cell
Intestinal bacteria can prevent and treat viral infection.
Andrew T. Gewirtz of Georgia State University found that segmental filamentous bacteria can prevent and treat rotavirus infection. The research results were published online in the international academic journal Cell on 10/9 and 10.
Although the elimination of rotavirus usually requires adaptive immunity, the researchers inadvertently constructed anti-rotavirus immunodeficiency mice, which the researchers speculated reflected that some microorganisms could specifically resist rotavirus. Moreover, this RV resistance can be spread through accommodation and fecal transplantation.
The microbial flora of RV was protected by heating, filtering and antibacterial treatment, and then the diluted treated microbial flora was transferred to sterile mice for microbial analysis.
This method shows that segmented filamentous bacteria can protect mice from RV infection and related diarrhea. This protective effect has nothing to do with the previously defined RV impedance factors, including interferon, IL- 17 and IL-22. The colonization of SFB in ileum induces changes in host gene expression and accelerates epithelial cell renewal.
In vitro, incubation of RV with feces containing SFB can reduce the infectivity of RV, indicating that RV can be directly neutralized. Therefore, SFB can provide protection against some enterovirus infections and related diarrhea without being affected by immune cells.
It is reported that rotavirus contacts intestinal epithelial cells surrounded by various microorganisms, which provides the possibility that microorganisms can affect RV infection.
Related paper information:
● Scientists put forward a "white paper" on genome-wide analysis.
Roseann E. Peterson's research group in virginia commonwealth university, USA, elaborated the genome-wide association studies of genetic diversity population: opportunities, methods, defects and suggestions. The results were published online in Cell from June 19 to June 10/0.
In order to promote the research of multi-ethnic and mixed population, the researchers outlined the main methodological considerations, and focused on opportunities, challenges, solutions and areas that need to be developed.
Although researchers think it is difficult to analyze the genetic data of different populations, it is necessary in science and ethics, and an extended analysis toolbox can do this well.
It is reported that genome-wide association studies mainly pays attention to people of European origin, but it is important that diverse people have better representation. The increasing diversity of research participants will enhance our understanding of the genetic structure of all populations and ensure the wide applicability of genetic research.
Related paper information:
New England Journal of Medicine
A controlled trial of two incremental breast-feeding methods for premature infants
Jon Dorling's research team at Dalhousie University in Canada has made a new achievement recently. They conducted two controlled trials to increase the progress of breastfeeding in premature infants. Related papers were published in the New England Journal of Medicine 20 19, 10, 10.
The research group recruited 2804 ultra-premature or ultra-low birth weight infants and randomly divided them into two groups. Among them, 1.224 infants in the rapidly increasing group increased their breast milk by 30ml per kg body weight every day, while 1.246 infants in the slowly increasing group increased their breast milk by1.8ml per kg body weight every day until they reached the normal feeding amount.
802 infants in the rapid growth group survived without moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disorder, and 848 infants in the slow growth group survived. The incidence of delayed sepsis was 29.8% in the rapid growth group and 365,438 0.65,438 0% in the slow growth group. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was 5.0% in the fast-growing group and 5.6% in the slow-growing group.
In short, for ultra-premature infants or ultra-low birth weight infants, increasing 30 ml of breast milk per kilogram per day can not significantly improve the survival rate without moderate and severe neurodevelopmental disorders compared with 18 ml of breast milk.
It is reported that the slow increase of intestinal feeding in premature infants can reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis, but increase the risk of late septicemia.
Related paper information:
science
● Revealed the fate determination mechanism of T cells in tissue resident memory.
Recently, Thorsten R. Mempel of Massachusetts General Hospital found that migrating dendritic cells activated cytokines to transform growth factor β, and pretreated the initial CD8 positive T cells, thus establishing the fate of memory T cells in tissues. The study was published in the journal Science on1October 6th.
The researchers found that TGF-β epigenetics regulated the initial CD8 positive T cells that were quiescent during immune homeostasis, and prepared for the formation of epidermal permanent memory T cells in the mouse model of skin inoculation.
The initial regulation of T cells occurs in lymph nodes, not in spleen, which occurs through I- dependent interaction with the major histocompatibility complex of migrating DC from surrounding tissues, and depends on TGF-β to activate the expression of DCαV integrin.
Therefore, by limiting the signal of LN, the pre-immunization T cell bank can prepare for the differentiation fate of specific memory T cells.
According to reports, eTRM cells are outposts in barrier tissues, which are used to defend against previously encountered pathogens. The production mode of eTRM cells is of great significance for inducing self-formation or preventing autoimmune diseases through immunity.
Related paper information:
● Scientists reveal the rhythm regulation mechanism of forebrain synapses.
2019101,Steven A. Brown, Shiva K. Tyagarajan of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and Maria S. Robles of the University of Munich, Germany, published papers in Science, revealing that the synaptic transcription group in the forebrain is regulated by time, but its protein group is driven by sleep.
Using biochemical methods, the researchers revealed that the accumulation of synaptic transcripts in the forebrain showed the vast majority of daily rhythms, and two-thirds of synaptic transcripts showed time-related abundance, regardless of the oscillation of somatic cells.
These transcripts form two different time and function groups. Transcripts before morning are related to metabolism and translation, and transcripts at night are related to synaptic transmission.
