Therefore, it is recommended to bring a laptop, because the guide is always inspecting, and the desktop is not convenient to hide ~
You can contact Netcom yourself (Hengclone Supermarket in the school has an agent) to run broadband, and the speed depends on your choice.
But last year, the school asked us to run the campus network, so we quit Netcom and regretted it! ! ! ! !
20 yuan/month is really cheap, but the speed. ......
It is inversely proportional to the total number of internet users in the school. If there are more people surfing the Internet at school, your internet speed will be slow, because the total bandwidth remains the same.
The movie is fast 1MB/s and slow by several kb/s. ......
It is strongly recommended to run Netcom.
Analyze it in detail again
Inorganic nonmetallic materials are materials composed of oxides, carbides, nitrides, halogen compounds, borides, silicates, aluminates, phosphates, borates and other substances of certain elements. It is the general name of all materials except organic polymer materials and metal materials. After the 1940s, with the development of modern science and technology, the formula of inorganic nonmetallic materials evolved from the traditional silicate materials. Inorganic nonmetallic materials are one of the three major materials alongside organic polymer materials and metal materials.
Composition structure
In terms of crystal structure, the crystal structure of inorganic nonmetals is far more complicated than that of metals, and there are no free electrons. It has stronger ionic bonds and mixed bonds than metal bonds and pure valence bonds. The unique high bond energy and strength of this chemical bond endow this kind of material with basic properties such as high melting point, high hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, high strength and good oxidation resistance, as well as wide conductivity, heat insulation, light transmittance and good ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism and piezoelectricity.
Silicate material is one of the main branches of inorganic nonmetallic materials, and silicate material is the main component of ceramics.
application area
Inorganic nonmetallic materials have many varieties, names and uses, and there is no unified and perfect classification method. They are usually divided into two categories: ordinary (traditional) and advanced (new) inorganic nonmetallic materials. Traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials are indispensable basic materials for industry and capital construction. For example, cement is an important building material; Refractory is closely related to high temperature technology, especially to the development of iron and steel industry; Various specifications of flat glass, instrument glass, ordinary optical glass, as well as daily-use ceramics, sanitary ceramics, building ceramics, chemical stoneware, electric ceramics, etc., are closely related to people's production and life. They are large in output and widely used. Other products, such as enamel, abrasives (silicon carbide, alumina), cast stone (diabase, basalt), etc. ), carbon materials and nonmetallic minerals (asbestos, mica, marble, etc. ) also belongs to the traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials. Since the mid-20th century, new inorganic nonmetallic materials have been developed, which have special properties and uses. They are the indispensable material basis for modern new technologies, new industries, technological transformation of traditional industries, modern national defense and biomedicine. There are mainly advanced ceramics, amorphous materials, artificial crystals, inorganic coatings and inorganic fibers.
Traditional handicrafts
Traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials:
Cement and other cementing materials: Portland cement, aluminate cement, lime, gypsum, etc.
Ceramic clay, feldspar, talc and ashes ceramics.
Refractory materials include silica, aluminosilicate, high alumina, magnesia, chrome magnesia and so on.
Glassy silicate
Enamel steel plate, cast iron, aluminum and copper tires.
Cast stone diabase, basalt, cast stone, etc.
Abrasive materials include silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, etc.
Porous materials include diatomite, vermiculite, zeolite, porous silicate and aluminum silicate.
Carbon materials, such as graphite, coke and various carbon products.
Non-metallic mineral clay, asbestos, gypsum, mica, marble, crystal and diamond.
New inorganic nonmetallic materials
Insulating materials include alumina, beryllium oxide, talc, forsterite ceramics, timely glass and glass ceramics.
Ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials such as barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate.
Magnetic materials, such as ferrite, such as manganese zinc, nickel zinc, manganese magnesium and lithium manganese, magnetic recording and bubble materials, etc.
Conductor ceramics, fast ionic conductors of sodium, lithium and oxygen ions, and silicon carbide.
Semiconductor ceramics, such as barium titanate, zinc oxide, tin oxide, vanadium oxide, zirconia and other filtering metal oxide materials.
Optical materials: YAG laser materials, transparent materials of alumina and yttrium oxide, time series or multicomponent glass optical fibers.
