It is closely related to census, linguistics, history and archaeology, and plays an extremely important role in the scientific management of personnel modernization. Surname, as a marginal subject, has always been concerned by all parties.
Most surnames in modern European and American countries come from the Middle Ages and can be traced back to ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. As early as 5,000 years ago, China had formed a surname, which gradually developed and passed down from generation to generation.
China's first philological monograph explaining the original form and etymology of square characters is Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Xu Shen, the author of this book (about 58- 147) explained: "Surnames are born to people.
..... Born by surname, born by surname. "That is to say, people are born to their mothers, so the surname is next to the woman.
The origin of surnames can be traced back to the matriarchal clan system in primitive human society. Surname is a special symbol to distinguish clans.
Many surnames in ancient China were beside the female characters, indicating that our ancestors had experienced matriarchal clan society. All surnames intermarry with each other, and intermarriage is prohibited within the clan with the same surname. Children belong to the mother and take the mother as the surname.
The appearance of surnames is a sign that primitive people gradually got rid of ignorance. With the development of social productive forces, the matrilineal clan system has changed to the paternal clan system, and the surname has changed from the father's surname to the woman's family.
Later, the clan system was gradually replaced by the class social system, and the methods and means of governing the country by naming the land came into being. The appearance of stone is a step towards class society in human history.
Surnames and surnames are two stages of human progress and the product of civilization. Later, in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, surnames and surnames were unified and no longer distinguished, indicating that surnames and surnames were both surnames, indicating the symbol of individuals and families.
This is the meaning of surname as we know it today. Before Qin Dynasty, surname and surname were two monosyllabic words with different meanings.
The archaic characters of surnames consist of "ren" and "destiny", which means that people are born with their surnames because of their destiny. In the inscription "Curse Chu Wen" carved by the State of Qin, it was first seen that the surname was composed of the word "female" and the word "sheng", and this glyph was finally shaped by Xu Shen, a Han Dynasty person, and became a knowing word.
The appearance of surnames already existed in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Zhu, a philologist in Qing Dynasty, explained in his masterpiece Shuo Wen Tong Xun that the original meaning of "Shi" is woody, the root of plants and hieroglyphics. Later, he changed his surname to "Shi" and took the fundamental meaning of wood.
In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, the social function of surnames was to represent races with the same blood relationship, and surnames were a branch derived from surnames. As a mirror, it says, "Surnames are unified by ancestors; The surname is not divided by his descendants. "
Surnames originated earlier and remained relatively stable after their formation. Its origin is late and constantly changing. "Zhou Yu in Mandarin" says: "The surname is born, and it is the ancestor. Although not as good as a fairy, this surname will not change.
Family members belong to the same family, enjoy the children's connection with the family, and the collateral family belongs to their own family. "In short, the surname is the basis of the surname, and the surname is derived from the surname.
Before Shang and Zhou Dynasties, surnames were used to distinguish marriage, so there were same surnames, different surnames and common surnames. Surnames are used to distinguish between high and low. Noble people have surnames, but poor people have no surnames.
With different surnames, marriage can pass; You can't get married with the same surname. In the Western Han Dynasty, there was little difference between surnames and surnames.
When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he simply confused surnames and became inseparable surnames. Therefore, Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, said in Tian: "The names of surnames have been mixed since Taishigong, and this is also the case when Qin Shihuang called Zhao and Emperor Gaozu called Liu."
Surnames originated from primitive clan society. Several ethnic groups form a primitive tribe, and clans in the tribe exist independently. At the same time, there is a close marriage relationship between clans, so surnames came into being as a specific symbol to identify and distinguish clans.
China's earliest surnames all had the word "female", such as Ji, Jiang, Gui and Si. It can be inferred that surnames have been formed as early as matriarchal clan period, which is determined by the status of women in matriarchal society, and its function is to facilitate intermarriage and determine the ownership of future generations. Marriage is forbidden within the same surname, and marriage is allowed between clans with different surnames. The children belong to the mother, taking the mother's surname as the surname.
