Teaching purpose:

1. Understand the meaning and usage of common classical Chinese words.

2. Understand the author's views on the cause of death of Qin and the purpose of writing the article.

3. Feel the vivid metaphor of words, enrich the magnificent imagination and bold and peculiar exaggeration.

4. Experience the characteristics of the combination of parallel prose and powder in the text.

Teaching hours: 2 hours.

first kind

First, teaching lead-in:

"Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall", and summing up the lessons of the rise and fall of history can make up for the gains and losses of today's politics. Under the guidance of this thought, Jia Yi wrote "On Qin", and its central argument is: "benevolence and righteousness are different but not applied." In view of the situation in the early Han Dynasty, he advocated benevolent government. It is also a summary of the lessons of Qin Wu. In view of Tang Jingzong's succession to the throne, palaces were widely built, and people were angry and resentful. Du Mu wrote Epang Gong Fu to satirize the world. So, what kind of views did Du Mu put forward in this essay? Let's learn from it.

2. Introduction to the author:

Du Mu (803~852), a native of Mu Zhi, was born in Jingzhao Wannian (Xi 'an, Shaanxi) in the Tang Dynasty, a famous poet and writer, and the grandson of Du You, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Wenzong Taihe (828), he was a scholar and was awarded the title of librarian of Hong Wen Library School. Geng Jie, a scholar, disdains to please others. He used to be a staff member of Xuanzhou, Yangzhou and other government departments. After returning to Beijing, he served as the censor, and Huang Chimu Prefecture was the secretariat, and the official was the middle book. When Du Mu was young, he had great ambition to help the world through the country. He is still keen on discussing politics and military affairs, and advocates consolidating the frontier and reducing the number of vassals. He once noticed thirteen articles in the Art of War by Cao Cao, saying that he was "a talent in Wang Zuo". In literature, it advocates "meaning is the main thing, qi is the auxiliary thing, and words are the defense", emphasizing that the form of the article should serve the content. Wen, Fu and Poetry are all works, and poetry keeps pace with Li Shangyin, who is known as "Xiao".

Du "(Li Bai and Du Fu call it" old "). The students know a lot about Du Mu.

What about work? Students can speak freely,

The teacher patted (selected several of them)

: Chibi

A broken iron halberd sank into the sand and disappeared, only to find that it was the remnant of Battle of Red Cliffs after grinding and washing.

If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.

Bo Qinhuai

Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant.

Strong women in business don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing backyard flowers across the river.

Autumn night

In the autumn night, candlelight reflected the screen, and Fan slapped the fireflies with his hand.

Day and night are as cool as water. Sit and watch the morning glory and Vega.

Farewell one

13 years of good posture is light, living like a scepter in bud in early February.

The spring breeze travels ten miles along Yangzhou Road, and you never know when you will roll up the bead curtain.

Farewell II

Affectionate but always ruthless, I feel proud when I can't laugh.

The candle on the table lit the heart, and it also saw the parting; You see, it shed tears for us and flowed to the morning.

Send to the bosom.

Down and out, rivers and lakes carry restaurants, and Chu has a thin waist and a light palm.

Yangzhou's ten years, like a dream, wake up, but in the brothel women this is a fickle reputation.

Letter to Han Chuo, the magistrate of Yangzhou.

Castle peak is vaguely green water thousands of miles away, and the vegetation in the south of the Yangtze River has not withered in autumn.

Where does the Jade Man teach oral sex at Bridge 24 on a moonlit night?

Travel in the mountains

The stone road winds to the cliff in the distance.

Where there are some white clouds, you can see some households.

Parking LAM Raymond likes to sit up late.

The frosty autumn leaves are redder than the flowers in February.

Three. Background introduction and problem solving:

Epang Palace, formerly known as Qin Gong, is located in the northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. It was built in the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), with more than 700,000 servants, and the project was huge, which was still unfinished when Qin was destroyed. Because its front hall is located in Epang Palace, it is called "Epang Palace". This article was written by Du Mu in the first year of Emperor Taizong's Jing Zong (825), claiming to satirize Jing Zong's "Gong Da Yin Lv Guang". "Fu" is a style between rhyme and prose in China's ancient prose. It was formed in the Han Dynasty and prevailed in the Six Dynasties. Known as parallel prose, it is characterized by exaggeration, duality, melody, gorgeous rhetoric and rich literary talent. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a tendency to prose, with irregular sentence patterns and uneven length, and most of them were prose rather than parallel prose, and the rhyme was relatively free, so it was called "Wen Fu".

