Analysis of argumentation test sites

1. Accurately grasp the point of view of the paragraph (including the central argument and sub-arguments)

Argument is the basic viewpoint put forward by the author in the article, and it is also the central idea expounded in the article, and the central argument is the core of the author's viewpoint.

In order to accurately analyze and summarize the argument, we must first determine two questions:

(1) Arguments and topics. The thesis is the object and scope of the author's discussion; Argument is the author's view on the topic, which should be a clear judgment and a complete sentence in form. An argument cannot be a question, a phrase or a metaphor.

② Central argument and sub-argument. Some articles have both central arguments and sub-arguments. Remember: argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and sub-arguments are set up to prove or supplement the central argument. Sub-argument is the supporting material of the central argument.

The examination form of this test center is to find out or summarize the central argument of the article.

(1) Argumentative position:

(1) the most common is at the beginning, have a plenty of cut to the chase; Have a plenty of quotes from celebrities; Some come from examples or famous sayings. Pay attention to the suggestive effect of hints in the article on the argument.

(2) At the end, opinions are often put forward first, discussed at different levels, and finally the central argument is summarized. Pay attention to summarizing inductive language.

(3) There is often a process of putting forward opinions in the middle of an article. After some discussion, the central argument was put forward. This method is often used in general argumentative papers. Pay attention to the interlanguage before and after the connection.

Other central arguments are implied in the argument and need to be summarized by readers. This kind of article is difficult to read, and it needs a good study of the relationship between the content of the article and the topic before it can be summarized (but in the senior high school entrance examination, such a difficult problem is rarely chosen).

Many times, the topic is often the central argument of this article.

(2) Find the right argument:

Argument should be a clear judgment (with the author's obvious tendency), a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Linguistic form of argument

In addition to finding parameters in the location, you can also use the following methods:

The analysis of the content of the article helps to find out the argument.

(2) Argument analysis helps to find out arguments. Because an argument proves an argument, analyze this argument and see what it proves. It proves an argument.

(3) analyzing the topic helps to find the argument. Pay special attention to that some topics are not arguments, but topics.

(4) analyzing the topic helps to find the argument.

⑤ Analyze keywords. Including the recurring "keywords" and summative "tips" in the text.

⑥ Analyze the sub-arguments and find the central argument.

(3) Summary method:

Form of examination questions: summarize the arguments of the article.

Focus: summarize the central argument of argumentative paper, make a clear judgment or statement in language expression, with obvious tendency.

When summing up the argument, ① we should grasp the key words; (2) Use judgments or statements; ③ Pay attention to the analysis of materials; The language should be concise, fluent in meaning, based on scores, and flashy.

If there is a statement that clearly shows the point at the beginning of an article, and there is the same or similar statement at the end of the article, the statement that appears at the beginning is the argument; Some paragraphs don't have clear sentences, so it is necessary to combine and refine several sub-arguments; In other articles, the author's point of view permeates the argument and needs to be understood and summarized.

"Five Views" of Proof Argument

(1) Look at the position (title; Start; The ending; In the middle)

(2) Look at the topic

(3) Look at language symbols (arguments should be complete and clear judgments or statements. )

(4) Look at the arguments

5] See argument (proof; Part; Supplementary)

Generalization argument

(1) Look at the topic (2) Look at the argument (3) Look at the argument (4) Look at the words that appear many times in the text.

Form of argument

(1) Use the title to point out the argument.

(2) Cut to the chase and put forward arguments.

(3) On the basis of narration, the thesis is drawn.

(4) Use famous sayings to lead out or put forward arguments (5) After the argument is over, summarize the arguments.

2. Determine the arguments and analyze the relationship between them.

The function of argument is either to prove the correctness of the viewpoint or to refute the wrong viewpoint. Distinguish between factual argument and rational argument. Find out what this argument is used to prove. Some arguments directly prove the "central argument", others directly prove the "sub-argument" and indirectly prove the "central argument".

It should be noted that some articles illustrate the central argument by dividing several small arguments, and those small arguments are also the arguments of the central argument. Sometimes, the part quoted in the article is not necessarily an argument, but depends on its relationship with the argument and whether it proves the argument.

This test center can make a comprehensive investigation or supplement factual argument and rational argument with other test centers.

Examination form: point out the function of an argument or how an argument proves an argument.

Key points:

(1) The argument of fact, which proves concretely and vividly, is convincing.

This argument proves that ... is authoritative and persuasive.

skill

Linguistic form of factual argument

(1) Who did it according to the requirements of the argument, and what are the good results?

(2) Who violates the requirements of argumentation and what are the adverse consequences.

The order of factual arguments

First of all, we must consider the corresponding viewpoints. Only in this way can we give full play to the supporting role of arguments and make them better support arguments.

(2) Secondly, we should also consider the internal relationship of the factual arguments themselves:

Time: ancient-present; Modern-ancient space: inside-outside; Foreign-China Position: Primary School-Middle School.

3. Analyze the argumentation process and grasp the structure of the article.

The basic framework of argumentative writing is: introduction (asking questions; What is it)-this theory (analyzing problems; Why)-conclusion (solving the problem; How), that is, "the structure of syllogism."

However, according to the needs of content and problems, different articles often evolve into various structural ways, such as juxtaposition, progression, total score, comparison and so on. Therefore, when reading an argumentative essay, we should pay attention to analyzing its argumentation process, grasping its thinking and combing its structure.