Stone was first formed in the late primitive society. By the time of the Yellow Emperor, there was already a "native name".
With the disintegration of clan system and the formation of class society and state system, there has been a habit of giving and giving land to name families. Thus, the origin of surnames began and formed, and various forms of surname taking appeared.
At this point, the difference between surnames and people's original intentions is not obvious in essence. The reasons for the formation of surnames are as follows: 1. Surnames are named after the names of residence, location and country.
Such as Zhao, Simon, Zheng and Su. 2. Named after surnames, such as Ren, Feng and Zi. Take Gu as the surname.
3. Name the surname with the name or character of the ancestor. Plus Huangfu, Gao, Diao, Gong, Shi and so on.
4. Take brothers as surnames. Such as Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji.
5. Address surnames by official names. Such as Shi, Cang, Si Tu, Zhao Shi, Tai Shi, etc.
6. Life with professional skills. Such as witchcraft, slaughter, Excellence, divination, etc.
7. Take the ancestor posthumous title as the surname. For example, wearing clothes and talking on the phone.
8. Ancient ethnic minorities merged with the Han nationality and borrowed Chinese characters as surnames. For example, Tuoba changed to Yuanshi County, bare dew changed to Zhu, two customs changed to Guan, and the road of cattle changed to buttons, and so on.
9. I changed my surname because I gave it and avoided it. For example, the dynasty named the minister with outstanding contributions as Li, and the dynasty named Zhu; The name of Emperor China was changed from constant to constant because of taboo.
The ancestors of the Jin emperors were Sima Shi, and all the teachers in the world changed their surnames to Shi Shuai. 10. I changed my surname to avoid vendetta.
For example, the descendants of Duanmu Zigong changed their names to Mu and Prison. The origin of surnames has many forms and is developing constantly. The same surname comes from different sources, or different surnames have the same origin, and so on. The situation is complicated.
As time goes by, new surnames keep appearing. For example, when naming a child, two monosyllabic surnames of men and women are taken to synthesize a compound surname, adding new members to the surname "family".
In China, people always ask their names when they meet. If they are found to have the same surname, they will feel very cordial. They think they were a family 500 years ago. In fact, this is not credible. Yuan Yida said that the survey found that there may be hundreds of sources for a big surname, such as Li, the first surname in China, some from Yuan and some from Zhao. In the Tang Dynasty, Li was given as the founding father, and even in the post-Wei period, the compound surname of Xianbei changed.
2. Write an 800-word composition centered on the surname "Yu". 2. He came from a nation and later changed his surname to Kui. According to Guoyu, "Lu, Luo, Quan, Yu and Man are all Chibikui surnames."
3. In the last years of Shang Dynasty, except Hou, it was located in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province. After Shang died, I went to the city to recuperate.
4. From Mongols, descendants of Genghis Khan.
Q:
Then this existence comes from and.
Answer:
Yu has four sources:
1, from Ji surname,
Descendants of Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, take the country name as their surname. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, the Prime Minister's Lineage Table, Zhou Wuwang made great efforts to enfeoffment princes after negotiating with Shang Dynasty, and his second uncle was sealed in the branch country. According to the Guang Yun, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang named his second son (called the third son) Zhi (the old city is in Zhi Town, northwest of Qinyang, Henan Province), which was called Zhi Shu. Later, the descendants of uncle took the country as their surname, and some took the branch as their surname; Some people go to town to take the surname Yu, for the sake of Henan. Historically, surnames are authentic.
Since ancient times, Chunyu's surname has been repeated.
In the Tang Dynasty, Xian Zong avoided taboo and changed his surname to Yu. According to the dialectics of ancient and modern surnames, the descendants of Chunyu take the country name as their surname and are called Chunyu's surname. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the royal family had seven surnames, including Chunyu. To Li, in order to avoid taboo ("pure" and "chun" homophonic), the compound surname Chunyu was changed to single surname Yu. In the Song Dynasty, some Yu surnames were restored to Chunyu surnames, while others remained unchanged, forming a branch of Yu surnames.