Explain the first paragraph.

(1) Supplementary explanation

1 Six Wang Bi, Four Seas One: Numerals as verbs, one.

2. Lishan is built in the north and folded in the west: a conjunction indicating sequential connection. Nouns as adverbials. Go: Da.

3 different terrain: suitable, the same.

What's it like ...

I don't know its tens of millions: quantifiers, seats, places.

6 multi-lane and empty lane: across the air.

7 I don't know West, East and West: Intertextuality means all directions.

8 warm platform: sound refers to singing and music.

The climate is unbalanced: however. Climate: Weather (rain, sunny, snow) refers to the situation. Qi: Same.

(2) Analyze the content.

The first four sentences of 1: Write the heroic spirit of Qin Shihuang unifying the whole country, and also write the extraordinary construction of Epang Palace.

The second sentence: Take a panoramic view of the grandeur of Epang Palace.

The third and fourth sentences: write that Epang Palace is built by mountains and rivers, highlighting its style of taking from nature and being superior to nature.

The fifth sentence: from the actual writing of pavilions to the fake writing of long bridges.

The sixth sentence: with exaggeration and contrast, the grandeur and breadth of the song and dance are set off by writing about the warmth and coldness of the song and dance.

(3) Summary on the blackboard:

Homework: Translate and recite the first paragraph after class.

Second lesson

Review the first paragraph: check translation comprehension, recite and use words flexibly.

Second, analyze the second paragraph.

(1) Supplementary explanation:

1 Resign: Leave. Next: Go down and use nouns as verbs.

From Qin Dynasty: noun as adverbial, sitting on a chariot.

3 Night chord Chao, night: nouns as adverbials, in the morning and evening. Strings: Nouns as verbs, playing strings, playing music.

4 for the people of Qin Gong: Cheng.

Lv Yun bothers me, Lv Yun: Black hair.

6 Thunder suddenly shocked: suddenly.

I don't know what it is: verbs, go and arrive.

Zhao Yan collection, the rule of Han and Wei Dynasties, collection and management: verbs as nouns, golden pearls.

Qi and Chu elites: outstanding people.

10 gold nuggets, beads and pebbles: nouns are verbs, clods and pebbles.

(2) Analysis content:

1' s first sentence: Take care of "the six kings finish, the four seas are one".

The third sentence: write about the imperial secretary's dress and try to show her bright and moving.

The fourth and fifth sentence: write about the miserable life of imperial secretary and expose the arrogance and extravagance of Qin Shihuang's life.

The sixth and seventh sentences: writers are bullied and their writing is trampled on.

Summary: Write the beauty treasures in Epang Palace, expose the extravagant life of the rulers of Qin Dynasty, and prepare for the following discussion.

Third, analyze the third paragraph.

(1) Supplementary explanation:

1 One person's heart, thousands of people's hearts are also hearts: mind and will.

2 Qin loves luxury: more, more prosperous.

Three people also miss their families: Gu Nian.

4 how to do it? Why? Why?

Nanmu farmers have more than 5 people. Nanmu: Tian.

6 all over the body: all. Silk thread: borrow clothes.

The defenders shouted, Hanguju: captured.

(2) Text analysis:

1 the first four sentences: compare people's minds and reason, and question the greed and cruelty of the rulers of Qin state.

The fifth sentence: metaphor and parallelism reveal the profound disaster brought to the people by the extravagance of the Qin Dynasty.

Sentence 67: The "people in the world" who wrote "Dare to speak and be angry" competed with the "increasingly arrogant and solid" rulers, and as a result, Epang Palace became a scorched earth.

Conclusion: From description to lyricism, the intention of the article is gradually revealed.

Fourth, analyze the fourth paragraph.

(1) Supplementary explanation:

Master Qin, 1 Qin family, there is no family in the world: nouns are used as verbs, and families are extinct.

