On farewell poems in Tang Dynasty
Abstract: Farewell poem is an important theme in Tang poetry, which has always been sung by people. Farewell poems, whether talking about friendship or sighing for parting; Whether it is farewell or lyricism, it is closely related to the poet's personality characteristics and the spirit of the times.
Farewell is to say goodbye to a friend. Farewell poems are poems written to friends and used as * * * encouragement when saying goodbye to him. Tang people like to reward their friends with poems when they send them away. Traditionally, farewell poems should first express friendship, then sigh goodbye, and finally wish future peace. This paper attempts to explore the style and emotional color of several farewell poems in Tang Dynasty.
Among the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty, one of the five-character poems Farewell to Du DuDu describes his appointment in Shu. We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. After all, the world is just a small place. Why linger at the fork in the road, the child is stained with towels. "It has been sung by people for its heroism and high spirit. The first couplet in this poem connects the farewell destination Chang 'an with the destination that Du Shaofu is going to visit, which not only conforms to the meaning of the poem, but also shows a broad vision. The transfer points to the topic, but the key is to highlight the similarities between yourself and the people who left. Today you will travel far and I will stay in Chang 'an, but Chang 'an is neither my hometown nor my permanent residence. One day I will travel as far as you, because in the final analysis, we are all people who have to run around in order to get into politics. This is not only a comfort to the traveler, but also makes him feel that the following greetings are more cordial. Bow tie is the central meaning of this poem; There can be intimate friends everywhere in the world. Even if you are far away, a true confidant will be close at hand, as if you are close at hand. Therefore, William warned us that we should leave today, and we should not wet our sleeves like those worthless children. Obviously, such a congratulatory message helps to show courage and courage.
Wang Changling's seven-character quatrain "Lotus Inn and Newly Built Farewell" is compared with seeing off the governor to go to Shu as an official, saying that "it's rainy and cold in Wu night, but Fujian is plain and bright. If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot. " It is a poem that borrows the title of a farewell poem and expresses its noble character. The hibiscus building on the night of autumn rain is different. Furong Building, formerly known as Northwest Building, is located in Danyang, now Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province. The poet is a native of Jiangning, and he is called "King of Poets in Jiangning". Jiangning belongs to Nanjing today. Zhenjiang is in the east. Poets from Jiangning to Furong Building in the northwest corner of Zhenjiang wrote this farewell poem to bid farewell to their good friend Xin Xian. The first two sentences of the poem focus on the farewell to Fujian, pointing out the time and place of farewell. The first sentence is a farewell on a rainy night, and the second sentence is a farewell. The last two sentences are translated into one of our own. The third sentence is about Xin's gradual return to Luoyang, but the poet did not write about his concern for Luoyang's relatives and friends, but wrote about his inquiries about Luoyang's relatives and friends. The last sentence is surprising, not to mention the feelings of missing each other, not to mention the feelings of being a guest, and ending with "a piece of ice heart in the jade pot", which is intended to tell friends that they should never be tempted by fame and fortune. The poet compares Bing Xin and Yu Hu to express his purity, nobility and incorruptibility.
In contrast, Wang Wei's seven-character quatrain "Send Yuan Twenty Shores Xi" "It's raining in Weicheng, and the guest house is green and willow. I advise you to drink more wine. It makes no sense to go to Yangguan in the west. " In addition to reluctant feelings, there are some tragic and desolate feelings. The first two periods of this poem show the place and time when the poet bid farewell to Yuan Er. The Acropolis is a place to say goodbye. The "guest house" is naturally one of the places in the Acropolis and a specific place for farewell dinner. Yu Chao and Six Colors Heart show that the farewell time is in a spring morning. The word "light dust" means that there is not much rain, but the land is wet. The willow trees that have just put leaves around the guest house are getting greener and greener after the spring rain. This scene seems to be out of harmony with the atmosphere of "seeing off". However, the word "farewell" has long been installed in the poet's mind, so the word "six-color heart" has a double meaning in the poem: it is not only the writing of seasons and climate in seasons, but also the psychological reflection of parting feelings. The ancients had the custom of folding willows to bid farewell. Seeing a willow tree means leaving. This different psychological reaction is the result of long-term cultural accumulation. Therefore, as a cultural symbol, this image is written into the poem, which makes the poem have very rich emotional implications. The last two sentences of the poem directly wrote the feeling of parting, and all the feelings were poured into a glass of wine. There may be a lot to say when we are apart. However, due to the upcoming departure and complicated mood, I don't know where to start at the moment, and drinking has become the best way to communicate feelings. And parting drinking, unlike reunion after a long separation, always has a bitter taste. So this time, the feelings are particularly heavy. The sentence "advise you to drink one more glass of wine" expresses the feelings of the host and guest. "People have no reason to go out of Xiyangguan", which makes this glass of wine even heavier. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the strong national strength and unprecedented frequent foreign exchanges, people often "went west to Yangguan" or went to missions or did business. Out of the western Yangguan, stepping into the desert, facing foreign mountains and rivers, different customs and languages, it is inevitable to have an infinite sense of desolation. Friends and relatives who come to bid farewell to Fujian will naturally feel the same way.