3. Wan Yu in Northern Wei Dynasty,
When Emperor Xiaowen reformed in Chinese, his surname was restored to Yu. According to "History of Taoism", Wanwanyu of Xianbei nationality was originally the Yu family of Shandong Province, and was later changed by Xianbei, and the reform of localization of Emperor Xiaowen was resumed. Although this branch of Yu family was changed from Wanxi family of Xianbei nationality and has always been regarded as a foreign surname, in fact they are still descendants of Yu family of Han nationality. It was only in the Han Dynasty that a descendant named Yugong left the Central Plains with Tuoba and changed his surname to Wanxi in order to survive in Xianbei. Later, Tuoba established Xianbei nationality in northern China. Most people with the surname Yu who live in the north belong to this branch.
4, from the given surname or minority surname:
(1) Bayan Dali was the surname in the Ming Dynasty, and the southern part of Nimaha was changed to this surname in the Qing Dynasty.
(2) Some ethnic minorities such as Daur, Oroqen, Tu, Hui and Korean changed their surnames.
Q:
What are the arrangements for the remaining generations?
3. Praise my surname Tang Xinyu for writing a composition. There are many excellent people in our class, including young calligraphers and athletes ... so many excellent people are worthy of praise, but the classmate I want to praise today is a helpful person in our class.
He has a crew cut, a face with the word "country" written on it, a pair of eyes full of wisdom, and a glib mouth. Although he doesn't like to speak in class, he always surprises us at critical moments. He is Wu Youduan.
Wu Youduan is particularly helpful. According to Huang Xuannan, once after class, they were playing on the playground. Suddenly they heard a cry from the fourth floor and ran up to see what had happened. Wow! It turned out that a big brother in grade four was bullying five little brothers in grade one. When Wu Zhi saw it, he immediately said to his eldest brother, "You, do you think you are very powerful when you are old?" You can bully younger children at will. I'm telling you, you are wrong. We should take care of our children, you know? "The eldest brother was blushed by his words.
Then he turned to the children and asked them, "Are you all right?" "Nothing, thank you!" They replied. Big brother said in shame, "I'm sorry, I was wrong."
With that, they went down to class. He is also a fan of small books.
When class is over, he seldom goes outside to play and often reads books in the classroom. He reads so carefully that he doesn't even listen to every class. This is my classmate, a little boy who loves books and is helpful. I admire him.
4. Write a name composition and surname introduction with Wu's name.
Wu is the surname of the country, which comes from the branch of Zhou royal family and Wu royal family. It is the tenth largest surname in Chinese mainland today, ranking sixth among hundreds of surnames. According to the National Citizenship Information System (NCIIS) of the household registration administration, Wu is also the tenth surname. According to 1977, a paper on "surnames" published by China historian Li Dongming in Oriental Magazine, Wu is one of the top ten surnames of Chinese in the world. According to the comprehensive analysis of China Surname Origin and Research Center of Fuxi Cultural Research Institute in April 20 13 and 14, Wu ranked eighth in the latest edition of China's "Hundred Surnames" list.
Name explanation
Lexical analysis
Meng: Mainly used for surnames.
Xin: happy, like: thriving. Rejoicing. Happy. Grateful.
Idiom interpretation
The Way of Confucius and Mencius: Three Meng Mu Movements
Be ecstatic, exultant, happy and flourishing.