High temperature resistant compounds, such as high temperature oxides, carbides, nitrides and borides of high temperature structural ceramics.
Superhard materials such as titanium carbide, synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride.
Artificial crystal lithium aluminate, lithium tantalate, gallium arsenide, fluorophlogopite, etc.
Bioceramic feldspar tooth materials, alumina, phosphate bone materials and enzyme carrier materials.
Inorganic composites ceramic-based, metal-based and carbon-based composites
Comparison between traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and new inorganic nonmetallic materials Traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and new inorganic nonmetallic materials have the advantages of stable performance, corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance, but they are brittle and cannot withstand thermal shock. In addition to the advantages of traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials, it also has the characteristics of high strength, electricity, optics and biological functions.
Business development goals:
This major trains senior engineers with knowledge of inorganic nonmetallic materials and their composites in science and engineering, who can engage in scientific research, technology development, process and equipment design, production and management in the fields of inorganic nonmetallic materials structure research and analysis, material preparation, material molding and processing.
Business training requirements:
Students in this major mainly study the basic theory, composition, structure, performance and the relationship between production conditions of inorganic non-metallic materials and composite materials, and have the ability of material testing, production process design, material modification, research and development of new products, new technologies and equipment and technical management.
Main disciplines:
Materials science and engineering
Main course:
Physical chemistry, properties of inorganic materials, testing and research methods, powder engineering, material preparation principle, thermal processing and equipment, inorganic material technology (including silicate and composite materials), etc.
Main practical teaching links:
Including professional experiments, metalworking practice, production practice (including graduation practice), curriculum design, computer application and computer practice, graduation design (thesis).
Major professional experiments:
Physical and chemical properties of materials, technological performance experiments of materials, crystal phase analysis of materials, etc.
Study time: four years
Degree awarded: Bachelor of Engineering
Open colleges and universities
Hefei University Department of Chemical Engineering Liaoning University Dalian Institute of Light Industry Dalian University of Technology
Jilin University, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Jilin Jianzhu University
Southwest Institute of Technology, Guizhou University
Kunming University of Science and Technology Xi 'an University of Architecture and Technology Shaanxi University of Science and Technology
Hebei Polytechnic University Yanshan University Taiyuan University of Technology
Shenyang institute of chemical technology, Anshan University of Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Technology
Qiqihar University harbin university of science and technology
Shanghai University, Nanjing University of Chemical Technology and Jiangsu University.
Yancheng Institute of Technology Anhui University of Technology Anhui University of Technology Hefei University of Technology
Anhui Vocational Institute of Architecture Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
Wuhan Institute of Chemical Technology, Shandong Institute of Light Industry, Jinan University
Wuhan University of Science and Technology Guangxi University Guilin Institute of Technology
Harbin Institute of Technology, shenyang jianzhu university
Xi 'an Institute of Technology, Chengdu University of Technology Shijiazhuang Railway College
Changchun university of science and technology, Donghua Institute of Technology, China North University
Beijing university of chemical technology Tianjin University
East China University of Science and Technology Southeast University Wuhan University of Technology
Hunan University Central South University Hunan University of Science and Technology South China University of Technology Changsha University of Science and Technology Hunan Institute of Science and Technology
Sichuan University Shenyang University of Technology Zibo College
Shandong University Hebei University of Technology Hebei University of Science and Technology Hebei University of Engineering
Hebei Institute of Architecture and Technology Donghua University Hohai University
Luoyang Institute of Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology
Gansu University of Technology Henan Urban Construction College
Chaohu university
Development trend of inorganic nonmetallic materials industry
1. The role and position of inorganic nonmetallic materials in national economic construction
As one of the four major material industries (steel, nonferrous metals, organic and inorganic nonmetallic materials), inorganic nonmetallic materials industry plays an important role in China's economic construction. In recent years, inorganic nonmetallic materials not only have unprecedented development in variety, but also have further extension in connotation. According to different functions and functions of inorganic nonmetallic materials, inorganic nonmetallic materials can be divided into traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials (building materials) and new inorganic nonmetallic materials.
