1, which can make the expressed language concise; Lively and lively, add interest. For example, I left my death and smiled at ease. I didn't expect to meet the nails of serious people right away and say that I let them down. I naturally know that the past was the world of the elderly, and now it is the world of teenagers; But unexpectedly, although people who rule the world are different, their rules prohibiting jokes are the same. Then, I had to play dead. Won't it hurt if I play dead?
2, it is very helpful to express ideas and expressions, provide strong arguments for your own views and opinions, and enhance persuasiveness. Isn't it? Although Shanhaiguan is strong and dangerous, there are also records of being breached; Wu Sangui's entry into the customs is even more self-defeating. Didn't Dourgen's fighters rush across the Central Plains under this wide-open city gate? "The six armies are all lost, and the anger of rushing to the crown is beautiful." Wu Meicun's Yuan Yuanqu expresses the indignation and hatred of patriots against Wu Sangui at that time. Although historians are still controversial about whether the motive of Wu Sangui Qing Dynasty was "beauty", it is a fact and a lesson that Xiongguan was betrayed and failed.
3. Make the arguments conclusive and sufficient, and enhance the persuasiveness. Some famous sayings are often quoted. Famous sayings are classic works and authoritative speeches, which generally include famous sayings, epigrams and epigrams.
Sentences, famous poems, etc. In argumentative writing or comprehensive writing style, the author often takes famous sayings and epigrams as theoretical arguments to demonstrate his views and takes arguments as the commander-in-chief.
Finally, serve the argument. Generally speaking, quoting famous sayings at the beginning of an article can get the outline, get the whole article, be fascinating and set the tone for the whole article.
Use. Quoting famous sayings in the article can make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance the persuasiveness when explaining problems and clarifying opinions, highlight the center, and inspire and refine the language.
Refining and other functions.
4. Citation is very helpful for reasoning and expression, providing strong arguments for one's own views and opinions and enhancing persuasiveness. It has the effect of making the finishing point, inspiring people and sublimating the theme. For example, Tianjin examinee's "New Six Kingdoms" and Jiangsu examinee's "A New Biography of Peacock Flying Southeast". The New Theory of Six Kingdoms found a breakthrough in Su Xun's Theory of Six Kingdoms, arguing that the downfall of the Six Kingdoms was due to the lack of honesty of the six monarchs. Then closely follow the "sincerity" to analyze historical facts and demonstrate viewpoints; Finally, the famous sentences in Du Mu's "Epang Palace Fu" are regarded as "lessons for predecessors and teachers for future generations". It is even more sad for future generations to mourn for not learning. The article is profound in conception, unique in analysis and brilliant in personality.
5. It is beneficial for readers to produce associations or * * * sounds in reading, so as to achieve the effect of bringing forth the new and enhancing vividness, or humor and humor. As a common rhetorical method, quotation expresses one's thoughts, feelings or opinions by deliberately quoting poems, celebrity cases and aphorisms in articles.
6. quoting poems in the article can add icing on the cake and add a lot of color to the article. For example, the article "Memories of Yiyi" quoted a poem praising the scenery of the motherland from "Poems of a Thousand Families" and showed us the scenery of spring, summer, autumn and winter: it is always spring to write about spring (interpretation: spring breeze blows flowers, colorful, and spring is everywhere). Xia Jing wrote "The tree grows dark in summer" (meaning: the tree is lush and dark, and the summer grows long), and autumn scenery wrote "The young woman is cold-resistant, and the frost fights in the middle of the month" (meaning: the frost god, the young woman, and the Chang 'e in the middle of the month are not afraid of the cold, and the frost is beautiful, and the frost in the cold month is beautiful). The winter is "Xue Mei is unwilling to give up for spring, and the poet stops writing." (Interpretation: Both plum blossom and snowflake think that they have occupied all the spring scenery, and no one is willing to give up. It is very difficult for a poet to write a critical article. These poems, like beautiful pictures and close-ups of scenes, left a deep impression on readers.
7. quoting poems at the end of the article can kill two birds with one stone, which can not only summarize the full text, but also deepen the theme. For example, the poem "Pear Blossom in the Post Road" quoted by Lu You at the end of "Wen Wu County Revenge Xijing" is the finishing touch, which takes care of the theme in structure and deepens the theme in content, symbolizing that Lei Feng spirit is carried forward everywhere in China.
