The process of English-Chinese translation includes two important stages: understanding and expression. Only on the basis of correctly understanding the meaning of the original text can the original text be correctly expressed. The following is what I arranged for you for your reference.

Fan: Context analysis and introduction of English-Chinese translation papers: Translation is a cross-language and cross-cultural communication behavior. Context is closely related to translation. This paper discusses context analysis and translation in English-Chinese translation. Context, context analysis and English-Chinese translation.

Keywords: translation, context, context analysis

Translation is a cross-language and cross-cultural communicative behavior. Context is closely related to translation.

Context Context refers to the linguistic environment in which language is used. Marlin Noszky Bronislau Caspar Malinowski, a British social anthropologist and one of the founders of Functional School, first put forward the concept of context, and pointed out that context is the only factor that determines semantics, and has no other meaning.

Firth, a British linguist and founder of London School, inherited and developed this view, holding that meaning is the function of language components in context. Firth extended Marin Noszky's concept of language environment, pointing out that apart from the context of language itself and the activities people engage in in in the environment where language appears, the whole social environment, culture, beliefs, the identity and history of participants, and the relationship between participants all constitute a part of the language environment.

In English-Chinese translation, linguistic context is the first contextual factor to be considered. This paper discusses context analysis and translation in English-Chinese translation.

1. Semantic context

Polysemy is very common in our English learning, and it is difficult to determine the meaning of these words without the sentence and context. In concrete sentences, it often happens that the original meaning of words is not thoroughly understood, which leads to translation errors. At this time, it is necessary to select the specific meaning of polysemous words according to the context, eliminate the interference of homographs and find out the true meaning of the word in a specific context.

The word "context" was originally used to refer to the context of a specific word, that is, the context of words, phrases and paragraphs. The influence of neighboring words on the meaning of words is the most common phenomenon, which determines the meaning of words and the choice of words in translation For example, the word "head" in English has several meanings:

Head to toe, head to toe.

head of the state

A hundred sheep. A hundred sheep.

Wang Haiyun 1979, female, Han nationality, Xinxiang, Henan, lecturer, main research direction: translation theory and practice.

Use your head. Use your head.

Two heads are better than one.

From the perspective of pragmatics, pragmatic intention can be divided into two categories: implicit and explicit. The former refers to the implied pragmatic meaning, while the latter refers to the literal symbolic meaning. The center of the semantic core is the literal meaning of the symbolic meaning of "head", but this symbolic meaning is not equal to pragmatic meaning and contextual meaning. If the relationship between a word and its neighbors, that is, sentences, is not considered in translation, the translated sentences will be stiff and inflexible. It can only be said that it is similar in shape, but it can't reach the perfect state of spirit.

2. Sentence context

In actual translation, the translator must infer the meaning of a sentence according to its context. Everyone knows that like means "like". Look at the following sentences:

He prefers mathematics to physics.

He prefers mathematics to physics.

Like charges repel and opposite charges attract.

The same charges repel, but different charges attract.

In the sunshine through the window, tiny dust shines like gold.

In the sunlight entering the window, tiny dust sparkles like gold. Free papers, context.

4 Birds of a feather flock together.

Heroes know heroes.

The same symbol like in these four sentences has different meanings because of different contexts. According to its context, it should be translated into "image", "identity", "image" and "hero" respectively. It can be seen that it is difficult to understand and translate the above sentences without the specific sentence context, and it is also difficult to remember that like means "like" and "like" means like.

3 Text context

In actual translation, it is sometimes difficult to determine the exact meaning of a word from a sentence, and it is often necessary to obtain its meaning from the whole paragraph or article. Text paragraphs are usually an organic whole, and the relevance of language coherent sentences is actually a context, so we must understand and grasp the full text in the context when translating. Free papers, context.

I went to the theatre last week, and I had a very good seat. The play is interesting, but I don't like it. A young man and a young woman are sitting behind me. They talked loudly. I went to the theatre last week. My seat is very good. This play is also very interesting. But I didn't have fun. A young man and a young woman are sitting behind me. They talked loudly.

The above example is a story in Book 2 of New Concept English, which is very concise in content and words. However, if you don't pay attention to the full text and don't consider the author's intention and discourse situation, it can be translated into "I didn't enjoy it". I don't appreciate the play. But this translation completely deviated from the original intention, because the author didn't dislike the play, but was disturbed by two young people behind him.

4. Situational context

Situational context refers to the time and place of speech, language and speech events. Free papers, context. All social activities in the world are carried out in a certain time and space. Language as a social activity is no exception. Every speech act is carried out in a specific time and space.

