds contain some phytohemagglutinin, which can agglutinate human erythrocytes treated by sialidase and belong to anti-P agglutinin. Flavobacterium toxin is easily produced in peanuts, which can lead to liver cancer. Sex is sweet and plain. ① Ben Feng Jingyuan: "Sweet, warm and nontoxic." (2) "Avoid eating": "It is flat in nature and sweet in taste." Returning to the book "Seeking Truth from Materia Medica": "Entering the Spleen and Lung." Function is mainly used for moistening lung and regulating stomach and intestines. Treat dry cough, nausea, beriberi and lactation deficiency. ① South Yunnan Materia Medica: "Boil with salt water to cure tuberculosis, fry with dry fire to promote blood circulation, and treat abdominal cold and abdominal pain." ② "Illustration of Materia Medica in Southern Yunnan": "Tonifying the middle, boiling salt water to nourish the lungs." ③ Compendium of Materia Medica: "Strengthening spleen and moistening lung." ④ Outline of Medical Forest: "Regulating spleen to sober up, helping acne." ⑤ "Medicinal Property Test": "Take phlegm for research, stir-fry it to stimulate appetite, invigorate the spleen, moisten the intestines, and those with dry cough should eat it, nourish dryness and moisten fire." ⑥ Addendum to the Outline: "Eat more to cure nausea." ⑦ Modern practical Chinese medicine: "Treat beriberi, treat women's hypogalactia." Usage and dosage: Oral: soup or decoction. Pay attention to people who are cold and damp and have loose bowels. The attached prescription ① treats chronic cough and autumn dryness, and children's pertussis: peanut (removing the tip) and febrile disease decoction. ("Xinglin Medicine") 2 Treatment of athlete's foot: raw peanut meat (serving) three liang, red beans three liang, red dates three liang. Cook soup and drink it several times a day. ("Modern Practical Chinese Medicine") ③ Treatment of galactorrhea: three ounces of peanuts and one pig's foot (with front legs). * * * stew clothes. ("Lu Chuan Ben Cao") Various expositions 1 "Ben Feng Jing Yuan": "longevity fruit can strengthen the spleen and stomach, and is suitable for people who have a hard diet." Or the cloud is the opposite of cucumber. I ate both of them, but I was not hurt, so I showed it. (2) Seeking Truth from Materia Medica: "Peanut, according to the book, this fragrance can relax the spleen and moisten the lungs, and it is also a good product. But there is no harm in frying food. Although this smell is pure, it is not equal to the heat of walnut kernel, nor is it as cold as black taro and water chestnut. The food is delicious and lovely, which is best for drinking tea. First, the body is slippery, but it can be applied to a dry and firm body. What are the disadvantages of using it on the body with cold, dampness and qi stagnation, and is it harmless to the spleen and stomach? "It is still necessary to distinguish it from its body gas, and then it can be obtained." Clinical application ① Peanut skin was made into 100% injection, which was used to treat various hemorrhagic diseases. A small amount of hemorrhagic diseases were generally injected intramuscularly 1 ~ 2 times a day; 2 ~ 5 ml each time. 1 ~ 2 days can stop bleeding. Severe bleeding can be stopped by intravenous injection, 1 ~ 2 times a day, 20 ~ 40 ml each time, within a few hours to 12 hours. It has been applied to 285 cases of internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery and obstetrics and gynecology, and more than 80% of the cases have achieved satisfactory hemostasis effect. Especially for hemophilia, primary and secondary thrombocytopenic purpura, liver disease bleeding, postoperative bleeding, cancer bleeding and visceral bleeding such as stomach, intestine, lung and uterus, the hemostatic effect is more obvious. ② For the treatment of chronic tracheitis, 2 pieces of peanut skin were decocted in water for more than 10 hour, filtered, concentrated to 100 ml, and added with sugar. Take it twice a day, 10 day is a course of treatment. 407 cases were treated, 8 cases were recently controlled, 74 cases were markedly effective, 230 cases were improved and 95 cases were ineffective. ③ Treatment of chilblain: stir-fry peanut skin and grind it into fine powder, add 100 ml vinegar every 50 g to make it paste, take 1 g camphor, dissolve it in a small amount of alcohol, and then add it and mix well. Apply to chilblain, thickness 1 layer, and wrap with cloth. More than 50 cases were treated and generally recovered in 2 ~ 3 days.