8. It is thought-provoking, which has the function of making the finishing point and sublimating the theme in the article, and has a harmonious effect. Famous sayings of celebrities are classic works and authoritative speeches, which generally include famous sayings, epigrams, famous poems and famous sentences. In argumentative writing or comprehensive writing style, the author often takes famous aphorisms as theoretical arguments to demonstrate his views, takes arguments as the commander and always serves them. The function of quotation is to make the argument conclusive and sufficient, more convincing and authoritative, enhance literary talent, inspire people, refine the language, be subtle and elegant. Quoting famous sayings at the beginning of the article can achieve the functions of outlining, moving the whole body, attracting attention and laying the tone for the whole article. Quoting famous sayings in the article can make the argument conclusive and sufficient, enhance persuasiveness when explaining problems and clarifying opinions, and have the functions of highlighting the center, enlightening and refining language. Quoting famous sayings at the end of the article can make the finishing touch of the whole article, enlighten readers and achieve the effect of mastery.
Introduction of reference meaning:
Quoting refers to the rhetorical method of quoting ready-made words in speech or writing, such as poems, aphorisms and idioms, to express thoughts and feelings. Citation can be divided into explicit citation and implicit citation. Explicit quotation refers to quoting the original text directly with quotation marks, or only quoting the main idea of the original text without quotation marks, but indicating the source of the original text. Dark quotation refers to weaving the quotation into your own words, without explaining the source of the quotation, without quoting the original sentence, or only quoting the general idea. Using quotation figures of speech can not only make the article concise, but also help to reason and express feelings; It can also increase literary talent and enhance expressive force.
Meaning of reference:
Explicit quotation refers to quoting the original text directly with quotation marks, or only quoting the main idea of the original text without quotation marks, but indicating the source of the original text. Dark quotation refers to weaving the quotation into your own words, without explaining the source of the quotation, without quoting the original sentence, or only quoting the general idea. Using quotation figures of speech can not only make the article concise, but also help to reason and express feelings; It can also increase literary talent and enhance expressive force. There are two kinds of loans. One, also called "adaptation", means that the original intention and the meaning to be expressed are neither the same nor the opposite, but they are related to each other. It can bring forth new ideas, enhance vividness, produce humorous effect, and also arouse readers' association with stories and enhance vividness. Another is to borrow symbols from mathematics and combine them into a simple formula to express complex ideological content, so as to achieve the purpose of concise and intuitive artistic effect. Interpretation by reference:
1, referral appointment. "Li Yingchuan in the Later Han Dynasty": "Therefore, it is a famous person in the world." Tang Du Fu's poem "Gift to the Secretary, Jiangxia" says: "In the past, Wu Hou Dynasty, many pets were cited." Qing Zhaobai's "Xiao Ting Zalu" doesn't like cronies: "Those who cite it and want to be famous are all idle."
2. Use other people's examples or words as the basis. Liu Tang's argument about Zongyuan; ":"Only friendship is cited as beauty, nothing else. " Song and "The First Two Things of Changing Zhai Man's Records": "I read the quotations from Dou occasionally, so I know that I don't need to use the official principles of politics, military affairs and nine." Ai Qing's Preface to Selected Poems IV: "I quote ... two sentences from Li Bai in my article. "
Introduction of positive quotation:
Being used, also known as "positive quotation", is a guiding language that holds a positive attitude towards the quoted sentence and is used when the quoted language is consistent with the original intention. Positive quotation is generally used to prove one's point of view and express one's thoughts and feelings. It can be an explicit reference or an implicit reference. For example:
1, this An Gongzi is generally obedient to that girl. Why are you so persistent suddenly? ..... What this passage comes from the essence, is the so-called children's hero at that time, which means "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent"; Others only said that he was advised to turn slowly. He had long had the idea that "nine cows can't pull" and copied everything in one sentence. Who is in charge? (Qing Wenkang's Biography of Heroes of Children) In the novel, An Gongzi's father was dismissed from his post for twice breaking the dike and was put in the prison of Shanyang County. AnGongZi eager to save his father, regardless of never been out of town, change the usual girl's obedient, determined to take thousands of two hundred pieces of silver to travel three thousand miles to sanyo county to save his father. "Wealth cannot be lewd, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent" comes from Mencius and Teng Wengong, which means: "Wealth cannot seduce him, poverty cannot shake him, and power rape cannot make him yield." "Nine cows can't pull" is a quoted saying. These two quotations show that An Gongzi's personality is particularly stubborn at this time, and no words or characters can change his determination to rescue his father, which is consistent with the meaning of the original quotation, so it is a positive quotation. There is no indication of the source here, it is a dark quotation.