Tang poem Song jambic verse
Wu Chu's tactics were in vain, but Yafu's efforts were in vain. -Li Bai's Fu Liangyin
Kill people like grass, and play with Meng. -Li Bai's white horse
In addition to joy and harm, there is also the noise of wine in the room. -Liu Yuxi's Journey of a Strong Man
Harmony and joy are yours, and leisure and joy are yours. -Zhang Jiuling's "Seeking a secluded place with a living man"
5. The composition surname is legendary. My surname He He comes from Ji (1), which is an incorrect pronunciation of "Han". According to Yuan He's compilation, after his mother and brother, he was sealed in Han Dynasty. His descendant, Sun Han Wang An, originally lived in Hanyi, and was later destroyed by Qin. Her descendants are scattered among Jianghuai dialects, and their pronunciation changed from Chinese to Chinese. He is one of the nine surnames of Zhaowu. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Hao Lianshan was defeated by Xiongnu and moved to Central Asia, where nine small countries including An, Cao, He, Kang, Shi, Mi, Shi, Huo and E were established. During the Yonghui period, the "Nine Surnames of Zhaowu" successively belonged to the mainland, and He was one of them. Later he became a noble family. (4) According to the Records of Lanzhou County, in the Yuan Dynasty, there was a Tubo Xuanwei ambassador Suonan and his son Suoming. In the Ming Dynasty, he was given the surname He. On April 24th, 2007, it was announced as a contemporary China 17 surname, accounting for 1. 17%. Yuan Chu moved from Wendengying area to he jia zhuang, Hegezhuang, Song Cun; In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Congrong City moved to Wendengying Hejiadian. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Qinjiazhu Village in Rongcheng moved to Hejiatuan in Tianfu East Canal. After Dongan, before Dun, Jinling, Dongqu and Dongan, what was his surname? Ci-generation: Wen Fu Chuan Jing. Hejiadian: Xiangdong, Ji Guo. The information provided for you is for reference only.
6. My surname is Luo, with an "eye" above and an "evening" below. Luo means: light and soft silk fabrics with sparse holes, such as Luo Yi and Luo Yi. People like to call me "radish" in a friendly way, which leads my uncle to call me "radish" too. I also like to eat radishes, whether carrots or white radishes.
Roche ranks 22nd among hundreds of surnames, with a population of about12.367 million, accounting for 0% of the total population of China. Around 77, there are many Roche family members, right? Roche is a typical multi-ethnic and multi-source surname.
Since there are many Roche families, there will be many celebrities. As early as ancient times, there was a man named Luo Zhu, known as Da Nong Ling, Mr. Hongya, the grandson of the 108 th emperor and the 4 th1th grandson of Guan Gong. Isn't it amazing? There was a politician Luo Youhe in Jin Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, there were military strategists Luo Shixin and Luo Tong, and there were also writers Luo Yin, but what I admire and appreciate most is the poet Ye Luo, who is "heroic and capable of writing and martial arts". He is one of the "three wonders" in the Tang Dynasty. There were so many in ancient times, and now there are so many Show Lo, Tayu Lo and Luo Shanshan.
But I like, appreciate and admire Luo Guanzhong of the Ming Dynasty best. He was an outstanding novelist in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, but I only read the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the vernacular version, the ancient version and all versions. I still remember some funny chapters, such as Wang Situ's clever use of a series of tricks, Master Dong's making a scene, and Yang Feng Dong's rescue of the coachman, and so on, which Luo Guanzhong used in this way. Treacherous Cao Cao, wise Zhuge Liang, kind Liu Bei, loyal Guan Yu and brave Zhang Fei, these figures with outstanding images and distinctive personalities, have long been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
7. Zhu's cultural counties include,,, Fengyang, Danyang, Yiyang, Qiantang, zhecheng county, Taikang and Yongcheng.
Harno. Bailutang: Zhu, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in Song Dynasty, gave lectures at Bailudong Academy, so it was called Bailutang. Ju Jingtang: Zhu advocates the teaching principles of step by step, respect and ambition in teaching.
Respecting teachers means that teachers not only teach, but also educate people; Teachers should not only set an example, but also set an example. Teachers should set an example in everything they say and do, so they are called Jujingtang. Folding Threshold Hall: In the Han Dynasty, Zhu Yun was ordered by Li Huai to perform a script in the imperial court, so he demanded the execution of the traitor yu zhang, which angered the emperor and asked the executioner to take him to the execution.