It is also a farewell poem, Li Bai's seven-character quatrain "To Wang Lun", "Li Bai will take a boat to go, and suddenly he hears the singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " This is a poem full of optimism and heroism. Although it is also a farewell, there is no sense of sadness at all, but it describes the deep friendship between friends.
This is a poem written by Li Bai to his friend Wang Lun when he left Taohuatan, Jingxian County, Anhui Province. Li Bai wrote 100 poems about drinking, according to my unchanging habit all my life. According to Yuan Mei's Addendum to Poems in the Garden, Wang Lun, a complete stranger, wrote a letter to Li Bai, inviting him to visit Jingxian (now southern Anhui), and enthusiastically wrote: "How is your husband?" There are ten miles of peach blossoms here; How about your drink, sir? There are thousands of hotels here. "Li Bai went away happily. See Wang Lun is a hero of Jingchuan, hospitable and charming. So I asked where the Taoyuan Restaurant was. Wang Lun said, "Peach blossom is also called pool water, but there is no peach blossom; Wanjiazhe. The owner's surname is Ye Wan and there is no Wanjia Hotel. " Li Bai laughed. Li Bai stayed here for a few days. When he left, he wrote the above poem as a farewell.
Li Bai also wrote a seven-character quatrain "Go to Yangzhou to bid farewell to Meng Haoran's Yellow Crane Tower". "An old friend left the West Yellow Crane Tower, and the fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. The lonely sail is far from the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky. " It is also an enduring farewell poem. This poem was written by Li Baichu when he lived in Anlu. Shortly after leaving Sichuan, Li Bai, who had just finished his trip to wuyue in the south of the Yangtze River, met Meng Haoran, who was twelve years older than him. They hit it off immediately. Li Bai wrote this masterpiece when he sent Meng Haoran to Yangzhou. The first sentence of the poem says that my friend Meng Haoran bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower and began to travel eastward. The second sentence describes the beautiful scenery my friend saw all the way in March. The last two sentences, the solitary sail hidden at the end of the blue sky and the river connected with the sky, are like an invisible rope, which narrows the distance between the Yellow Crane Tower and Yangzhou in the reader's mind and also makes the poem describe and contain a broad space. The feelings of this poem are mainly expressed in the last two sentences. The poet put pen to paper here from his own point of view, expressing his deep affection for his friends. It is conceivable that Li Bai watched his friend's solitary sail drift away until it disappeared at the end of the clear water and blue sky. However, Li Bai still looked at the direction in which his friend disappeared. On that day, only the river flowed eastward. The poet seems eager for the eastward river to carry his affection and walk with his friends. The use of the four verbs "Ci", "Xia", "Jin" and "Liu" in the poem shows the time sequence from different angles (traveler and sender), which not only gives people a sense of mobility; Moreover, due to the verb itself, this poem presents a profound and lofty artistic conception. When Li Bai sent Meng Haoran to Guangling, it was when he was in his prime and full of confidence and hope for the future, so he was able to write this farewell poem.