The meaning and discourse meaning of a word are often determined not only by its linguistic factors, but also by the occasion where the word and discourse appear. In the sentence "We searched for a long time to find a spring". "Spring" has different meanings in different situations: when installing a spring bed, it refers to the spring. When repairing a watch, you mean clockwork. Free papers, context. If several travelers say this when they finally find some water to drink in the desert, it means spring water. The meaning of "spring" is very different from the first two situations.

Any language activity is inseparable from a specific language environment. Context factors such as the time and place of language activities, the theme of communication activities and the relationship between participants determine the true meaning of words. For example, Ronald Reagan, the former president of the United States, said, "I know very well that we are soul mates in reducing government and expanding economic opportunities" when he recalled the harmonious relationship between them after learning that Mrs. Thatcher left office. In this sentence, "soa 1-mates" has "like-minded people" and "intimate friends". "lover" and "lover" have two meanings. Reagan comforted his old friend's retirement. Combined with the situation at that time, there is no doubt that the former is the meaning of this sentence. The whole sentence can be translated as: "Obviously, we belong to reducing * * * intervention and expanding economic opportunities, but I feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn."

5. Cultural context

Language is the carrier of culture, and culture is the soil of language. Translation involves the exchange and transplantation of two cultures. Cultural context refers to the cultural, historical and social background to which the source language and the target language are attached. In other words, it refers to the specific social norms and customs of a language community. Free papers, context. Due to the differences in regional ecological environment, social politics, economic system, historical background, customs, values and behavior patterns, different ethnic groups have formed their own unique cultural characteristics. In cross-cultural translation, misunderstandings of the original text and lexical gaps in the translated text are often encountered. Because complex culture is difficult to make up with translation skills, it is necessary to have a comprehensive and thorough understanding of the culture of the source language and the target language when dealing with such translation. To translate one language into another, we must understand the cultural background of the two languages. For example, in A Dream of Red Mansions:

My son is a Zhongshan wolf, and he will go crazy if he succeeds for the fifth time.

For Hu * * * and her, there is Shan Lang. His purpose was achieved, and he scolded her mercilessly.

The background here is in fable. "Zhongshan Wolf" comes from Ma's Biography of Shan Lang in Ming Dynasty. It tells the story of a wolf in Zhongshan who tried to eat the rescuer, Mr. Dong Guo, after being shot by an arrow. Its pragmatic meaning is that Sun Shao retaliated against his kindness and abused his wife. Mr Hawkes, a British sinologist, translated "Zhongshan Wolf" into "Zhongshan Wolf" by using Chinese Pinyin. In the absence of footnotes, western readers are likely to get nothing and be full of doubts: Is Zhongshan a breed or a place of origin of wolves? What's so special about this wolf? However, Mr. Yang, a translator in China, adopted the method of adding translation, made some modifications to The Wolf in Zhongshan and translated it into Shan Lang. Clearly expressing the relationship between husband and wife and highlighting the special significance of "ingratitude" basically realized the pragmatic intention of the original work. If you don't fully understand the cultural background of China, it is incorrect to be divorced from the background of the original text. Therefore, the translator must consider the cultural context of the target text in order to make fewer or no mistakes in cross-cultural communication.

Look at the following sentences that are easy to mistranslate:

There is no mercury in his system. He has no spirit or vitality.

According to the most basic meaning of "mercury", this sentence will be translated as "there is no mercury in his body" In fact, ancient western philosophers regarded "mercury" as the vitality of all things on earth, so the word "mercury" can still be used to refer to vitality or spirit today. Free papers, context. Only by correctly understanding the meaning of "Mercury" can we translate the correct sentences.

6. Conclusion

To sum up, it is very important to analyze context in the process of English-Chinese translation, because context restricts translation, and translation depends on context. In the process of English-Chinese translation, we should make it clear that the combination of words and sentences in the language is temporary, their meanings are relatively temporary, and they are uncertain and potential when they are out of context. Therefore, in translation, we should not be limited to the word-for-word translation of isolated words or sentences themselves, but should put them in a specific language environment. Therefore, in the process of translation, only by analyzing the context, grasping the specific language context, grasping the macro-view of the article and making micro-analysis, carefully choosing words and pondering repeatedly can the translation be accurate, beautiful and appropriate.

References:

Linguistics paper [C] Oxford: Oxford University Press 1957.

[2] Pei Wen' Modern English Contextualism' [[M}] Anhui University Press, 2000.

[3] Wang Jianhua context level and semantic interpretation [J] Journal of Sichuan International Studies University 1996.2

[4] Xu Zeng. Context Analysis and English-Chinese Translation [J]. Shanghai Sci-tech Translation, 2004 .2.