2. Qin Zhong's soul will go there, remembering that no one is in charge of housework at home ... so he begged the ghost for trial in various ways. Unfortunately, these ghosts refuse to be selfish. Instead, he scolded Qin Zhong and said, "It's a pity that you are still a scholar. Don't you know that there is a saying,' The Yan told you to die in the third watch, who dares to keep people in the fifth watch?' We are selfless in the underworld, and there are more obstacles than you in the underworld. "(Cao Qingxue Qin's Dream of Red Mansions)" The prince told you to die in the middle of the night. Who dares to leave people in the fifth watch? " The meaning of this proverb is: "The third watch of the Yan ordered you to die, and the ghost ordered you to hook your soul. No one can let you live to the fifth watch. " This proverb is a positive quote here. The author uses ghost sentences, and makes a sharp contrast between the ruthlessness of the underworld and the care, favoritism and dark corruption under the feudal political system in The Dead. It expresses the purpose of the author's saying this passage, that is, to severely lash the feudal regime to death. This is a positive quotation and a clear quotation.
3. One of the "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" wrote: "It's not too late to study now." Then, he quoted the following poem: reading in a hurry makes swimming interesting; You might as well let nature take its course unconsciously, but you have to think about it urgently. This is the meaning of the so-called "reading without seeking a very good solution". Originally, I said I didn't really want to understand the book, but I advocated putting down the difficult places first, not persisting. Maybe after reading the context, you will understand the difficult part; If you still don't understand, you'll have to explain it later. This meaning seems to be particularly useful to our young readers. (Deng Tuo's Yanshan Night Talk: Secrets Don't Keep Secrets) This passage has three quotations. The first place is that the author quoted Lu Jiuyuan's "Lu Xiangshan's Quotations" and said, "Now that you have finished reading, you don't have to be too late to know what you are doing." The second is to quote a poem by Lu Jiuyuan, "Reading in a hurry makes swimming interesting; If you don't know, you may wish to put it down and need to think urgently. " The third place is "reading without seeking a solution". When expounding his point of view, the author quoted a sentence from the biography of Mr. Wu Liu, a famous poet in Jin Dynasty, "Read well and don't ask for much understanding." The author affirms that the sentences and poems quoted above are consistent with the meaning to be expressed in this article. It is said that you don't have to be too stubborn in reading, you don't have to dwell on this problem all the time, you have to understand. Sometimes you don't understand the problem, but time is delayed. So you advocate putting the difficult places aside for the time being and thinking about them later. This is the skill of positive quotation. In order not to cause readers' misunderstanding, the author repeatedly explained "I don't want to know much", especially pointed out that "it seems particularly useful to our young readers" and pointed out the source in the first and second places, which are clear quotations; The third place did not point out the source, it was a dark quotation.
Introduction to reverse quotation:
Anti-use, also known as "anti-quotation", refers to judging the quoted sentences and holding a negative attitude, that is, the meaning used is opposite to the original intention, in order to achieve originality or play an ironic role. Reverse use can also be divided into three categories in form. The first is to record the original text and then deny or correct it; The second is to change the original text directly, so that the meaning used in this article is opposite to the original text; The third category is to introduce the main idea of the original text and then raise objections. For example:
1, Confucius said: "Only women are difficult to raise, and if they are close, they are inferior, and if they are far away, they will complain." The woman is the same as the villain, but I don't know if it includes his mother. Later Taoist gentlemen finally respected their mothers on the surface, but even so, women who were mothers in China were despised by all men except their own sons. (Lu Xun's "South-to-North Mobilization on Women's Liberation") "Only women are difficult to raise, and those who are near are inferior, and those who are far away complain." This is a sentence from Confucius, which means: "In this world, only women and villains are the most difficult to get along with. If you approach them, they will be rude; If you alienate them, they will resent it. "The author has a negative attitude towards this sentence. He quotes this sentence first, and then immediately judges this sentence. He thinks that putting women and villains together is a great contempt for women. In the era of demanding women's liberation, Mr. Lu Xun did the opposite and shouted for women's liberation.