There are many kinds of traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, mainly referring to bulk inorganic building materials, including cement, glass, ceramics and building (wall) materials. Its output accounts for the vast majority of inorganic nonmetallic materials. Building materials are closely related to people's quality of life. Inorganic nonmetallic new materials refer to new materials with high strength, light weight, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, oxidation resistance and a series of excellent comprehensive properties such as special electricity, light, sound and magnetism. They are functional materials and structural materials that cannot be replaced by other materials. Inorganic nonmetallic new materials have unique properties and are indispensable key materials for high-tech industries. For example, rare earth-doped time-sensitive glass is widely used in laser ranging systems such as missiles, satellites and tank fire control weapons, and radiation-resistant time-sensitive glass is used in attitude control systems of various satellites and spacecraft; Fiber optic panels and microchannel plates are used as image intensifiers and low-light-level night vision components in all-weather weapons. Aviation glass provides key components for various military aircraft in China. Laser, nonlinear optics and infrared crystals in artificial crystal materials are used in ballistic guidance, electronic countermeasures, submarine communication, laser weapons and so on. Among special ceramics, high-temperature resistant and high-toughness ceramics can be used in aviation, aerospace engines and satellite remote sensing, and can be used to make bulletproof armored ceramics and special fibers with special properties for electronic countermeasures. At present, nearly 4000 kinds of new inorganic nonmetallic materials with high performance and multifunction have been developed. These high-performance materials play a very important role in developing modern weapons and equipment.
2. International development trends
In recent years, with the progress of science and technology, there are some new development trends in both traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and inorganic nonmetallic materials.
Strengthen the consciousness of ecological environment protection, establish a scientific evaluation system and realize sustainable development.
Western developed countries have taken many important measures to promote the healthy and sustainable development of traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials industry. Developed countries in the world attach great importance to the sustainable development and green evaluation of building materials industry. Ecological assessment has also become an important means of sustainable development in the world. At present, many countries are carrying out the construction and practice of "eco-city", popularizing building energy-saving technical materials and using recyclable materials to improve urban ecosystem. Therefore, the concepts of green building materials, environmental protection building materials and energy-saving building materials have been put forward, and a lot of research and practical work have been carried out. Compared with western developed countries, there is still a big gap in China, especially the lack of legislative support, technical standards guidance and management supervision of corresponding organizations, which makes the development of traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials industry in China still have a lot of room for improvement. Facing the severe test of resources and environment on China's economic development, the sustainable development strategy of national economy is becoming more and more important.
Develop in the direction of energy saving and consumption reduction.
The traditional inorganic nonmetallic material industry is a big energy consumer. Under the situation of energy shortage in the world today, how to produce energy-saving and consumption-reducing products and how to produce high-quality building energy-saving and thermal insulation products is an important trend in the development of building materials industry. Choose the development mode of resource saving, lowest pollution, quality benefit and leading technology. New wall materials, high-quality doors and windows and insulating glass will be widely used. It is developing in the direction of improving material properties and service life. Low-life design and repeated construction seriously restrict the development of urban construction. Modern buildings need the support of high-performance building materials, and improving the durability of buildings puts forward higher requirements for the service life of building materials.
Single-line production capacity is developing to large scale.
Whether in cement industry, glass industry or ceramic industry, the production capacity of a single production line tends to be huge. Large production lines can effectively improve product quality and reduce energy consumption.
Develop towards intelligence.
Intelligent building needs the support of building materials. With the progress of science and technology and the improvement of living standards, intelligent technologies such as intelligent diagnosis of building materials safety will be more applied to buildings.
Develop in the direction of compound and multifunctional.
Composite materials have functions that can not be satisfied by a single material, which is the development trend of building materials, and the functional requirements of building materials tend to be more and more multifunctional.
In the United States, Japan, Western Europe and other developed countries, the development of inorganic non-metallic new materials is listed as the focus of science and technology development strategy. For example, in order to maintain the leading position of high-tech and military equipment, the United States has successively formulated the Advanced Materials and Technology Plan (AMPP) and the National Key Technology Report, in which new materials are the first of the six key technologies, and inorganic non-metallic new materials account for a considerable proportion; Seven of the 14 basic research plans in the field of new materials listed in "Industrial Pillars in the Early 20th Century" published by Japan are related to the research field of inorganic nonmetallic new materials.