Yang, man. A dream of red mansions [M]. Beijing: foreign languages press, 1994.

[6] Fang Zhugen on context and translation [J] Journal of Taizhou Vocational and Technical College 2002. 1

Fan: Cultural Dialysis in English-Chinese Translation _ Cultural Factors Abstract: Language and culture are closely related, and any language embodies certain cultural characteristics, so cultural factors have an important influence on the translation of different languages. This paper makes a profound analysis and discussion on this issue from the similarities and differences between Chinese and western cultures, including different lifestyles, cognitive thinking modes and values, and points out the cultural problems that should be paid attention to in the translation of the two languages.

Paper Keywords: English-Chinese translation, cultural factors, similarities and differences between Chinese and Western cultures

1. Introduction

There are many factors involved in improving English-Chinese translation, but due to the close relationship between language and culture, cultural factors restrict language communication to a certain extent, and cultural differences also have great influence on translation. If we can correctly handle these cultural factors, it will greatly promote accurate and standard translation.

2. The concept of culture

Culture in a broad sense refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human society in historical practice, including the achievements of social sciences and various natural sciences such as literature, art, religion and philosophy, which reflects human spiritual civilization and material civilization. [1] Wang, 200 1: 15 Culture in a narrow sense refers to social ideology and its corresponding system and organizational structure, covering lifestyles, values and ways of thinking.

Language is a tool for human communication. People use different languages because of the differences in region, occupation, gender, education level and social status. Different countries have different customs and unique cultural characteristics, so there are also differences in language. [2] Feng Qinghua, 2002: 122 For example, when translating Chinese idioms and idioms such as Embattled, Sword Dancing in Xiangzhuang, Pointing at a Deer as a Horse and The Hongmen Banquet, if you don't understand the history and culture of China, the translated articles will make westerners puzzled and unable to understand them accurately. Similarly, the following idiom is translated as follows: "tocarrycoalstoNewCastle" transports coal to Newcastle, which means unnecessary things; "theTrojanhorse" means hiding enemies or dangers; "towerofirony" means ivory tower, which means Xanadu [3] Zhang Peiji and so on. 1991:p161-kloc-0/63 If you are not familiar with the cultural knowledge with strong ethnic and local colors in these idioms, it is difficult to find Chinese expressions that readers can accurately understand.

There are similarities between Chinese and western cultures. At the same time, due to different conditions, there must be differences between Chinese and western cultures. It can be seen that to be an excellent translator, we should not only master the corresponding language forms, but also learn the corresponding cultural knowledge of the language.

3. The influence of cultural similarities between China and the West on English-Chinese translation

3. 1 The similarity of human life experience determines that the two languages not only have the same or similar expressions, but also have similarities in meaning and rhetoric.

For example, in the following English-Chinese translation, taking advantage of this similarity between English and Chinese, we can directly apply the synonymous idioms corresponding to the two languages, that is, literal translation is adopted in translation. For example, "Topreze Tokis" is holding high to the sky, "tofishintroubledwaters" is fishing in troubled waters, and "toaddfueltothefire" is adding fuel to the fire. There are also some similar figurative metaphors, such as "tolaughoffone'shead" laughing off the fangs. Toshedcrocodiletears cries, tospendmoneylikewater spends money like water, atsixesandsevens hangs upside down [2]P 162 and so on. However, the similarities between Chinese and western cultures are only relative and individual, while the fuzziness is absolute and universal. Chinese and English reflect their respective national or local characteristics, and there are differences in some expressions. In mutual translation, we should fully consider the influence of these cultural factors and maintain their unique cultural characteristics. It is not appropriate to mechanically translate expressions with distinctive national or local colors into corresponding languages. For example, "Twoheadsarebetterthanone" and the China idiom "Three heads are better than one Zhuge Liang" have the same meaning, but the latter cannot be simply applied in translation. Because Zhuge Liang is a historical figure in China, it will conflict with the context of the original text. If it is translated as "one person is not as clever as two people", the meaning is similar and the contradiction caused by historical and cultural factors is avoided [3] Zhang Peiji et al., 199 1: P 167.

3.2 The infiltration and communication of politics, economy and culture have led to a large number of loanwords in the two languages.

