1. Ancient and modern synonyms [1] 1. Basic words: the meanings of these words have not changed since ancient times and are easy to understand. Such as people, horses, the sun, the moon, mountains, water and so on.
2. Change the general word (this is the key point of memory) (1). These words have different glyphs, different pronunciations and the same meaning.
For example, in ancient Chinese, it was called "crown" and now it is called "hat"; It was called "Xuan" in ancient times, but now it is called "window". (2) Semi-variant characters.
These words have the same glyph, the same pronunciation, different meanings or subtle differences between ancient and modern meanings. Another situation is that monosyllabic words become disyllabic words.
(1) has different meanings in ancient and modern times. Such as "walking" and "persuading".
(2) There are subtle differences between ancient and modern meanings. For example, shopping, bathing, bathing.
(3) Monosyllabic words become disyllabic words. Such as "gram-gram", "solid-solid" and "clothes-clothes".
Second, polysemy: a word has original meaning, extended meaning and figurative meaning, resulting in polysemy. For example, the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon", extended to "soldier", extended to "army", extended to "military force", further extended to "war" and extended to "strategy and tactics".
Sometimes several meanings of a word coexist in an article, which makes it difficult for us to understand. Third, under the guise of meaning (interchangeable words).
1, homographs. Such as "straight → value", "bird → capture" and so on.
2. The sounds are different, but the initials or finals are the same. Such as "inside → receiving" and "seeing → now".
3. Homographs are different. Such as "want → invite", "cut → talent", "have → have" and so on.
Note: the password is one-way, not two-way. For example, "I want an invitation, but I can't get it."
Fourth, the flexible use of parts of speech. 1, nouns and adjectives are used flexibly as verbs.
Such as Xian Zhen Dynasty and Tired. 2. The causative usage of nouns and adjectives.
Like "leisure" or something. 3, conation usage.
Such as "Qin does not mourn my loss" and so on. 4. Nouns are adverbials.
Such as "and let it report to Zheng". 5. Verbs and adjectives are used as nouns.
Such as "yes, people often doubt" and so on. 6. others.
The word "one" of "wholeheartedly" is used as the adjective "wholeheartedly", the word "multiply first" is used as the numeral "four", and the word "drive" of "four horses" is used as the quantifier. Function words one, distinguish between reality and reality.
In addition to adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and exclamation points, function words in classical Chinese also include pronouns. A word can be either a function word or a content word.
For example, the word "Gu", which means "visit", is a real word; The ancient meaning is "don't", which is an adverb in function words. Second, identify the meaning of words.
Many function words are polysemous, and their meanings depend on their functions in sentences. For example, "the eldest son Mai will go to Rao Dexing Wei and send it to Hukou."
The first "zhi" is the auxiliary word "de", and the second "zhi" is the pronoun "he" instead of "Mai Su". The first "Wei" in Who is the King is the preposition "gei" and "substitution", and the second "Wei" is the verb "Chu" and "Zuo".
Third, be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern meanings. 1. Some classical Chinese words have completely disappeared.
Such as the cover of "husband". 2. Some meanings and usages have changed.
For example, "so" means cause in classical Chinese, and now it means result. 3. Some of them use other words.
For example, Yu can play a variety of guiding roles in classical Chinese, and now it is replaced by prepositions such as zai, Xiang, dui, cong, tong, gei, bi and Bei. The structural auxiliary word "zhi" was changed to "de". Classical Chinese is different from the special sentence pattern of modern Chinese.
First, the verdict. Classical Chinese generally does not need to judge the verb "yes" between the subject and the predicate.
1, ..., ... and. For example, "Father, Fan Zeng also."
Two, ..., ... and. Such as "I, Confucius said there is also."
3, ..., ... such as "Bo chicken, Yuan people."
Four, ..., ... and. Such as "peony, expensive flowers."
5. Subject and predicate. For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world."
6. Use "Nai", "namely", "Wei", "Quan" and "Ze" to express judgment. For example, "This is the fall of my service."
"The upright man is Fu Su", "This is the face of loyalty", "I am Zhao Jiang" and "The residents of Huancun are all Orion."
"This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower." 7. Use "yes" to express judgment (classical Chinese is rarely used).
For example, "Zeus is a humble room." Second, ellipsis.
Some sentences in classical Chinese often omit certain elements. 1, omit the subject.