Edit this passage by Watson-writer Xu Dishan
brief introduction
Xu Dishan (1893 ~ 194 1) is a modern writer and scholar. The real name is Zankun, the word is good, and the pen name is Watson. My ancestral home is Jieyang, Guangdong, and I was born in a patriotic family in Tainan, Taiwan Province Province. After returning to the mainland, he settled in Longxi, Fujian. 19 10 After graduating from middle school, I worked as a teacher in normal schools and middle schools. 19 17 was admitted to yenching university College of Literature, and 1920 graduated and stayed as a teacher. During this period, he and Zhai Qiubai, Zheng Zhenduo and others co-organized the magazine "New Society" to actively promote the revolution. Engaged in literary activities around the May 4th Movement, 192 1 1. He and Shen Yanbing, Ye Shengtao, Zheng Zhenduo, etc. 12 people initiated the establishment of a literary research society in Peiping and founded the Novel Monthly. From 65438 to 0922, he went to the United States and entered the Philosophy Department of the Graduate School of Columbia University in new york to study religious history and comparative studies, and obtained a master's degree in literature. Later, he transferred to Mansfield College of Oxford University to study religion, Indian philosophy, Sanskrit, anthropology and folklore. From 65438 to 0927, he returned to China and worked as an associate professor and professor in yenching university College of Literature and Religious Studies, devoting himself to literary creation. 1935 was hired as the director professor of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Hong Kong, and his family moved to Hong Kong. During his stay in Hong Kong, he also served as the chairman of the Sino-British Cultural Association in Hong Kong. 1937 After the July 7th Incident, he published articles and speeches to publicize anti-Japanese and oppose surrender. After the "Southern Anhui Incident", Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Yibing signed a letter calling for unity, peace and a truce. At the same time, he served as the executive director of the Hong Kong branch of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, campaigning for the cause of resisting Japan and saving the nation, and carrying out various organizational and educational work. Eventually he died of overwork. Most of Xu Dishan's literary works in his life are set in Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Southeast Asia and India. His main works include Rain on an Empty Mountain, Weaving a Spider, Falling into a Dangerous Nest, History of Taoism, Collection of Great Hearts, Indian Literature, etc. His translated works include Twenty Nights, Sunrise, Bangladeshi Folk Tales and so on.
Xu Dishan's Translation
Xu Dishan has great respect for Tagore, India's "poet saint". He likes Tagore's works, so he has translated Tagore's poems and novels, such as Jitan Yingli (in classical Chinese, unpublished), On the way to Kolkata (novel monthly 12 No.4) and Master, take my lute (novel monthly 22 1 issue). Because of his love for Tagore, he became interested in Indian literature. 1928 translated Bangladeshi folk stories, 1930 published a monograph "Indian Literature", 1934 translated "Indian Story", "The Sun Rises" and "Twenty Nights Asked", thus becoming a famous expert in Indian literature. After several years of hard work, Xu Dishan's efforts for Sino-Indian cultural exchanges have achieved fruitful results. According to statistics, Xu Dishan wrote 8 academic papers and 5 academic papers in the years after he returned from studying in Britain (from 1927 to 1935 when he left yenching university). Among them, Indian Literature published by 1930 is the first monograph on the history of Indian literature written by China people themselves. This book is inseparable from his profound knowledge of literature and translation. In the early 1930s, Ke Zhenghe, the editor-in-chief of Beiping Chinese Music Club, edited Hundred Collections of World Famous Songs, which was divided into ten volumes, each with ten songs (published by Beiping Chinese Music Club 1932 and 10). The ten lyrics of the first volume are all translated by Xu Dishan, and the preface written by Xu Dishan and the preface written by Ke Zhenghe are in the front of the book. What Xu Dishan wrote in the preface about his playing, learning, teaching music and composing is little known. He began to learn music before he became a student of Guangzhou Confucian Temple. He is good at pipa, composing music and writing lyrics (although his work seems to have nothing to do with music, he attaches great importance to music and music education). At the same time, Xu Dishan is proficient in temperament, familiar with western music and western folk songs, and has devoted great enthusiasm to the music of Britain, Germany, France, Russia, Scotland, Austria, Italy, Spain and other countries. The ten famous songs he translated are a proof. These ten famous songs are all love songs except "The Ship Rocks Like a Cradle". There is a sincere and burning emotion when writing love: "fiery hands hold each other." Lips are trembling. Whispering is as beautiful as a song, it comes from me. You want nothing in the world, but I am what you want. " ("Do it again! 