Making the six countries love each other is enough to refuse the Qin envoy: if. Love: love.

Third, the third generation can last forever and be handed over to the monarch: inheritance. Do sth.

Whoever gets it will get it: he can.

5 Qin people have no time to mourn themselves: lament.

6. Give future generations a sad lesson: use it consciously and learn from it.

(2) Analysis content:

The second sentence of 1: clarify the truth of self-invitation.

The fourth sentence: state the argument and point out that loving the people is closely related to long-term stability.

The fifth sentence: It is meaningful to use "descendants" to gently remind the rulers of the Tang Dynasty not to repeat the same mistakes.

Summary: Summarize the historical lessons of the demise of the Six Kingdoms and Qin State, and send a warning to contemporary rulers.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) is a summary of the whole text.

1. Reveals the theme: Rulers who do not love the people are bound to perish.

2. Briefly compare the similarities and differences in writing between Afanggong Fu, Six Kingdoms Theory and Guo Qin Theory and this article.

Analysis: * * * * has a common feature: they are all about the rise and fall of Qin and the six countries, and they are all about the current politics at that time.

Do what you want to do and advise those in power to learn from it. The originality of each article lies in:

(1), Jia Yi's theory of Qin's death reveals for the first time in history that the root cause of Qin's death is "benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive potential is different".

(2) Su Xun's theory of the death of the six countries started from the internal factors of the "six countries shattered" for the first time.

From the angle of argument, the analysis of these internal factors is comprehensive and involves a wide range.

Political, economic, diplomatic, military and other aspects are showing themselves everywhere.

Unique insights.

(3), "Epang Palace Fu", can be said to be written in the form of Fu, among which

Writing itself is original; Secondly, the author chose a concrete and vivid one.

Judging from the arguments, Epang Palace is regarded as the image of Qin Shihuang's arrogance and extravagance.

Sign, as a witness of Qin Shihuang's oppression of the people, as a symbol of the collapse of the Qin Dynasty,

This way of argument is quite distinctive.

(3) Famous comments.

At the beginning of this article, it was very uneven. Please see: "When the six kings are finished, the four seas are one, and the mountains of Shu are right, and the Arab side is out." It's really abrupt and powerful, like the top of Mount Tai. Reading these four sentences reminds people of the beginning of Li Bai's Difficult Shu Dao. Think about it, if we just cancel these four sentences and start directly from the description, it will not only make people feel powerless, but also reduce the meaning of this short article. The author doesn't know how much effort and intelligence it took to forge these twelve words.

Of these four sentences, the first two describe the spirit of the Qin Empire to unify the whole country, while the last two describe the grand scale of Epang Palace and the hardships of building it. The upper and lower meanings are connected, but the two sentences are independent. How magnificent and meaningful this spirit is! The situation of the times, the luxury and ambition of emperors jumped out together. This implies the author's sympathy for the working people and satire on the rulers.

These four sentences are hats, which are tightly buckled, but the picture has unfolded a magnificent picture. How to write such a large-scale palace is really a difficult problem. If we only use words such as "majestic", "magnificent", "towering" and "towering" on the surface, it will easily appear empty and cannot give people a concrete impression. On the contrary, if you describe it carefully, it will inevitably be cumbersome and lose the list of phenomena. This is the exhibition of the author's artistic generalization. He didn't elaborate on naturalism, and he didn't just wander in the air with little pen and ink. Instead, he showed the image, scale and charm of Epang Palace through specific descriptions, giving readers a distinct and outstanding impression. You see how magnificent his description is: "cover more than 300 miles, isolate the sun, the moon and the sky." Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west, leading directly to Xianyang. Erchuan dissolves and flows into the palace wall. " This is the way to summarize the whole picture. From these six sentences, readers can imagine the height of the palace and its vast territory. First, it gives people a majestic feeling, and then the author begins to describe it in detail. The victory of Epang Palace Castle was written in ten sentences: "Five steps to the first floor ... I don't know if it will fall by tens of millions." Next, the author wrote six sentences in a row with his vast amount, rich imagination and beautiful words, trying his best to describe them and connecting the two sentences with four short sentences. ..... The six sentences are cleverly arranged, the metaphor is novel, and the tone is sonorous, like flowing water. Here, the author writes a scene in two sentences. The first sentence is realistic, but there are also metaphors. The second sentence is written only by metaphors to enhance the impression of the first sentence. The last two sentences also summarize the first four sentences with sighs and lyricism. Further down, when we read some sentences, such as "the singing platform is warm ... and the weather is uneven", the beauty of poetry and music is integrated into one, which makes people suddenly enlightened and refreshed, and we can't help clapping our hands for it.