"(Wu Lingren) will get off the boat and enter from the mouth." 2. Omit the object.
"I have the right to change clothes. I am chasing (it) under Yu Xia." 3. omit the predicate.
"One drum, then (drum) and decline, three (drum) and exhaust" 4, omit prepositions. "The beam is more (in) wood."
Third, inverted sentences. 1, prepositional object.
(1) When interrogative pronouns are used as objects, they should be placed before verbs or prepositions. For example, "What is the king doing?"
(2) In negative sentences, pronouns with negative words "bu", "wei" and "mo" as objects should be put in front. For example, "the ancients were not arrogant" and "Yu".
I haven't heard of it. 2. Attributive postposition.
For example, "there are loud voices everywhere in the stone." "Many people burned to death."
Fourth, passive sentences. 1, with passive signs in form (preposition "Yu", verbs preceded by "Shou", "Jian", "You" and "Bei").
For example, "if you believe, you will be suspicious when you see it, and if you are loyal, you will slander." "If you don't hurry now, you may be the first to do it." "subject to people", "dead bodies laugh at the world" and so on.
2. There is no passive sign in form, which can only be understood conceptually. Such as "perseverance, stone can be carved."
(it can be hollowed out. ) "The soldiers fell and the six counties died."
The soldiers were depressed and the ground was cut open. )。
2. What are the six classical Chinese phenomena? The phenomenon of classical Chinese refers to special sentence patterns, usages of notional words and function words, different meanings in ancient and modern times, interchangeable words, flexible use of parts of speech and so on. First, ancient and modern different meanings [1] 1, basic words: the ancient and modern meanings of these words have not changed, which is easy to understand. Such as people, horses and Japan. It was called "Xuan" in ancient times, but now it is called "window". (2) Semi-variant characters. These words have the same shape and pronunciation. Ancient and modern meanings are different or slightly different. Another situation is that monosyllabic words become disyllabic words. (1) ancient and modern meanings are different, such as "go" and "persuade". ② The ancient and modern meanings are slightly different, such as "purchase", "bathing" and "bathing". 3 monosyllabic words become disyllabic words, such as "overcoming victory" and "solid reality". This leads to the ambiguity of the word. For example, the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon", extended to "soldier", then extended to "army", then extended to "military power", further extended to "war" and also extended to "strategy and tactics". Sometimes several meanings of a word coexist in an article. Reading is difficult for us. Third, the false meaning (common words) 1, the sound is similar to the shape, such as "straight → value" and "bird → catch". Second, the sounds are different, but the initials or finals are the same, such as "Inner → Na" and "Seeing → Present". Third, the sound is similar. 4. Flexible use of parts of speech. 1, flexible use of nouns and adjectives as verbs, such as "super" in Chinese, teachers' fatigue, etc. 2. Motive usage of nouns and adjectives, such as "leisure" in "leisure in our city", 3. Intentional usage, such as "Qin does not mourn my loss", 4. Nouns are used as adverbials, such as the numeral "four" and the word "four horses and ten drivers" as quantifiers. Function words 1. Distinguish between true and false. In addition to adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and exclamation points, function words in classical Chinese also include pronouns. A word can be either a function word or a notional word. For example, "Three Gu" and "Gu is not as good as a monk" mean "Mo" and are adverbs in function words. Second, identify the meaning of function words. Many of them are polysemous words, and their meanings depend on their functions in sentences. For example, "the eldest son Mai will go to Rao Dexing as a captain and send him to Hukou." The first "zhi" is the auxiliary word "de", and the first "zhi" is the auxiliary word. The second "Wei" means the verbs "Chu" and "Zuo". Third, be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern meanings. 1, some classical Chinese words have completely disappeared, such as "fu" Gai. Second, some meanings and usages have changed. For example, "so" means cause in classical Chinese, and now it means result. Third, some words have been changed. The structural auxiliary word "zhi" is changed to "de" and so on. Classical Chinese is a special sentence pattern different from modern Chinese. First, the sentence of judgment. Generally, it is not necessary to judge the verb "yes" between subject and predicate in classical Chinese. 1, ... also ... for example, "Fan Zeng is also a father." Two, ... and. So is the noblest flower. "5. Subject and predicate, such as" Liu Bei is a lean man in the world. "6. Use" Nai ","Wei ","Du "and" Ze "to express the judgment, such as" This is the autumn of official achievements ","Fu Su is the son "and" This is the face where loyalty and righteousness can be met. " I'm General Zhao. ""The residents of Huancun are all hunters. " "This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. "7. Use" yes "to express judgment (rarely used in classical Chinese), such as" the company is a humble room. "2. Elliptic sentences. Some sentences in classical Chinese often omit some elements. 1 and omit the subject. "(Wu Lingren) high-altitude, high-altitude. 4. Omit prepositions. 3. Inverted sentences. 1, prepositional object. (1) When interrogative pronouns are used as objects, they should be placed before verbs or prepositions, such as "What is the king doing here?" Pronouns with negative words such as "no", "Wei" and "Mo" should be put in front, such as "Yu" and "Zhi" which are not domineering by the ancients, and attributes should be put behind, such as "People who speak loudly in the rocks abound" and "Many people were burned to death by horses". Verbs are preceded by "accept", "see", "yes" and "yes". For example, you believe, you doubt, you are loyal, and you slander. If you don't hurry now, you may be the first person to do so. 2. There is no passive sign in form, which can only be understood ideologically.