》); There is a love story about lovers' parting: "Wild birds are singing, wild flowers are in full bloom, and the sun is as quiet as sleep, although happiness under it can eliminate sadness." But the frustration does not look forward to the spring return "("Luo "); There is a nostalgic complex in life: "can you forget your old friends and not keep them in your heart?" "Can you forget your old friends and the past days? Old times, I love, old times, we have to drink to this. " ("Can you forget your old friend? 》)。 From the ten lyrics and prefaces he translated, we can feel his love for life and his unique human feelings. Without his devotion to art and rich life experience, it is hard to imagine that he can translate such elegant and affectionate world famous songs. For Xu Dishan, translation is also artistic creation. Therefore, after meeting with Ke Zhenghe, a musician he admired, Xu Dishan shared the same view when talking about music education. Ke Zhenghe asked him to translate western music, and he agreed. In the preface to the first volume of One Hundred Famous World Songs, he said: "In the fifteenth year of the Republic of China, I came back from Europe, went to Binglang Island, went to a school run by overseas Chinese, and found some old colleagues. We have been apart for more than ten years. However, the singing lessons taught in that school are not only the same as those ten years ago, but also the same as those learned in my primary school. I asked them why they didn't teach new ones, and they all asked me where they came from. The more it makes me feel that I must run a music school. But although I am interested in music, my knowledge of music is not enough to advocate it. This must be done by experts. "Here, it is not difficult for us to understand Xu Dishan's good intentions of popularizing music education. We can see that Xu Dishan did translate and introduce good western music works for us with his pen.
Xu Dishan's Translation Style
Having said that, I would like to quote a passage from the Collection of Folklores in Bangladesh translated by Xu Dishan: "This translation is based on the book of Macmillan Company in 19 12. I didn't translate word for word, but wrote the meaning of each story frankly. As for the bottom sentence of the original text, it is sometimes added or deleted in translation, because the compilation of folk stories only needs to be clear about its content, and it is not necessary to consider it word by word like the rest of the article. The reason why I translated these 22 stories is that I am very interested in the study of folklore. Every time I feel that there are many folk stories in China, I should translate more Indian stories. First, it must be very helpful to study China folklore. Second, because Zhi Zi asked me to read a novel this spring, I haven't written it for a long time, and I can't write much for a while. It's better to translate it to her at the end of two or three months. Tell her a 10, 20 stories, which will better satisfy her. " After reading this passage, we can easily understand Xu Dishan's translation style-simple and true, just like his people. Of course, the style of translation is closely related to the style of translation, which Xu Dishan is familiar with. The translation of the book Folk Tales in Bangladesh is very simple. The following is another German folk song translated by Xu Dishan. Let us appreciate his skillful translation skills and solid writing skills: the nocturne rises at the end of summer and the beginning of the month, on the silent mountain top; The distant vibrato is low, which is the whisper of the nightingale. Sing, happy nightingale! Singing under the silver light, we can't hear other voices on this dreamy summer night. There are clouds in the western sky, and darkness seems to be coming. Stop it! Don't get close to the time of covering up love for a moment, stop! At the end of summer and the beginning of the month, at the top of the silent mountain; The distant vibrato is low, that's the nightingale's whistle, that's the nightingale's whistle, sing, happy nightingale! Singing under the silver light, we can't hear other voices on this dreamy summer night. Happy birds, sing for us! Happy birds, sing for us! At the same time, we can find that the main purpose of Xu Dishan's translation is to introduce and spread foreign cultures and promote the development of China culture. His translations of Bangladeshi Folk Tales and Twenty Nights are of great academic value to the study of folklore in China. The translation of famous western songs has also played a certain role in the popularization of music education in China. "Peanut" pursues truth and progress all his life and teaches and educates people all his life. His early death is indeed an irreparable loss for literary and academic circles. The "peanut spirit" he enthusiastically advocated is commendable and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. His translation will also be branded forever.