2. "My son entered the ancestral hall and asked everything." It has been passed down as a beautiful talk so far. But when you get into the boat, you'd better not ask everything. Attendants are afraid of trouble and laziness. If you ask them, they either say they don't know, or they just play a joke on you. Fortunately, they are irresponsible to their guests, except for their luggage. (Zhu Ziqing's Miscellaneous Notes on the Sea) The quotation of this passage comes from The Analects of Confucius Eight Books, which means: "Every time Confucius enters the ancestral temple, he must ask questions about everything." The author quoted this sentence as saying that the ancients thought it was a virtue to ask questions, and later pointed out that it was impossible to ask questions on board. Quoting the original words and changing its meaning is counter-quoting. The above two examples are both directly recording the original words and then denying or correcting them, so they all belong to the first kind of reverse use.
3, don't play the crown, take a bath. Don't be too clean in life, it is expensive to hide your glory. (Tang Li Bai's "Bath Son") There is a saying in the fishing song of Chu that "the new bather will play the crown, and the new bather will shake his clothes". Looking at Li Bai's poem again, it is obvious that "Jiang" is directly changed to "Mo", which has the opposite meaning and belongs to the second kind of reverse use.
4. Oh, my sword is going to sleep! I don't want to learn from the frivolous general Li, and use his weapons to kill tigers. In fact, I only shot a frozen stone. Oh, my sword is going to sleep! I don't want to learn from pedantic Li Hanlin, who used his weapon to cut running water. When he cut a wall, the water flowed at the same time. Oh, my weapon just needs to be hidden, and my weapon just needs to sleep soundly. My weapon does not cut traitors, I know traitors are a pile of frozen stones; My weapon should not be cut by sadness, because I know that sadness is an endless stream of water. Oh, I'm finished! Let my sword sleep! Did I kill the white snake like a slick Emperor Gaozu, so I made a rumor and cheated the whole world? (Wen Yiduo's Sword Box) There are three quotations in this poem: "Li Guang shoots stones", "Hanlin cuts off water" and "Gaozu cuts snakes". "Li Guang shoots stones" comes from Biography of General Li in Historical Records: "When hunting widely, you see stones in the grass and shoot them as tigers. The stone in the grass is not an arrow, but the stone you see is also. " General Li went hunting and saw a stone in the grass. He thought it was a tiger, so he shot it with an arrow, but the shaft didn't sink in. He took a closer look and it turned out to be a stone. " "Hanlin has no water" refers to Li Bai's saying "Although the water is still flowing, the knife is cut, the wine is still worried" when he bid farewell to Minister Shu Yun at Xie Tiao Villa in Xuanzhou. "Emperor Gaozu cut the snake" originated from Historical Records of Emperor Gaozu. When Liu Bang was drunk in Ze, he met a big snake on the way, so he drew his sword and cut the snake in two, which was later used as a declaration of "God help" to rebel and seize the world. Here, the poet quoted the main idea of the original text, and then raised objections, "I don't want to learn from frivolous General Li", "I don't want to learn pedantic" and "I am like a gaudy Emperor Gaozu", which clearly expressed the poet's intention.
5. The propaganda room invited the sages to meet the ministers, and Jia was even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. (Jia Sheng wrote Tang Li Shangyin) Jia Yi in the Han Dynasty was a very talented politician who was once rejected by ministers. The first two sentences here mean that Emperor Wen of Han summoned Jia Yi in exile in the propaganda room, which is a very glorious thing in the eyes of feudal literati. This opportunity is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, suggesting that talents can play. The third sentence means that Emperor Wen of Han listened with an open mind, which made them very close. The fourth sentence is lamenting that Emperor Wen of Han listened so attentively, not asking about world events, but asking about illusory ghost stories. The third and fourth sentences were originally about Wendy's love for talents. The poet made an inverted article here to satirize Wendy's lack of true love for talents, so as to feel that her talents are not satisfied. The above examples 4 and 5 all raise objections after quoting the main idea of the original text, which belongs to the third kind of reverse use.