There are two key points in analyzing the structure: one is to analyze the level of paragraphs and sentences; The second is to use the method of analysis and demonstration.

When analyzing the level of paragraphs and sentences, first look at where the article has completed the task of asking questions; Where to analyze the problem; Where to end, draw a conclusion.

Another thing to note is that the opening sentence of a paragraph is often the key, so we should firmly grasp it for analysis and understanding.

In short, after the above analysis of the article, in general, the structure and ideas of the article are very clear, and finally a structural system diagram can be summarized.

Argumentative essays can be divided into argumentation and refutation.

Refutation can refute arguments, arguments, arguments. Under normal circumstances, argumentative papers are not tested after the senior high school entrance examination.

Question form: How does the author prove the argument? The probability of this test center is relatively low.

Point: In order to prove a point, the author first uses an argument and then analyzes it, thus proving a point. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

skill

In this paper, some common structural forms are ① juxtaposition ② progressive ③ contrast.

The role of non-argument elements in the article

Although the language of argumentative writing is mainly discussion, it also uses other expressions, and there are also some elements that criticize the paper. Essays especially need to describe some examples, clarify facts, explain the reasons and characteristics of some things, and express feelings such as love, hate, likes and dislikes. Paying attention to reading these components can help you understand the essence of the argument more accurately and concretely.

Form of examination questions: the function of these non-critical paper components or their relationship with discussion.

Key points: The elements of critical essays in argumentative essays all serve the argument. Different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using non-argumentative ingredients.

Narration in argumentative writing usually has the following functions:

(1) leads to arguments, topics and discussions.

② Act as a "factual argument".

③ Stimulate readers' interest in reading.

5. Judgment and demonstration methods

The general exam will let the respondents distinguish what argumentation method is used. Among them, examples are easy to distinguish; Generally speaking, rational arguments are based on famous sayings, including the author's comments in the article; Metaphorical argument refers to the rhetorical device of metaphor used in argumentation statement (this method must be explained by metaphor); Comparative argument generally needs to find out both positive and negative arguments.

Form of examination questions: demonstrate the function of methods or illustrate how the author demonstrates his own views with examples. This test center is a regular test center. )

Key points of the answer: the function of the demonstration method itself+the viewpoint of paragraph proof.

(1) demonstrate with examples: demonstrate

(2) Reasoning and argumentation: The argumentation ... has been proved to be logical and convincing.

Prove that the argument of ... is authoritative and convincing.

(3) Comparative argumentation: argumentation.

④ Metaphorical argument: It vividly proves that ... is easy to understand and accept.

Summarize the proven views:

① Extract the central sentence of the viewpoint.

(2) Contact the central argument and summarize it according to the argument.

(3) After analyzing the argument, analyze the text and make a summary.

6. Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing.

Argumentative language is characterized by rigor, accuracy, vividness, distinctiveness and generalization.

① Grasp the key words and analyze them to understand their meanings, emotional colors, functions, etc. , and understand the accuracy and rigor of the discussion language.

② Analyze rhetorical methods and the use of idioms and allusions, and realize their vividness.

③ Analyze the relationship between sentences and reveal their logical rigor.

Accuracy, rigor and uniqueness of language

(1) From the choice and application of words, appropriate restrictions are powerful and words are appropriate.

⑵ Analysis from the perspective of restrictive words.

⑶ Analysis from the perspective of strong language logic makes the argument more rigorous, accurate and convincing.

⑷ Analyze the changes of different sentence patterns and the use of rhetorical devices to make the expression more vivid. Use double negation, or use rhetorical questions and parallelism to express strong feelings, with strong tone and strong persuasiveness.

In argumentative writing, expressing accurate and rigorous keywords is also a hot topic in the current exam.

Question form: What's the function of adding some words?

Key points: ① Determine and answer the superficial meaning of words in the context. (2) The function of the expression center of words and the clarification of ideas (deep, metaphor or extension). This kind of examination questions mainly test the accuracy, rigor and vividness of the language.

Question form: Can the word order be changed?

Key points: ① Explain the meaning of words. (2) Clear time sequence or logical procedure (step by step, from primary to secondary, etc. ), and emphasize its order or hierarchy. This kind of question mainly tests the logic of language, which is similar to the explanation order in the explanation text.

⒎ Development and Opening Examination Questions

Developmental examination questions in argumentative essays often require respondents to answer their own views on a certain issue. This kind of question is generally answered around the "central argument" and "sub-argument" of the article, combined with the actual life. To have a clear point of view, sufficient basis and concise language, you can summarize and quote. The way to answer questions is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. This kind of test center is a popular one at present, and its form is flexible and changeable.

In order to prove their point of view or understanding, candidates can quote famous sayings or famous examples, but the language should be concise.

Attention problem

The test questions are changeable, and the propositions are often unexpected and reasonable. A question type can have many propositional angles. It is not difficult to get high scores or even full marks as long as you master the examination methods and basic answering ideas of the questions and respond flexibly. In addition, the accuracy of the answer language is also the key to scoring.

The function of "narrative" at the beginning of the article

(1) leads to an argument, topic or discussion.

(2) act as an argument.

(3) Stimulate readers' interest in reading.

(4) Clear concept.

The function of "famous sayings" appearing at the beginning of the article

(1) leads to an argument, topic or discussion.

(2) act as an argument.

(3) to demonstrate.

(4) Clear concept.