Catalogue of works
Stylistic Grammar Outline 192 1, Life Weaving Spider ((Short Stories) 1925, Business Businessman Woman (Short Stories) Arju, 1925, Business Empty Mountain (Prose Collection) 1925, Business Impossible. Indian Literature of Beijing Cultural Society (Monograph) 1930, Commercial Liberator (Collection of Short Stories) 1933, Taoist History of Beijing Xingyuntang Bookstore (Volume I, Monograph) 1934, Commercial Spring Peach (Short Stories Collection) 1935, Selected Works of Life Falling Watson (Short Stories) A Study on the Superstition of Fu Ji in Shanghai Antique Bookstore 194 1, Miscellaneous Stories of Businessmen 1946, Notes on Shang Wei's Nest (. Peanut Collection edited by Yanda Library, 193 1, Bangladeshi folk story written by Indian Dai Bo Huli, 1929, Twenty Nights of Business edited by Bain, England, 1955, The Writer edited by Bain, England.
Chronology of Xu Dishan's Translation
1. On the way to Gherta (written by Tagore) 192 1 April Novel Monthly 12 Volume 4 2. Bats that can be handed over and clever canaries 1924 June Novel Monthly Report 15 Volume 6 3. Song of the month. 4. The love life of famous people in Europe and America/KOOC-0/928/KOOC-0/Monthly Novel/KOOC-0/9 Volume/KOOC-0//KOOC-0/No.65438 +02 5. Folktales in Bangladesh [According to Collection of Folktales in Bangladesh, edited by Dai Bohao]1929110/0,1956 6th edition, Commercial Press 6. Master, take my lute (written by Tagore) 193 1, volume 22, issue 1. 7. Le Sheng Pei Defen's love story is the same as above. 8. The Future of Civilization 193 1 Beijing Morning Post [Indian F.W. Bain, Volume 1] 1955, 1 Edition, Writers Publishing House,/KLOC-. It falls in the sun [according to the eighth volume of the same book] 1956, version 1.
Edit this article with the same name.
We have half an acre of vacant land in the back garden of our house in Xudishan. My mother said, "It's a pity to let it go to waste. If you love peanuts so much, open them. " My brother and sister are very happy. We bought seeds, turned the ground, planted seeds and watered them. A few months later, we really harvested them. Mother said, "We are going to have a harvest festival tonight. Would you please invite your father to try our new peanuts? " We all agreed. Mother made peanuts into several foods and ordered a celebration in Mao Ting's backyard. It's not a good night, but it's really hard to get dad here. Father said, "Do you like peanuts?" We struggled to agree: "love!" "Who can tell the benefits of peanuts?" My sister said, "peanuts are delicious." My brother said, "Peanuts can extract oil." I said, "peanuts are cheap, anyone can buy them and like them all." This is its advantage. "Father said:" Peanut has many benefits, but one thing is the most precious: its fruit is buried underground, unlike peaches, pomegranates and apples, which hang bright red and green fruits high on the branches, making people fall in love at first sight. "You see, it grows very short on the ground. When it is ripe, you can't immediately judge whether it has fruit or not. You have to dig it out to know. " We all agreed, and mom nodded. Father went on to say, "so you should be like a peanut." Although it is not beautiful, it is very useful. " I said, "well, people should be useful, not just decent, but bad for others." The father said, "Yes. This is my hope for you. " We talked until late at night. All the food made of peanuts was finished, but my father's words were deeply imprinted in my heart. Main contents: We plant peanuts and harvest peanuts. Then my mother proposed a harvest festival and made preparations for it. During the harvest festival, my father and I talked while eating peanuts. Plot: Peanut has many advantages, one of which is the most precious: its fruit is buried underground, unlike peaches, pomegranates and apples, which hang bright red and light green fruits high on the branches, making people fall in love at first sight. You see, it grows short on the ground, and when it matures, it can't tell whether there is fruit or not. You have to dig it up to know. Revelation: people should be useful, not only decent, but also not good to others. So you should be like peanuts. Although not beautiful, it is very useful. Like peanuts, we should have the spirit of simplicity, obscurity, selfless dedication, not seeking fame and fortune, and not making public.