Text: People say, "There is heaven on earth and Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth." In fact, the reason why Suzhou is associated with heaven is largely due to the existence of a large number of feudal classical gardens in Suzhou.
Suzhou is a famous garden city in China, where there are many national and even world-famous classical gardens. Suzhou's garden art has a long history, a large number and superb gardening art, which is second to none in the country. According to textual research, it has a history of garden management of 1500 years, and there are 69 well-preserved gardens so far. Now, the meaning of Suzhou gardens is not only the gardens located in Suzhou, but also the general name of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River.
There is a saying that "Jiangnan gardens are the best in the world and Suzhou gardens are the first in Jiangnan". These gardens can be roughly divided into three categories: home gardens, suburban gardens and temple gardens. Most of these gardens were built by some literati, which are exquisite and elegant. They are a large-scale and multi-angle concentrated display of China's garden art. The famous gardens in Suzhou are: Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Retreat Garden, Lovers' Garden, Master's Garden, Yiyuan Garden, Huanxiu Villa and so on.
Suzhou garden is a concentrated natural landscape and a good inheritance of human cultural and artistic level. Including humanities, architecture, poetry and painting, and China's classical philosophy. Seen from the plane, Suzhou Garden is a fresh and elegant ink painting; From a three-dimensional point of view, although it is not an imaginary castle in the air, it also has the unique charm of Jiangnan water town. In the eyes of tourists, Suzhou Garden is the best natural museum.
Here, according to the gardening characteristics of Suzhou gardens and the information I have learned, I mainly introduce two wonderful flowers in Suzhou garden art-Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden.
Humble Administrator's Garden, Beijing Summer Palace, chengde mountain resort and Lingering Garden are also called the four classical gardens in China. It was originally the residence of Lu Guimeng, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, and later the retirement residence of Wang, a supervisor in the Ming Dynasty. He repaired the defects, planted trees and grass, and named the garden with the meaning of "I am a humble people's government". It was once a part of the Loyalty Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and now it is a national key text.
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The whole park is divided into four parts: East, Middle, West and Residential. The residential style is a typical Suzhou residence, which has been transformed into the exhibition hall of the Garden Museum. The eastern part is flat, fast and clear, with Pinggang distant mountains, pine forests, lawns, bamboo buildings and pool water as the main features. The main attractions are: Tang Xue, Zhu Lan Yunfeng, Furong Pavilion and Tian Quan Pavilion. The central part is the essence of Humble Administrator's Garden, which is dominated by water, accounting for about one third of the pool area. Lush water, natural scenery, different shapes and clear priorities. It is not a corner that can be seen everywhere in western garden architecture, but embodies the philosophy of oriental art in "invisible" and "visible". The main landscapes in central China are: Yuanxiangtang, Xiangzhou, Hefeng Pavilion, Jianhong Building, Xiaofeihong and Loquat Garden. The main building in the west is Yuanyang Pavilion, which is close to the residential side. The shape of this pool is a curved ruler. It is characterized by the confrontation of pavilions, the ups and downs of cloisters, the reflection of water waves, and the gorgeous decoration without losing interest. The main attractions are: Yuanyang Pavilion, photo studio, people sitting building, water gallery and so on.
Liuyuan, built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, can be divided into four scenic spots, with the mountain pond in the middle as the main part, and the scenery is quiet. To the east, the hall is bright and spacious, and the buildings are layered, giving visitors a comfortable atmosphere; There are heaped-up mountains and maple forests in the west, and the scenery is natural and delicate; The northern part is idyllic, which makes people return to simplicity. The layout of the whole park is reasonable and the structure is rigorous, and the architectural layout ranks first in Suzhou gardens.