Cang Kejia's "Poet's Fu" —— Reading Du Mu's "Epang Palace Fu"

Attached translation

With the collapse of the six countries and the unification of the world, the forests in Shu County were cut down, so Epang Palace was built. (It) covers an area of more than 300 miles, and (the pavilion is towering) blocks the sun. (Epang Palace) starts at the northern foot of Mount Li, turns west and goes all the way to Xianyang. (Weishui, Fan Chuan) The two rivers surge into the palace wall. Five steps to the tall building,+one pavilion; The corridor twists and turns like a broadband ring, and the eaves tilt like a high bird pecking; (These pavilions) are built according to the terrain, with connected seats and staggered eaves. Winding, like a hive, like a vortex of water, they stand upright, I don't know there are tens of millions. The long bridge lies across the water, (just like Youlong, but) without clouds, how can there be mosquito dragons (flying)? After the day, (just like the rainbow in the sky) (but) it's not raining, how can there be a rainbow (flying)? The pavilions are scattered and confused, regardless of east, west, north and south. The songs on the stage are warm and full of spring-like joy; The dance sleeves in the temple are fluttering, and it is full of cold weather. In one day, the same palace has uneven temperature and different climate.

The concubines and maids of the six countries, princesses and granddaughters of princes bid farewell to the huge palaces (in their own countries) and were sent to the Western Qin by chariots. Playing the piano and singing day and night became the harem of Qin Shihuang. The stars are shining, and it turned out that (imperial secretary) opened the bathroom mirror; Dark clouds disturb people, so it turns out that (the palace people) comb their hair in the morning; Weishui was covered with greasy water, which turned out to be face washing water splashed with powder and fat. Smoky, it turned out that (imperial secretary) ordered pepper orchid spices in the incense pot. Thunder suddenly broke out, and it turned out that the palace car passed by; The noise of the rolling car is getting louder and louder, there is no shadow and there is silence. I don't know where it will go. (Imperial secretary) Any skin, any posture, is extremely delicate and beautiful. Standing and waiting for a long time, expecting (the emperor's) luck and getting (the emperor's) love; However, some imperial secretaries have not seen (the emperor) for thirty-six years. The pearls and jades collected by Yan and Zhao, the gold and silver collected by Wei in South Korea, and the gold and silver treasures of Chu in Qi were plundered from the (native) people for generations and years, piling up like mountains; Once (the country perishes), it can no longer be possessed, and all of it will be transported to Epang Palace. As a result, Baoding was regarded as an iron pot, jewels as stones, gold as clods, and pearls as stones, which were thrown away everywhere. Qin people don't care much about these treasures.

Alas! One person's mind is also the mind of thousands of people (people are connected)! Rulers like prosperity and luxury, and people care about their homes. Why not put down (people's property) and squander it like sand? (even) let the pillars supporting the beams be more than the farmers in the farmland; Let the rafters on the beams be more than the weaver girls on the loom; Let (a building) have more protruding nails than the millet in the granary; Let the uneven tile seam be more than the yarn of the whole silk dress; There are more vertical and horizontal railings than the walls of national battlements; There are more noisy flutes and pianos than people in downtown areas. (Finally) The whole world is full of anger, but they dare not speak. The tyrant Qin Shihuang's heart is getting more arrogant and stubborn every day. When the border guards shouted, the natural barrier of Hanguguan was broken, and the Chu people set fire to it. Unfortunately, the magnificent Epang Palace was burnt to the ground!