Brief introduction of loan:
There are two kinds of loans. One, also called "adaptation", means that the original intention and the meaning to be expressed are neither the same nor the opposite, but they are related to each other. It can bring forth new ideas, enhance vividness, produce humorous effect, and also arouse readers' association with stories and enhance vividness. Another is to borrow symbols from mathematics and combine them into a simple formula to express complex ideological content, so as to achieve the purpose of concise and intuitive artistic effect. For example:
65438+ "The belt is getting wider and wider, and I don't regret it. I am thin for Iraq. " So is this second environment. "The crowd searched for him for thousands of Baidu, and when I turned around, I saw that man was in a dim state." So is this third place. (Wang Qing Guowei's "Words on Earth") "Last night, the west wind withered the green trees, climbed the building alone and looked at the horizon" came from Yan Shu's "Dead Hua Lian" in the Song Dynasty. Originally written in the desolate late autumn, I climbed a tall building alone and looked down. I used it here as the first place to pursue my ideal. "My belt is getting wider and wider, but I don't regret it. I am haggard for Iraq" comes from Liu Yong's Butterfly Lovers in the Song Dynasty. The original intention is to languish gradually because of missing one's lover, indicating the suffering of lovesickness. The second place is used here, which means hard pursuit and exploration. "There are thousands of people looking for him, but I can't see him back." From Xin Qiji's Jade Case in Song Dynasty. The original intention is to write about the surprise of people who accidentally find the right one, and it is used in the third place here to express the joy of success and ideal realization. These three quotations are all boudoir feelings, and the author uses their correlation to compare the three realms of scholarship, only extending the original intention of the quotations to enhance the vividness of the article, which has no deep meaning and is a borrowing method.
In hot weather, the rich are still busy socializing and sweating like rain, but the poor spread a broken mat on the road, stripped off their clothes and bathed in the cool wind, which is called "sweeping the world". (Lu Xun's "Poverty Makes Change") "Sweeping the World" comes from Jia Yi's "On Qin" in the Han Dynasty. Qin Xiaogong wants to annex the world. This is a deliberate misinterpretation to arouse readers' association and enhance the image of the article. Used to express the scene that the poor rolled up their mats and slept in the open space.
3. Little B: "Bubble!" Mom: "Xiaoji, hurry up and find a small basin!" " "Dad:" Wait, little B, don't sprinkle yet! ""Xiao Jizuo and I walked quickly. Under the bed and chair, I found a small basin respectively. I was so nervous that I let out a yell and left: "Where's the little basin?" Only in this house, how can I tell, through all these clouds? In any case, I can't find a small basin. Mother dragged Xiao Yi into the wind and went to the toilet, and the storm subsided. (By-product of Lao She's literature and art) "Only in this room, how can I tell, through all these clouds?" From Jia Dao's suicide note in the Tang Dynasty: "When I asked your student under a pine tree," he replied, "My teacher went to collect medicine." However, through these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing? Borrowing the last two sentences, the author changed the word "mountain" to "house", describing the scene that the child wanted to pee, the whole family went out to look for the urinal, and the urinal disappeared, which was different from the original intention of the poem and was not relative. It's only because I don't know where I can find a urinal at home and I don't know where I can find a master on the mountain that I quote it. This enhances the sense of humor of the article and makes the text interesting, which is a borrowing technique. The above three examples all belong to the first borrowing technique, that is, borrowing has a certain correlation with the original text to enhance the vividness and vividness of the text and produce humorous effects.
4. If I have to, I think it's better to bring some animals. It is not very interesting if it conforms to the following formula: people+livestock = some kind of people. At first glance, people and livestock are equal to a certain kind of people. At first glance, we have never seen or know what this theory or formula is. In the author's view, "a certain kind of person" with the tame character of "animal" is actually tantamount to eliminating "animal nature". A person who has no rebellious spirit is "no good" to himself, but just likes the shepherd. The author uses the symbols "+"and "=" in mathematics to form a complete addition formula, which skillfully and vividly expresses the serious theme of his resistance, because taming is "not good" for us in China, but only for foreigners. This description is concise and lively.
The author thinks that Hu Shi made a mistake, because he only noticed its inseparable side, so he came to the conclusion that Stone = Jia Baoyu = Author (Cao Xueqin) and put forward his own legend. (The role of stone in Mary's Dream of Red Mansions) Hu Shi once thought that the narrator (stone), hero (Jia Baoyu) and author (Cao Xueqin) of Dream of Red Mansions were actually the same person. In order to illustrate the view that "he only pays attention to its inseparable side", the author of this article borrows two "=" symbols to express Hu Shi's wrong views concisely and intuitively, adding vividness and sense of humor to the article.
6. Genius =2% inspiration +98% sweat. (Edison's famous saying) This sentence is a famous saying of the great American inventor Edison, and we often use it today to prove that genius is not earned by idleness, but actually earned by hard work and sweat. This formula vividly illustrates the dialectical relationship among genius, inspiration and diligence. In short, it is simple and clear, but it covers everything. The above three examples 4, 5 and 6 all use mathematical symbols to express some intention and some thoughts and feelings, which are concise and can produce intuitive artistic effects. This belongs to the second borrowing technique.