1, traditional management mode. Adopt systematic and jurisprudence research methods and pay attention to formal government organizations; Advocate the separation of political affairs; Committed to exploring the general principles of administrative management; Emphasize the application of managerialism with efficiency as the general standard. According to the traditional management method, the significance of public administration lies in the pursuit of efficiency, benefit and economic maximization. The idea of enterprise-oriented public administration has gradually formed a set of orthodox or classical views on how public services operate. According to this view, it is managers, not politicians, who are in the position of management control, and efficiency has become the "best" or "origin in the administrative value chain" of the public sector. The thinking and logic of traditional management methods are mainly based on the separation of politics and administration, and the significance of public administration lies in the pursuit of efficiency, benefit and economic maximization.
2, public * * * management measures. Its core content is to try to apply the management methods of private sector and industrial and commercial enterprises to the public sector. Mainly from the theory of public choice, new institutional economics and political science, some theoretical viewpoints on administrative reform are obtained. These reforms try to replace the traditional process based on rules and driven by authority with the strategy based on market and competition. The management concept of the new management theory is the liberalization and marketization of management.
According to the viewpoint of new public management, public managers need to find new and innovative ways to achieve results or privatize the functions previously performed by the government. They are required to "steer, not paddle", and the management of the new company relies heavily on the market mechanism to guide public projects. These ideas of new public management have been refined and popularized in the book Rebuilding the Government by Osborne and Guble, and become the essence of new public management theory-entrepreneur government theory. As the basic core of entrepreneurial government theory, the ten principles of government system reform not only include new methods of government management and operation at the specific operational level, but also include a set of new values in essence, mainly from the concepts of market economy and enterprise management. The new public management method focuses on cost-effectiveness and customer response.
(c) Return to the management foundation of public administration.
The author believes that under the influence of the new public management theory, contemporary public administration pays too much attention to the concept of efficiency priority in practice and weakens the concept of citizens. At the same time, it is facing a constitutional crisis due to the expansion of administrative power. At this time, it is urgent to adjust the original theoretical paradigm. On the theoretical level, public administration has gone through the path of constitutionalism and managerialism respectively, and the paradigm of contemporary public administration research is more a combination of these two paradigms, that is, both Denhardt's new public service theory and Ostrom's democratic administrative model are based on the original basic theories (new public service theory is based on new public management, and democratic administrative system is based on bureaucracy).
1, Robert Denhardt's new public service theory. The new public service theory refers to a set of ideas about the role of public administration in a citizen-centered governance system. Main viewpoints of new public service: (1) The function of government is to serve. Not at the helm; (2) Public interest is a goal rather than a by-product; (3) Be strategic in thought and democratic in action; (4) serving the public rather than customers; (5) The responsibility is not simple; (6) Pay attention to people, not just productivity; (7) Citizenship and public service are more important than entrepreneurship.
The core elements of the new public service theory: democracy, citizens, civil rights, public interests and services. From the original economic theory and self-interest-oriented model to a new public service model dominated by civil rights, democracy and public interests. The new public service theory is based on attaching importance to democracy, civil rights and serving the public interest, not just the latest management fashion or management skills. This is a fundamental change in values. The new public service theory advocates avoiding the selfishness of human nature on the basis of civic virtues such as obligation and responsibility, establishing civic awareness, responsibility awareness and trust through participation and tolerance, and shaping positive civic awareness and good public service spirit. Construct a new public service model based on civil rights, democracy and public interests.
The new public service theory sublates the traditional public administration theory and the new public service theory. To some extent, it can be regarded as a return to traditional political and administrative problems. On the one hand, the basic proposition of the new public service theory pays attention to the basic political values such as democracy, equality and civil rights, on the other hand, it also pays attention to the operational and theoretical levels of administration. In other words, on the basis of attaching importance to the aforementioned values, administrative management has been promoted to a higher level-a new public service model dominated by civil rights, democracy and public interests.