Look! It was the six countries themselves, not Qin, that destroyed the six countries. It was not the people in the world who destroyed the Qin clan, but the rulers themselves. Alas! If the rulers of the six countries care about their own people, they will have enough strength to resist Qiang Qin; If Qin (after national reunification) can also take care of the people of the six countries, then it can be the king from the second, third and even eternal life. Who can destroy it? The rulers of the dynasty have no time to lament for themselves, only let future generations lament its demise; Later generations bemoan the demise of Qin, but they can't learn from it, and they will also let his later generations lament him again (repeating the mistakes of Qin).

The six countries collapsed and the world was unified. All the trees in the mountains of Sichuan were cut down and Epang Palace was built. It covers more than 300 miles, almost covering the sun. It starts from the north of Lishan Mountain and winds westward to Xianyang. Weishui and Fan Chuan, vastly flow into the palace wall. Five steps to the tall building and ten steps to the pavilion; The promenade is like a ribbon, winding and high eaves, pecking in the air like a bird's beak. These pavilions are surrounded by different terrains, cloisters are surrounded by hooks, and the cornices are towering, like battle horns. It twists and turns, as dense as a honeycomb, even like a water vortex. I don't know. Tens of millions. The long bridge lies in the water (like a dragon) and there is no cloud. Why is there a dragonfly? The passage between pavilions is in the air (like a rainbow), but it is not after rain. How can there be a rainbow? The high and low pavilions are vague, which makes people unable to distinguish between east, west, north and south. Singing from the high platform makes people feel warm, as warm as spring; Dancing sleeves fluttered in the hall, making people feel cold, as if it was raining cold. On the same day, in the same palace, but the climate is very different.

The daughters and granddaughters of ladies-in-waiting, concubines, princes and nobles (six countries) bid farewell to the palace attic of the old country and got into the chariot and went to Qin State. Singing in the morning and playing the piano at night, they became the concubines of Qin Shihuang. I saw the stars twinkling (early in the morning) and turned on the toilet mirror; Seeing the dark clouds disturbing, they combed their hair early in the morning; There is a layer of greasy water on the Weihe River, which they spilled powder water. Light smoke fills the air, and the fragrance is filled with fog, which is the special fragrance of pepper and orchid they burned. Suddenly, the loud noise was deafening, and the palace car passed by. I don't know where it's going, because the sound of the wheels is fading away. (Maid-in-waiting) tries her best to show her charm. Every skin and gesture are extremely touching. They stood and watched for a long time, hoping that the emperor would be lucky to come; (Poor) Some people have not seen the emperor for thirty-six years. The treasures collected by Zhao in Yan, the gold and silver collected by Wei in South Korea and the treasures preserved by Chu in Qi are all plundered from the people for many years and generations, piling up like mountains. Once the country is destroyed and can no longer be occupied, it will be transported to Epang Palace. From then on, Baoding (as) iron pot, Baoyu (as) stone, gold (as) clods and pearls (as) rubble were littered, which was not a pity for Qin people to see.

Alas! One person's idea is also the idea of millions of people. Qin Shihuang liked prosperity and luxury, and the people also missed their homes. Why don't you even let go of a penny when you treasure, but treat it like sediment when you squander it? Even make (Epang Palace) has more pillars supporting the girders than farmers in the fields; There are more rafters on beams than weaver girls on looms; Uneven tile joints, people wear silk thread; There are more straight railings and horizontal thresholds than the cloisters in Kyushu; The piano and flute are loud, louder than downtown. People all over the world are afraid to say it, but their hearts are full of anger. The tyrant Qin Shihuang became more and more arrogant and stubborn. So Chen Sheng and Guangwu rose up, and Liu Bang broke through Hangu Pass; Xiang Yu set a fire, but the luxurious palace became a scorched earth!

Alas! It was the six countries themselves that destroyed the six countries, not the State of Qin. It was the king of Qin himself who destroyed the state of Qin, not everyone in the world. Alas! If the monarchs of the six countries can caress their own people, they can resist the state of Qin; If we can also cherish the people of the six countries, we can pass it on to the third generation, or even to generations as emperors. Who can destroy him? The rulers of Qin had no time to lament their own demise, but let future generations lament; If future generations lament rather than learn from it, then it is necessary for future generations to lament.