For example, developed countries attach great importance to the industrial production and application technology research of composite materials. Through the breakthrough of key technologies, realize the industrialization of materials; Industrial application promotes the maturity and innovation of technology; The application of new materials has stimulated the emergence of new industries and created new application fields.
3. The gap and problems of inorganic nonmetallic materials in China.
3. 1 traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials
There are many problems in the development of inorganic nonmetallic materials industry in China, especially the gap between traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials and foreign advanced level is very large, including:
(1) The product grade is low.
Among the traditional inorganic nonmetallic materials, the grades of cement, glass, ceramics and other products are generally low. For example, the strength of cement clinker in developed countries is generally above 70MPa, while the average strength in China is only 50 MPa. China's high-grade cement (ISO≥42.5) only accounts for 18%, and a large number of low-grade cement (ISO≤32.5) is produced, while high-grade cement in many developed countries accounts for more than 90%.
(2) High resource consumption
In terms of resource consumption, the cement and ceramic industries are more prominent. Due to a large number of disorderly mining, limited resources have not been fully utilized, resulting in great waste. For example, the main raw material for producing cement clinker is high-quality limestone, and its chemical composition must meet the requirements of CaO content not less than 45% and MgO not higher than 3%. China can meet the requirements of cement production, and the available amount is only about 25 billion tons. At present, the production of cement consumes about 550 million tons of high-quality limestone every year, so this reserve can only produce about 20 billion tons of cement clinker, which can only meet the needs of cement production for about 40 years.
(3) High energy consumption
In the production process of building materials, a lot of energy is consumed. For example, the cement industry consumes 910.06 million tons of standard coal and 65 billion kwh of electricity every year. The energy consumption of cement production in China is much higher than the advanced level in the world. Based on the comprehensive energy consumption per ton of clinker, the advanced level in the world is 1 17Kg standard coal, and that in China is 173.5Kg standard coal, which is more than 50% higher. In foreign countries, oxy-fuel combustion technology has been widely used in glass industry, but only a few glass fiber production lines have used this technology.
(4) serious environmental pollution
The cement industry emits about 555 million tons of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, 686,000 tons of sulfur dioxide and 2.06 million tons of nitrogen oxides every year. At present, the average dust emission per ton of clinker in other advanced countries
(5) Single-line production scale is small, and there are a lot of backward processes.
The "new dry process" with suspension preheating and pre-decomposition technology as the core technology is the most advanced modern cement production technology widely used in the cement industry in the world. 96% of the cement production in Japan, 96.5% in Italy, 65,438+000% in South Korea, 90% in Thailand, and only 65,438+05% in China. China's cement manufacturing industry is in a complicated state where advanced technology and backward technology coexist. In the glass industry, the average production scale of float glass production line in China is 450 tons/day, while that of French glass production line in western countries is 550 tons/day. Moreover, the quality of glass products is far behind that of foreign countries.
3.2 Inorganic nonmetallic new materials
Although China has made many achievements in inorganic nonmetallic new materials, there is still a big gap compared with developed countries because of the late start of research and development and industrial formation of inorganic nonmetallic materials, weak foundation and low investment intensity.
(1) Basic research and key technologies are backward.
China's new inorganic nonmetallic materials started from trial production, and the development process mainly followed the model requirements. Due to the limitation of time and manpower, and the lack of attention and investment in basic research in China for a long time, the systematic foundation of inorganic nonmetallic materials is very weak.
(2) Low material performance, few varieties and unstable mass production quality.
Although China has basically established the research and development of inorganic nonmetallic materials and the production system of some products, the variety of materials is not complete, and the key supporting materials of some important projects must be imported. The problems of low performance and poor quality still exist, and the problems of unstable quality, low output and poor efficiency in mass production are serious, which must be solved with great efforts. For example, at present, the shielding level of electromagnetic shielding glass can only reach 85dB in China, while it has reached 1 10dB in the United States. We are far from meeting the needs of the development of national defense industry in the range of shielding frequency bands. However, the research on high intensity and multifunction (stealth, anti-laser, etc.). The circular arc integral windshield in aviation glass has just started in China, which greatly restricts the development of China's aviation industry.