Zhu Jun climbed the threshold of Jin Dian with both hands, and the executioner pulled Zhu Jun hard, so the threshold of Jin Dian was broken. Church: a branch of the Zhu family, which moved to Yuyao in order to establish a church.
* * * Hall: Zhu, alias * * *, a scholar in Shaoxing, was given a knighthood by Song Taizu, and he was defeated by his letter. Zhu wrote many works, which had a great influence on later generations.
In modern times, Zhu took "* * * Hall" as the source. Quadrilateral universal joint negative Jing Qin reading; Break the threshold and be loyal.
Zhu Maichen was born in Wuxian County, Western Han Dynasty. At that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the prefect of Huiji, and he had a long history as an official, a captain and a prime minister. The second couplet shows that Zhu Yun, a native of Ping Ling in the Western Han Dynasty, is an honest and loyal courtier.
* * * Shi Ze; The voice of white deer. Zhu, Song Dynasty, alias * * *.
He teaches at Bailudong College. Luan Biao is straight; Deer hole hanging gauge.
Zhu Jingze, listed as the first couplet of the Tang Dynasty, tried his best to dissuade Wei Zhizhong, Zhang Shuo and others from dying. In the second part, Zhu gave lectures at Bailudong Academy in the Southern Song Dynasty and learned the rules in calligraphy.
Governing and pushing the North Sea; Songs spread all over Nanyang. Zhu Yi, a native of Shu in Han Dynasty, was published in the couplet. He is honest, fair and not harsh, and is loved by officials and people. Later, he entered the DPRK as a big sinong.
The second part is about Wan people and writers in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Later, the Huaihe River was the satrap, suppressing evil and promoting good, and the officials and people feared love. Wuyuan Zhu Shi; The national emblem of this country is immortal.
Zhu, a native of Wuyuan, was published by the All-China Federation. After his death, he wrote "Wen", posthumously sealed lord protector, and later changed it to lord protector emblem.
Goose Lake Ishizawa; The voice of the Ludong family. Zhu, who came out of the All-China Federation in the Southern Song Dynasty, gave lectures at two academies, Goose Lake and Bailudong in Jiangxi.
A century-old tree; Read thousands of books. This couplet adopts the Bailudong book couplet inscribed by Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Two emperors; A generation of saints. This couplet is Zhu's ancestral hall couplet.
Five-shaped universal joint platform, strong integrity; Daoyuan painted birds and fish. On the first page, Zhu Jingze, a native of Yongcheng in the Tang Dynasty, has few words, and the official is advising doctors and national history.
Zhu Da, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty, was good at ink painting, flowers, birds, fish and insects. His calligraphy was simple, round and unique. Deer cave is warm in spring; Goose Lake is getting longer and longer.
The All-China Federation was written by Zhu, a philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was born in Wuyuan, Huizhou, lived in Jianzhou and worked as an editor of the secretary's cabinet. Several pavilions are filled with ink; The depth of field in the garden in spring.
This couplet was written by Zhu Da, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty. Guo Pei has a long history; * * * Zechang.
Nanxiong Zhuji Lane, located at the foot of Meiling Mountain, is the only remaining Gu Xiang in Guangdong in the Song Dynasty, the birthplace of some residents in the Pearl River Delta and the ancestral home of overseas Chinese. Yesterday, the Sage Education Office; This ancient cave is stuffy and windy.
Zhuzi Temple in Lushan Mountain, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. Seven-character league of nations, unifying countries; Song Shengxian, a classic of the Four Books.
Couplets refer to Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The second part is Zhu, a native of Song Dynasty, who once commented on The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, which are collectively called Notes on Four Books.
