1. duplicate checking software: use professional duplicate checking software, such as Turnitin, iThenticate, etc. The similarity between the text in the paper and other documents can be detected. These softwares compare papers with a large number of documents in the database and generate similarity reports. If there are a lot of similar contents in the paper, it may mean plagiarism.
2. References and citations: Check whether the references and citations in the paper are accurate and complete. Plagiarism usually manifests itself in not quoting others' research results correctly, or deliberately deleting references to cover up plagiarism. Therefore, careful examination of references and quotations is an important step to judge plagiarism.
3. Language and expression: Compare whether the language and expression in the paper are similar to other documents. Plagiarism may be manifested by directly copying sentences, paragraphs or whole articles of others without making appropriate changes and rewriting. Therefore, paying attention to whether the language and expression in the paper are similar to other documents is helpful to judge whether there is plagiarism.
4. Experimental design and data: Check whether the experimental design and data in the paper are similar to other studies. Plagiarism may be manifested by directly copying other people's experimental designs, data or results without proper modification and explanation. Therefore, careful examination of the experimental design and data in the paper is helpful to judge whether there is plagiarism.
5. Academic ethics and integrity: consider the author's academic ethics and integrity. If the author has plagiarism records in other studies, or is accused of plagiarism by other scholars, then the possibility of plagiarism in this paper is higher.
It should be noted that judging whether there is plagiarism in a paper is a subjective process, and different people may have different opinions. Therefore, when making a judgment, we should comprehensively consider multiple factors and make an objective and fair evaluation as much as possible. In addition, the academic circles should also strengthen the supervision and punishment of plagiarism in order to improve the level of academic integrity.