The all-weather characteristics of synaptic proteome prove the functional correlation between time gating and synaptic process and energy homeostasis. Unexpectedly, sleep deprivation completely eliminated protein's group, but the transcript did not oscillate.
Generally speaking, these findings indicate the circadian rhythm of messenger RNA in synapses, which is translated according to the sleep-wake cycle.
It is reported that neurons form a mechanism to transport RNA and protein to distant dendrites and axons.
Related paper information:
This study reveals the kinetics of synaptic protein phosphorylation during sleep-wake cycle.
Maria S. Robles of the University of Munich and Steven A. Brown of the University of Zurich in Switzerland cooperated to reveal the daily dynamics of synaptic protein phosphorylation caused by sleep-wake cycle. Related papers were published in the journal Science published on1June 9+10/October1day.
The advanced quantitative phosphorylated protein omics was applied to the mouse forebrain synaptosomes isolated within 24 hours, which can accurately quantify nearly 8,000 kinds of phosphopeptides.
Half of synaptic phosphorylated proteins have the largest amplitude rhythm during the transition from rest to activity and from activity to rest.
Bioinformatics analysis reveals the overall time control of synaptic function through phosphorylation, including synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton reorganization and excitation/inhibition balance.
Sleep deprivation eliminates 98% of all phosphorylation cycles in synaptosomes, which indicates that sleep-wake cycle rather than circadian rhythm signal is the main driving factor of synaptic phosphorylation, and it responds to sleep and wake stress.
It is reported that circadian rhythm drives daily physiological changes, including sleep-wake cycle, by regulating transcription, protein abundance and function. Circadian phosphorylation regulates cellular processes in peripheral organs, but its role in brain function and synaptic activity is poorly understood.
Related paper information:
● Discovering aversion is regulated by NMDA.
A team from M. A. Diana, University of Neuroscience in Seine, Paris, France, found that glycine-gated Glu 1/Glu3N- methyl -D- aspartate receptors control the aversion of the medial habenular nucleus in adults. This research result was published in the journal Science in 20 19 10.1.
They found that GluN 1/GluN3A receptor plays a role in the neurons of adult MHb in mice. Without the expertise of glycinergic neurons in MHb, glial cells regulate neuronal activity through GluN 1/GluN3A receptors.
Reducing the level of GluN 1/GluN3A receptor in MHb can prevent the regulation of aversion. Glycine controls negative emotional association through excitatory glycinergic NMDA receptor. This study expands the physiological and behavioral significance of glycine.
It is reported that the nonclassical NMDA receptor subunits GluN3A and GluN3B can generate excitatory conductance activated by glycine when they are combined with other glycine-binding subunits GluN 1. However, the functional GluN 1/GluN3 receptor has not been identified in natural adult tissues.
Related paper information:
● Data analysis reveals the unequal relations in prehistoric society.
Heidi Deeg, Philipp W. Stockhammer and Alissa Mittnik of Max Planck Institute of Human History Science in Germany jointly discovered the social inequality based on blood relationship in the Bronze Age in Europe. The research results were published online in the journal Science on 10/0/9+09.
It is a great challenge to reveal and understand the mechanism behind the inequality in prehistoric society. By combining genome-wide data, isotopic evidence and anthropological and archaeological data, researchers have surpassed the dominant super-regional method in archaeology, thus revealing the social status, inheritance rules and migration complexity of the Bronze Age.
They analyzed the whole genome data of 104 people in farm-related cemeteries in southern Germany from the late Neolithic period to the mid-Bronze Age by using the deep microzone method.
Their research results show that the individual family after several generations includes a high-status nuclear family and unrelated individuals. This kind of organization is accompanied by patriarchy and female foreign spouses, and the system has remained stable for more than 700 years.
Related paper information: British Medical Journal
Systematic review of antithrombotic therapy after coronary artery bypass grafting
Recently, Rodrigo Bagur, a professor at the University of Western Canada, and his research team conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of antithrombotic therapy after coronary artery bypass grafting. This study was published online in the British Medical Journal from 20 19 to 10/0.
The research group searched the papers published before October 20 19 65438+25 from Medline, Embase, Web of Science and other large databases, and screened the randomized controlled trial of oral antithrombotic drugs to prevent the failure of great saphenous vein transplantation after coronary artery bypass grafting.
Finally, 20 trials were included in the network meta-analysis, * * * including 4803 adult subjects and 9 interventions.
The analysis results show that compared with aspirin monotherapy, moderately definitive evidence supports dual antiplatelet therapy, that is, aspirin+ticagrel or aspirin+clopidogrel can reduce the failure of saphenous vein transplantation.
There was no significant difference in the incidence of massive hemorrhage, myocardial infarction and death between different antithrombotic treatments. However, the heterogeneity and inconsistency of these experiments are quite different.
In short, the results of this network meta-analysis suggest that aspirin+ticagrel or clopidogrel can effectively prevent the failure of great saphenous vein transplantation after coronary artery bypass grafting. The safety and effectiveness of dual antiplatelet therapy after operation should be fully weighed.
Related paper information:
Cooperation matters:. Communication network (short for Communicating Net)
Submit:. Communication network (short for Communicating Net)
Heart of the King 2 Click on the demo.