Covering an area of more than 30 mu, Lingering Garden integrates folk houses, ancestral temples, temples and gardens, integrates Jiangnan gardening art, is good at architectural structure, and is good at absorbing the surrounding scenery by artistic means such as size, straightness, light and shade, height and retraction, forming a spatial system with rich layers, patchwork, bright colors and sharp contrast. Yu Yue, the last imperial scholar, called Lingering Garden "the crown of the famous gardens in Wu" in his book Lingering Garden. The winding corridor of the whole garden runs through it, with a length of 600-700 meters. On the wall of the corridor, there are more than 300 calligraphy stone carvings by famous calligraphers of past dynasties, the most famous of which is the paste of Dong Diao Er Wang, which was carved by Dong Hance, a native of Songling in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and lasted for 25 years to 13 years of Wanli. There are three unique ways to stay in the garden, namely: Yundingfeng, Nanmu Temple and Fish Fossil.
Suzhou garden is a mountain forest full of natural interest in the city. People who live in downtown areas can enjoy the joy of nature once they enter the garden. In this concentrated nature, a spoon replaces water and a punch replaces mountains. The changes of four Jeffery Ji faults in the garden, the withering of vegetation in spring and autumn, and the seasonal changes of landscape flowers and trees make people enjoy the forest without leaving the battlements, live in the downtown area and have the joy of nymphs.
An important feature of Suzhou classical garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China traditional culture. It is manifested in the naming, plaque, calligraphy, carving and decoration of the garden hall, as well as the meaning of flowers and trees and the love of stacked stones. It is not only a beautiful work of art that adorns the garden, but also stores a lot of historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, which has extremely profound material and spiritual connotations. Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poetry
The embellishment, germination and rendering of classical gardens by literature make people wander in them, turn scenery into emotion, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction. The handwriting of famous calligraphers in China is well preserved, which is a precious work of art with high aesthetic value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, is an important first-hand material to study the life customs and etiquette of ancient Jiangnan people.
Suzhou gardens have reached a historical height in beautifying the living environment, integrating architectural beauty, natural beauty and humanistic beauty, and have an important and irreplaceable role and position in the history of garden art development in China and even in the world.
Landscape characteristics of Suzhou gardens
Suzhou gardens are small, but ancient gardeners have created rich and diverse landscapes through various artistic techniques. They can swim in the garden, or see how deep the courtyard is, or see another village with dark flowers, or see small bridges and flowing water, white walls and tiles, or see winding paths and winding mountains, or change the scenery easily and endlessly. As for those flower windows with different shapes and exquisite patterns, those paved roads, those roads that can't reach your feet like brocade, and those sketches that seem to be inadvertently scattered in every corner ... people can't finish reading them and have endless aftertaste.
Suzhou Gardens simulate natural scenery, use water surface, strange stones, flowers and trees, absorb literature, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, sculpture, arts and crafts and other techniques, and form a comprehensive art centered on architecture through water management, overlapping mountains, greening, architecture, furnishings and decoration, creating a poetic artistic conception of the city surrounded by mountains and forests, with a unique style, which embodies the essence of garden architecture in southern China. Its quantity and artistic attainments are rare in any part of the world today. Suzhou Garden is not only an excellent historical and cultural heritage of China, but also a treasure in the world cultural and artistic treasure house.
Because of the variety of garden space, it creates more conditions for fixed and dynamic views, as well as views, frames and transparency. They are ranked first in the three local styles.
1, stone mosaic feature
Suzhou is rich in stone materials, and there are many kinds of stone materials in Suzhou gardens, mainly Taihu Stone and Huangshi. There are a lot of stones, and there are more big rockeries than earth, and almost all small rockeries are piled up with stones. You can simulate the pulse of the mountain, or you can simulate a corner of the mountain as a small port in Pinggang.
Take the lion forest as an example. There are many exquisite rockeries, exquisite lakes and rocks, and twists and turns in caves and valleys, which are called "Eighteen Scenes of Taoyuan". There are many strange peaks and rocks at the top of the cave, all of which are like lions dancing. There are many famous peaks, such as Hu Hui, Tuyue, Yuxuan and Angxia, among which Lion Forest is the first.