3. Classical Chinese phenomena in Historical Records [Er, He, Hu, Nai, Qi, Qi, Ruo, Suo, Wei, Yan, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, He, Zhe, Zhi] 1. And (1) are used as conjunctions.
1. indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
(1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one is sent to the cave where the eel is not a snake ("Persuade") (2) Although the steeple pass is firm and severe, one person can't defend it, but ten thousand people can't force it ("It's difficult to get through the Shu Road") (3) Save Zhao in the north, save Qin in the west, and attack the five tyrants ("Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao") (2) It can be translated as "and" or "and".
This gentleman learned to save himself with Japanese ginseng. (Persuade) ② Chu Huaiwang was greedy for Zhang Yi, so he was completely out of order (Biography of Qu Yuan) ③ Looking back at the scenery of the sun, whether it was Xifeng, the sky, crimson or refuting color, it was all rolling (the record of climbing Mount Tai) ④ It was all in the depths of his mind (the record of traveling to the treasure toad mountain) 3. It shows the relationship of inheritance.
It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not. (1) Therefore, I let you eat the capital in order to win the position of welcoming guests ("Chen Qingbiao") (2), and I drew my sword and broke it.
("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 If you are born without knowing, who can be confused ("Teacher Shuo") 4. Represents a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed".
(1) green, which is taken from blue, is blue ("Persuade to Learn") (2) There is such a trend, and it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people ("Six Kingdoms") (3) The letter, my brother is strong, and his children are dead ("Chen Qingbiao") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as "if" and "if".
(1) If you are interested, you can also expect horses. ("Feng Wanzhen") (2) Death is known, and its geometric points ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen") (6). Represents a modifier, that is, an adverbial of connection.
There is no translation. After tasting and expecting, you might as well learn from it ("exhortation"), fill it up, leave your armor behind and go ("I am in the country"). King Xiang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" ("Hongmen Banquet") 7. I'm sorry that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband (to Baochan Mountain). I don't need it to express my evil ability (Battle of Red Cliffs). Is for purpose, ① looking far, but looking auspicious (Epang Palace Fu) ② I am an official, I am a shopkeeper, but I am waiting for the general. Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you".
(1) Weng Gui, I will recalculate with you (Promotion of Weaving) (2) Every time I say Yu Yue: "Somewhere, but my mother is here" (Ji Xiang Xuanzhi) (3) After "Ru": Like, like. (1) The army was surprised and bad.
(The Book of Tea) A modal particle just placed at the end of a sentence, which indicates restriction, is equivalent to "just right". (1) Those who shake their heads and stamp their feet in a short time will only get dozens of people (Tiger Hill Story). (2) I have heard that those who specialize in art are just so (Master). (3) I decided to fly, the gun stopped, but it didn't arrive, and it was controlled by the ground (carefree tour).
1) I try my best to die. (2) After March.
The situation is "what else", that is, to go further with a rhetorical question. (1) Zhong Qing was placed in the water today, although the wind and waves could not sound.
And the situation is stone! (2) The skills are not bad, but the situation is good! (3) Although I am a fool, I know I can't do it, but I will soon have wisdom (Ten Thoughts of Taizong), for a while. (1) Wu Min rebellion please toward, punish five people (five tomb tablet), and then buried the body well, so as to turn anger into sorrow, anxious death (promotion), and then appeal to his beloved son's uncontrollable aunt ("Liu Yichuan"). 2.He (1) is used as an interrogative pronoun.