(3) Backward preparation technology
Inorganic nonmetallic new material industry is not only backward in preparation technology, but also low in productivity and efficiency, which directly affects the quality (performance), cost and energy consumption of high-tech products. For example, the glass fiber production in developed countries abroad mostly adopts 800-6000 hole bushing pool kiln drawing method, accounting for more than 95% of the total. Non-woven materials are all produced by tank kiln method, and crucible drawing method has long been eliminated. However, the existing tank furnace wire drawing technology in China mostly adopts 800-2000-hole production technology, and 4000-hole technology is under development. Crucible wire drawing has not been completely eliminated, and there is still a big gap with foreign countries. China's mechanized production of fiber reinforced composites only accounts for 40%, and 60% still uses backward manual molding, which is far from developed countries. Another example is the preparation technology of integrated circuit (IC) timely diffusion tube. Domestic single-machine intermittent gas refining technology can only provide ic tubes below 100mm, while foreign countries use one-step continuous melting and tube drawing technology to produce quartz tubes with a diameter of ∮200~300mm for large-scale integrated circuits, which makes Shi Ying diffusion tubes for IC in China lose their competitiveness and rely entirely on imports.
(4) backward technology and equipment
At present, the preparation technology and equipment of inorganic nonmetallic new materials in China are obviously backward, which leads to a long research and development cycle and great difficulty in developing new products. The pre-research results can not enter the engineering research in time, and even if they are produced, there will be problems such as low output, small scale and poor economic benefits.
4. Countermeasures and suggestions for the development of inorganic nonmetallic materials industry
In view of the present situation of inorganic nonmetallic materials industry in China, in order to realize its rapid, healthy and stable development, the following work must be carried out.
(1) Strengthen the government's policy guidance in building materials industry development and industrial structure adjustment;
(2) Strengthen the legislation of comprehensive utilization of resources and environmental protection, and strictly enforce the law;
(3) Promote the formation of a number of large-scale building materials industry groups with international competitiveness, establish a new technological innovation system of building materials industry with enterprises as the main body, and promote the integration of Industry-University-Research;
(4) Strengthen the applied basic research of "green" and energy-saving building materials industry, strengthen the construction of experimental base of building materials industry, and promote engineering and technological innovation;
(5) Strengthen industry management, establish a scientific, advanced and reasonable standard system, establish a product quality certification system, and give play to the role of industry associations, societies and various intermediaries;
(6) Formulate scientific and effective policies, measures and management systems as soon as possible to adapt to the development of China's market economy and the reform of scientific research system and government system, increase investment and project audit, and ensure the healthy development of research, development and production of inorganic nonmetallic new materials;
(7) According to the principle of demand traction and scientific and technological advancement, combined with the characteristics of the scientific system of inorganic nonmetallic materials, make overall consideration and coordinated development, and rationally arrange medium and long-term scientific research projects. Attach importance to and strengthen basic research, pay full attention to the frontier of science and technology in related fields, and improve the scientific and technological level and development ability of inorganic non-metallic new materials in China;
(8) In order to adapt to the rapid development of inorganic nonmetallic materials, it is necessary to speed up personnel training, constantly innovate the courses and teaching materials of inorganic nonmetallic materials education, and reflect the increasing new knowledge in this field and related fields as soon as possible. It is necessary to attach importance to basic physical and chemical principles, strengthen original innovation, study and explore unknown new materials with application prospects, and study the synthesis and preparation of new materials, especially to develop innovative new inorganic nonmetallic materials with high performance and low cost by means of basic analysis, computer modeling, micro-scale structure control and bionics. The research and equipment of new equipment, including main instruments, should be strengthened. Without advanced instruments and equipment, it is impossible to carry out the research and development of the frontier of material science and technology.
In addition, any material must go through the process of engineering and practicality. Educating and cultivating a group of high-quality talents with outstanding engineering ability and strong practical ability has become an important content of higher education. In the process of cultivating students, it is the only way to strengthen the teaching of practical links. In order to meet the requirements of personnel training, the corresponding practical teaching and engineering training must be reformed.