2, plant configuration
Jiangnan has a mild and humid climate, and flowers and trees grow well and have a wide variety. The rigid and flexible lines of flowers and trees are organically combined, paying attention to the coordination and unity with rocks, water surfaces and houses.
Plants in Suzhou gardens are mainly natural and can be divided into two categories.
The first is the combination of the same kind of plants, such as bamboo on the side of Canglangting Mountain, which is full of green slopes. In the west of Liuyuan Park, there are many mountains and maple forests, and there are many wonders in autumn. Peony in front of Yiyuan Garden can enjoy the colorful scenery of "moving the capital when flowers bloom".
The second kind is a plant cluster with different planes, which is in harmony with rocks and has a poetic feeling with a white landscape wall as the bottom, just like painting on rice paper.
3. Building structure
The forms of architecture are extremely diverse and rich. The individual image of Jiangnan garden architecture is exquisite and light, with a gentle and charming temperament. Indoor and outdoor spaces are transparent. Exposed wooden components are generally decorated with ochre, black and gray bricks and blue tiles, and the garden landscape composed of whitewashed tiles and water stone flowers and trees can show elegant and refined painting art style. Wood decoration, furniture, all kinds of brick carvings, wood carvings, leaky windows, portals, plaques and flower street floors all show exquisite craftsmanship.
The human landscape of pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, halls, pavilions and corridors is the characteristic of Suzhou garden architecture. Surrounded by a long corridor, the balcony is looming, and the winding path is secluded, which has a maze-like feeling. Surrounded by winding corridors, there are other plaques and inscriptions.
4. Characteristics of water management
Suzhou is located in a water town, dotted with lakes, ditches and ponds, which is very beneficial to gardening because of its water.
The Significance of Suzhou Gardens
An important feature of Suzhou classical garden is that it is not only the product of history and culture, but also the carrier of China traditional thought and culture. It is manifested in the naming, plaque, calligraphy, carving and decoration of the garden hall, as well as the meaning of flowers and trees and the love of stacked stones. It is not only a beautiful art that adorns the garden, but also stores many historical, cultural, ideological and scientific information, material and spiritual contents. Some reflect and spread various philosophical concepts and schools of thought such as Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Some preach the philosophy of life and cultivate noble sentiments; With the help of classical poems and literary works, the landscape is embellished, germinated and rendered, so that people can turn the landscape into feelings in their lives and sightseeing, produce artistic beauty and obtain spiritual satisfaction. The handwriting of famous calligraphers in China is well preserved, which is a precious work of art with high cultural value. In addition, Suzhou Classical Garden, as the first house garden in China, reflects the life style and etiquette of folk living and leaving their relatives in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China, and is the material for understanding and studying the folk customs in the south of the Yangtze River in ancient China.
The large and small gardens in Suzhou have their own artistic characteristics in layout, structure and style. These four classical gardens, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, Master Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa, originated in the heyday of Suzhou Gardens, fully embodying the national characteristics and level of Chinese gardening art, with complete architectural types and complete preservation. These four gardens occupy a small area, but skillfully use various gardening techniques and skills to combine pavilions, fountains and flowers and trees to simulate natural scenery and create an ideal space of "urban forest" and "living in downtown and close to nature". They systematically and comprehensively show the layout, structure, modeling, style, color, decoration, furniture, furnishings and other aspects of Suzhou classical garden buildings. They are the representative works of Jiangnan residential buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties * *14 ~ the beginning of 20th century * *, reflecting the high living civilization in Jiangnan area of China during this period, which once influenced the architectural style of the whole Jiangnan city and promoted the design and conception of residential buildings.
Suzhou gardens have reached a historical height in beautifying the living environment, integrating architectural beauty, natural beauty and humanistic beauty, and have an irreplaceable position in the history of garden art development in China and even in the world.