2. The juxtaposition of Ostrom's democratic administrative system and bureaucratic system. Professor Ostrom's core view is that public administration research must introduce democratic administration research based on bureaucratic administration, and public administration practice must also introduce democratic administration practice based on bureaucratic administration. Professor Ostrom believes that during the founding of the United States, the theory of democratic administration appeared as opposed to bureaucratic administration. The Federalist Anthology written by Hamilton and Madison expounds the overlapping jurisdiction system of the government. In this government system, all government units are designed according to the principle of autonomy. Professor Ostrom summarized these principles into nine articles in his book The Ideological Crisis of American Public Administration. In essence, these principles embody the most basic values of constitutionalism, such as people's sovereignty, supremacy of constitution, separation of powers, limited government and separation of powers.
Professor Ostrom believes that the American experiment represents a significant historical starting point for the development of democratic administrative system. "Democratic administration, as a general public administration, can be regarded as an alternative type of bureaucratic administration, juxtaposed with bureaucratic administration". The paradigm of modern political economists and early democratic theory works includes democratic administration. Professor Ostrom believes that there are two theories of public administration in the United States. As for which theory is more suitable, it needs to be based on the realistic social and historical conditions, that is, Hobbes' constitution is suitable for the limited operation of military countries in a turbulent world, Hamilton and Madison's human society is in a period of peaceful development, and it is also suitable for establishing a good government through careful consideration and free choice. Here, constitutional rules can be applied. This constitutional system can make democratic administration continue to be a common form of public administration, rather than bureaucracy.
(4) Multiple perspectives of public administration research paradigm-Rosenbloom's multiple administrative views.
Rosenbloom's view of pluralistic administration opens a pluralistic perspective of public administration research paradigm. Rosenblom believes that the research methods of public administration should adopt three different perspectives: politics, law and management. The author believes that this diversified research perspective is rooted in the separation of powers. Rosenbloom believes that there are three distinct methods to study public administration, each of which has a different interpretation, and each method is contained in a specific political culture, reflecting the constitutional decentralization and the distribution of government functions in different departments. The management method is mainly to think about the faithful implementation and implementation of various laws and regulations from the standpoint of the administrative department; The political approach is based on the consideration of legislation and decision-making; As for the legal approach, it emphasizes the ruling function of the government and the commitment to safeguard constitutional rights (defending freedom, etc.). ) and the rule of law.
Because public administration is a complex subject field, Rosenbloom divides the research methods of public administration into at least three kinds: management, politics and law. These three different research methods tend to emphasize the different values, procedures and structural arrangements of public administration operation, and treat individual citizens in different ways, and each method also has its own different opinions on how to develop public administration knowledge. Three different research approaches develop in conflict and complementarity, forming a pluralistic administrative concept model that is more in line with the development of contemporary public administration. Although this pluralistic administrative perspective is rooted in the unique political culture, political system and public administration development practice in the United States, its deep-seated value concept is also of great theoretical and practical significance to the development of public administration theory and practice in other countries outside the United States.
Throughout the development of public administration, different schools and theories have formed different paradigms to study public administration because of different research focuses, and all paradigms go hand in hand and develop together. Different paradigms have their own characteristics. The reason why these different paradigms are not integrated is that any paradigm in the field of social sciences is biased, and it is precisely because of this deviation that it shows its own value and learns from each other and develops in this competitive state. In the practical research of public administration, we should adhere to the attitude that any theory is an abstraction of reality, and at the same time, we can't exhaust all social realities. In practice, the theory should widely absorb the reasonable components of other theories and promote its own development. At present, China society is in the stage of diversification, and this diversified development reality determines that public administration research needs diversified paradigm theory to promote the development of public administration practice. "The general situation summarized from one country's administrative environment cannot be immediately popularized or applied to the administration of another different environment. Whether a theory is applicable to another different occasion must be studied before it can be judged. " In the field of public administration and public management, there is actually no universally applicable criterion. Therefore, based on China's special administrative ecology, it is a realistic choice for the development of public administration and public management in China to treat the competing state of paradigms with an open mind and selectively absorb and explore paradigms suitable for China's public administration practice. [ 1] 2