After learning a lot of perceptual geographical knowledge, through further comprehensive analysis, comparative judgment and step-by-step reasoning, the essential connection that is finally abstracted is the geographical law, and any geographical law has the characteristics of continuous time and space and conforms to every situation in the actual change process. How to master the law of knowledge is an important topic in geography learning methods, and it is also one of the ways to cultivate learning ability. 1, the importance of learning the law of knowledge, learning the law of knowledge helps to remember knowledge. Typical examples and methods of reasoning and memory of geographical laws have been introduced earlier. Learning the laws of knowledge is helpful to master the structure of geographical knowledge, especially the laws of geographical evolution. Learning the law of knowledge is helpful to improve the comprehensive level and the ability of analysis and generalization. Learning the law of knowledge is helpful to cultivate the ability of spatial imagination and establish the concept of geographical time and space. 2. Basic classification of geographical knowledge laws According to the characteristics of geographical disciplines, we divide geographical knowledge laws into three types: the laws of mutual connection between geographical things. This is a law that reflects the essential and inevitable relationship between various geographical things. Example 1: the integrity of geographical environment is the law of mutual influence and restriction among natural geographical elements such as topography, climate, vegetation, animals, soil, surface water and groundwater. This law is generally applicable to the learning process of natural features in various geographical areas. With the rapid development of science and technology, human and geographical elements such as resources, energy, industry, agriculture, population and cities are constantly emerging. They are constantly establishing the law characteristics of mutual influence and mutual restriction. This universal law is widely used in geography and has become one of the important ways in the process of geographical thinking. The law of geographical evolution. This is a law that reflects the inevitable trend of the development and change of geographical things. Example 2: In geological process, internal force and external force always act at the same time; Internal force makes the terrain uneven, and external force makes the terrain flat; Internal force is the dominant force and external force is the auxiliary force; They * * * all determine the changing law of the material circulation in the crust, and make the surface space where human beings live always change between turbulent ups and downs, relative stability and turbulent ups and downs, in a relatively balanced state. Temporal and spatial distribution of geography. This reflects the inevitable distribution of geographical things in time and space, and is the main content of the law of geographical knowledge in middle schools. According to the scope of time and space, it can be divided into five categories: the horizontal distribution law of geographical things is the horizontal distribution law of geographical things, for example, the horizontal distribution of world forest resources is mainly in tropical and sub-frigid zones, as well as on the east and west sides of mid-latitude continents; The vertical distribution law of geographical things is the vertical distribution law of geographical things, for example, the temperature in the troposphere decreases gradually with the increase of height; The daily variation law of geographical things is the variation law of geographical things in a solar day, such as the daily variation law of temperature-the temperature gradually decreases from 14 pm to 4 am, and gradually increases from 4 am to 14 pm; The annual change law of geographical things is the change law of geographical things in different seasons of the year, such as the change law of water quantity in Tarim River all year round-the water quantity increases with the increase of temperature; The interannual variation law of geographical things is the variation law of geographical things between different years, such as the 1 1 annual variation cycle of sunspots. 3. The method of summarizing knowledge laws (1) extreme value generalization method. Let's analyze an example together and then summarize the method. Example 3: The linear velocity of the earth's revolution gradually decreases from perihelion to apohelion. However, when many students answer this question, they will always come to the conclusion that "the speed of perihelion is large, and the speed of far-line is small". This conclusion obviously does not generalize the distribution law of the linear velocity of the earth orbit, but only puts forward the spatial position where the maximum and minimum linear velocity values appear. The two special points can not reflect the size and continuous change of the linear velocity of the earth's orbit at each space position on the orbit. The above correct description conforms to the linear velocity distribution law of each point on the orbit of revolution. From the examples, we can find that there are essential differences between the two answers, and at the same time, there are amazing similarities in techniques. Can students learn some useful experience from the process of failure? Summarizing the temporal and spatial distribution law of geographical things should start with careful observation of intuitive images, which is an important basis for abstractly summarizing the geographical distribution law. Grasping the maximum and minimum values in the distribution situation is the golden key to abstractly summarize the distribution law of geographical things. From the maximum value (minimum value) to the minimum value (maximum value), time and space are described continuously, in which words are often used.