Gao Shi's "Don't move big" poem "Thousands of miles in Huang Yun, the north wind blows geese and snow in succession. Mochow has no bosom friend before her. Who doesn't know you in the world? " It is a poem full of impassioned, inspiring, courageous, knowledgeable and high-spirited, showing the elegance of frontier poems. This poem is called "Dong Bieda" (Dong, a famous Qin Shuai in the Xuanzong period of Tang Dynasty), but in fact it is the poet who expresses his extraordinary ambition and down-and-out situation by means of comparison. At this point, it is quite similar to Wang Changling's parting with Xin Jian at Furong Inn. The whole poem is generous and unrestrained, with precise words and no feeling of depression and silence.
One or two sentences in the poem describe the real scene in front of us, which not only describes roll call time in the severe winter, but also describes the snow scene in the north, laying a good foundation for later lyricism. It's cloudy in Huang Yun. The howling north wind sent away the geese and brought heavy snow all over the sky. When you are about to break up with me, the weather is so bad that it reveals a deep sadness. Faced with such a situation, it is difficult to predict whether the future is good or bad, and it is inevitable to worry about the future of friends. However, three or four sentences were unexpected, and the style of writing changed, creating a vigorous and powerful image with the language of washing and practicing. The problem hanging in my heart suddenly disappeared and was replaced by a feeling of pride and joy. This impassioned and elegant poem is a sincere encouragement to friends and a manifestation of the poet's own courage, boldness and verve. This poem seems simple and simple, but its connotation is very mellow, so it can be regarded as a good poem.
From the above analysis, we can see that in the early Tang Dynasty, because the society of the Tang Dynasty was on the rise, farewell poems generally showed a high-spirited and enterprising spirit; In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, due to the decline of the society in the Tang Dynasty, the farewell poems in this period not only lost the emotional color of the early Tang Dynasty, but also showed a low and sad mood.
Du Mu's "Farewell" is "affectionate but always heartless, only feel that I can't laugh before I die." Candles have a heart to say goodbye and cry for others until dawn. "That's it.
This poem is about inseparable feelings of parting, and the first sentence expresses irresistible feelings of parting. It is difficult to give up because of family ties. We had a thousand words to say when we parted. But because of the sadness of parting, we can't express our emotions for a while and are relatively speechless. They seem to be heartless to each other. Seemingly heartless, but actually affectionate, it can be said that the second sentence of "silence is better than sound" is further written as parting feelings. At the farewell party, everyone else is talking and laughing. Only when you are depressed, it is more difficult to force a smile. Time goes by, the banquet is over, and parting is just around the corner. We sat opposite each other, with infinite affection, but not at all. Only lit candles seem to have a feeling of farewell, "crying until dawn." Ignorant and heartless candles are still like this, and it is self-evident that lovers say goodbye and cry. The last two sentences of the poem convey feelings by events, but they involve whimsy.
Dugou River "Don't be an uncle" "I can't stand it right away, drunk and cold. It's all in the door, just like it's hard in another home. Since the world is like this, guests must be lenient. Jiangcun is also hungry and cold, vying to ask Chang' an. " And his "sending the Yellow River to the South is not lacking" and "going against God's will" are clearly relegated. People are insatiable and want to admonish the Lord; Open your mouth, but don't guard against others. Since ancient times, there have been relocated guests, but no direct ministers. This is a public opinion and it is difficult to stay in Chu Nanchun. " The same is true, expressing the author's helplessness and comfort for pedestrians to leave.
Similarly, Wen's "Send People to the East": "Yellow leaves have fallen into the wild, and you are determined to give up this place where you live. The rustling autumn wind will take you to Hanyang Ferry, and the first sunrise will meet you in Yingshan. Several friends and relatives in Jiangdong are waiting for your boat to return from the horizon. I asked you again and again when we would meet again, and we used wine glasses to soften the pain of farewell, which also expressed a sad mood.
Looking at the farewell poems of Tang people, we feel that whether it is to give a friend a * * * encouragement or to express deep affection; Whether it is farewell or lyricism, it is closely related to the poet's personality characteristics and the spirit of the times. Specifically, the emotional color of farewell poems often varies from person to person, from time to time and from place to place. Different people; Different times, different places, different moods, different feelings, different expectations and different styles.