Mountains and rivers have the land of China; The sun and the moon reopen the unified sky. This couplet was written by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Loyal officials in the Han dynasty have broken the threshold; Textual research on the origin of neo-Confucianism. The first couplet refers to Zhu Yun, a famous minister in the Western Han Dynasty. He remonstrated, broke the threshold of the temple, and he fought hard.
Later, the emperor wrote not to repair the broken threshold, "for the direct minister." Downlink guide: Zhu, Kao Ting and Zhu's residence in Song Dynasty.
Lady city is comparable to the royal carriage; Talented women's words caused some ridicule. Zhu Xu, a native of Yiyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in the first book. In the first year of Taizi, he was appointed as the history of Liangzhou, guarding Xiangyang.
Before the siege, he led the people to stick to it, and his mother, Han, led women to build a new city, which was called "daughter city" in history. Zhu, a female writer in Song Dynasty, was born in Qiantang.
There are a collection of poems "heartbroken collection" and a collection of words "heartbroken words". He is good at painting and proficient in music.
It seems to see Nishan missionary day; I also smell the deer cave and listen to the scriptures. Taiwan Province Zhuzi kinmen county Temple Federation.
More than eight words, Ai Lian general Shi Lixian, Feng Dai Taishou; A gentleman is a gentleman and a gentleman is a farmer. The first couplet refers to Zhu, a famous person in Ming Dynasty.
The second couplet refers to Zhu Yi, a famous person in Han Dynasty. Yuhai Jinshan, Biyan and Adventure; Lin Qiong Huang Bang, conference article.
Couplets refer to Zhu Yi in the Liang Dynasty, and the word Yanhe, which has been read through the Five Classics, is particularly clear and easy to distinguish. The second part refers to Zhu Jin, Zhu Xizhou and Zhu Guozhuo of the Ming Dynasty, all of whom are consecutive champions.
After 46 days of fame, you can know your destiny; I have written for more than a thousand years, and I have not fallen into sven. Zhuzi Temple in Lushan Mountain, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province.
This connection outlines Zhu's political career in his life. When I moved to Chitai, I remembered the old pool. I fell in love romantically and dreamed of Sioux City. Salt industry is also a variety of crops, watching the smoke and waves, the life of the sea country.
This couplet is for Siming Zhu Ancestral Hall in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province. The couplet says that this branch of Zhu is from Suzhou; The second part lists Yuyao's lifestyle and living environment.
The clan moved from Wuxinwu is pure and beautiful, and the land is called Gigi Lai. After the descendants surpassed Song Guoyuan in the Ming Dynasty, the poems and books were blessed, and several people chanted Wugang. This couplet is a couplet of Zhu's ancestral hall in Shantou Street, Jingxian County, Anhui Province.
The first chapter lists Zhu's migration experience. Since the second couplet of Song Dynasty came out, Zhu talents have come forth in large numbers.
Jiujiang Shuibao Cave Courtyard, half by the sky, half by the sky, the second generation is perfect; Sanxian Temple is facing the Five Old Peaks. Who is the stone and who is the robber stone? Eight hearts never grind phosphorus. Zhuzi Temple in Lushan Mountain, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province.
Region/Ancestral Temple stands for Yunwen in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, and abides by the ancestral teachings. Qin Wuda wins, and it is appropriate to meet good luck by the way. The teacher makes good use of the lofty knowledge of the Beijing school, is generous, and is encouraged by kindness. Emperor Jian Jing initiated Wan Shixian, a Confucian scholar and famous philosopher in Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province, and advocated poetry and calligraphy. The country will always follow the long-term virtue and virtue, and He Tianxiang will be patient and obedient to the old adage. Shengdian Rong Feng and Sichuan Daxian Wenzhi Liang Shi Dexue Shangguiyuan have a bright founder, who is courteous and righteous. Renxing opened the court to benefit Sichuan Zizhong. Xingpeng Shiquan Guangyuan Kaizhiwan School was able to unite with Fu and Jiangsu Weiyang, learn from them, and make Shaozhou (the above is part of Zhu's genealogical documents and word generation ranking).