1. is a predicate alone, often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "why" and "why". 1 which? The prestige of a big country is to cultivate respect.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) What is it to taste the kindness of the ancients or do something different from them? ("Yueyang Tower") 3 Qi people have never felt guilty about Qin, and finally moved out of the Five Kingdoms. Why? (On Six Countries) II. As the object of a verb or preposition, it can be translated into "where" and "what". Put "he" back when translating.
① Where is Yuzhou today? (Battle of Red Cliffs) (2) Fuck the king? ("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 Why do you often entrust yourself to Zhao when the mountain falls down? ("Touch the Dragon to Tell Queen Zhao") 3. As an attribute, it can be translated into "what" and "which". 1) What do you hear here every morning and evening? The cuckoo's bleeding cry, the ape's sobbing.
("Pipa Travel") 2 But when can we be happy? (The Story of Yueyang Tower) ② Used as an interrogative adverb. 1. Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses rhetorical questions and can be translated as "why" and "how".
(1) Why don't you stay put and go north? ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) How to share with you? ("Zou Ji satirizes coachable and the King of Qi") 2. Used before adjectives, it expresses a deep degree and can be translated as "how", "how" and "how so". (1) as for the oath day broken hair, tears streaming down her face, what a failure! (Introduction to Lingguan) (3) As an auxiliary word, it is equivalent to "ah".
(1) behind the bride's car, faint with him. (Peacock flies southeast) (4) Ho: Pass "Oh" and ask questions.
(1) believe me fine pawn Chen Libing and who? Who is he? Oh, ask him who he is.
It means checking and questioning. How to express doubts or rhetorical questions is translated as "how to do" and "why".
① Take pot calling the kettle black as an example ("Ji Jia will attack"); (2) he humiliated others and regarded the death of five people as serious (Tomb Monument of Five People); ③ Pei Gong was frightened and said, "Why?" (Hongmen Banquet) (4) How to make good use of it, using it as a sediment (a Gong Fangfu) is "what", and prepositional phrases are used as adverbials in interrogative sentences. According to the different usage of "one", it is equivalent to "what to take" and "why to take it" respectively. (1) After the landslide, why did you entrust yourself to Zhao (Mo Long said)? (2) What's the difference between people who don't do it and people who can't do it? Qi Huan stone? (3) How can my king play music without getting sick? (See Mencius in Bao Zhuang) Not translated as "soon" or "not long".
There is nothing wrong with Jun Fu's obsession with what he has done. He Nai is translated as "how can" (promoting weaving). ① A Mu refers to government officials: He Naitai is just a district (Peacock flies southeast). 3. Hu (1) is used as an auxiliary word. 1. The tone of doubt.
It can be translated into "what" and "what". How cold is it? Want to eat? (Selected Annals of Ji Xiang) What about the technical cover? ("Knowing Cows") 3 Do you want to return to safety? (Red Cliff.
4. Do you still remember the classical Chinese phenomenon in the night tour of Chengtian Temple? If you can help me write that I was born in sorrow and died in happiness, the night tour in Chengtian Temple is nothing, others have some ancient and modern meanings, but few idle people are like me. But: ancient meaning: just; Modern meaning: however, the conjunctions indicating turning point: ancient meaning: auxiliary words, indicating a definite tone, equivalent to "gang" and "gang"; Modern meaning: nouns, ears. Idle people: ancient meaning: people who can calm down and change without seeking fame and fortune; People who have nothing to do with things in today's sense enter the house in the moonlight: ancient meaning: multi-finger door; Today's meaning: residents and others read nothing, happy people read: ancient meaning: consider and think; Today's meaning: to commemorate, remember and read the ancient meaning: it turned out to be the reason for speculation; Modern meaning: something that covers an object. Flexible use of parts of speech: nouns go as verbs. Example: Walking in the atrium. Take a walk in the yard together. (The prepositional phrase should be "walking in the atrium") But there are few idle people like us: there are just people as idle as the two of us. Omit undressing. Where is there no bamboo and cypress? But few idle people, like me, express the author's lonely and desolate mood, the depression of unsuccessful career and the open-minded outlook on life.