These loanwords have changed or transformed the language of the importing country to some extent. In Chinese with form and meaning as the main vocabulary, transliteration is not excluded, but as far as possible, and transliteration is the main way for English to treat loanwords. Such as "Kangkang", "Litchi Litchi" and "jiaozi jiaozi" in English vocabulary. In English-Chinese translation, some simply copy the original text, such as "VCD, DVD, DNA, CT, SARS" and so on. This literal translation method is unfamiliar to readers at first, but once it is familiar with and mastered, it is equivalent to contributing the information in the original vocabulary to another language in a way that almost keeps its original appearance, enriching its vocabulary and promoting the cultural integration between nations, especially in today's era, which has a great influence on language, culture, science and technology and other fields.

4. The influence of cultural differences between China and the West on translation.

Due to the differences in life style, values, ethics, religious beliefs and ways of thinking between China and the West, there are many differences between the two languages, which not only hinder language learning, but also have a great impact on English-Chinese translation.

4. 1 Influence of lifestyle differences on English-Chinese translation

Due to the geographical characteristics of English-speaking countries, English speakers mostly deal with the sea in their lives, whether in historical tradition or in real life, so there are a lot of vocabulary about sailing in English. However, it is difficult to find the corresponding forms in mainland-dominated Chinese, so it is more difficult for China people to understand these expressions. For example, at the level of "ableseaman", "belefthighanddry" is in trouble, "Give it to * *. Oss. Aweideberthe "is far away [4]P 194- 195.

It can be seen that these proverbs are mostly related to navigation and represent island culture; In China's traditional culture, land is dominant, and "tree", "ant's hole", "road" and "the cover of the car in front" all reflect the land culture [5] Wang Zhenya, 2000: P 138.

On the contrary, there are many idioms about rivers and lakes, mountains and rivers, four seasons, farming and so on in Chinese, and it is difficult to find ready-made corresponding expressions in English. Generally, free translation is used when translating into English. For example, "As you sow, you reap", although there is a saying in English "as you sow, soyoumustreap", it is not as specific as Chinese. Another example is that in the green and yellow seasons, when crops are eaten and the next green is everywhere, there are opportunities to make use of everything, and happiness is very happy. Yun Tao hasn't written for a long time, and the family is looking forward to the stars and the moon. [6] Lv Ruichang et al., 1985: P 139.

Due to the influence of China's long-term farming life, there are many expressions related to "food" in Chinese, which are rare in English and must be translated according to the actual meaning and context. Many metaphors derived from diet have no corresponding forms in English, only free translation. For example, he took my job, he took my bread from my mouth, and he was jealous of me. [4] Pan, 2004: P 10

4.2 The differences in emotional psychology and cognitive styles between Chinese and Western nations have an impact on language translation.

Due to the differences in customs, habits and ways of thinking between China and the West, many words have different cultural connotations in the two cultures. Lack of understanding of the cultural meanings expressed by these words will lead to mistakes in communication and translation. People's thinking in English-speaking countries is individual and unique, while people in China pay attention to holistic, comprehensive and generalized thinking. In language, English preferred words are specific and delicate, while Chinese words are vague. For example, there is "speak, speak and tell" in English, which makes the language concise, accurate, diverse and vivid. In Chinese, however, it tends to refer to general terms, and adverb modifiers are added before "Shuo", such as incoherent, whispering and muttering [5]2000:p 2 17.

China's cultural habits look at problems intuitively as a whole, emphasizing social and collective values; The logical analysis of British and American cultural habits emphasizes the individual as the center, which leads to various differences in language expression. For example, in the expression of name, time and address, the Chinese and English writing methods clearly reflect the differences in this way of thinking. China culture from big to small, from the whole to the region; Western culture is just the opposite.

4.3 Differences in cultural values between China and the West affect English-Chinese translation

Values refer to people's ideology, ethics, religious beliefs, customs and human feelings and other concepts of life norms. Generally speaking, it is regarded as the core of a specific culture and lifestyle, which will cause many obstacles to language understanding and translation and attract the attention of translators.

China's culture is dominated by Confucian culture, and the relationship between ethnic relatives and society is very clear and strict, and there is no room for ambiguity and carelessness; For people in English-speaking countries who advocate Protestantism and personal cultural values, this kinship is much broader and easier. In both languages, in English, only uncles and aunts are used to address non-lineal elders, nephews and nieces are used to younger generations, siblings are used to peers regardless of age, and even cousins are used to both sexes, which is not allowed in Chinese because such a relationship is very detailed in Chinese. Therefore, in English-Chinese translation, in order to find out the corresponding words in Chinese, we must first make clear the generation, relatives and social relations. In Chinese-English translation, these complicated kinship words should be simplified appropriately.

English speakers advocate individualism, and the values of individualism are the characteristics of western culture. Reflected in language, for example, an Englishman's shouseishiscastle is an Englishman's home, which means there is no reason not to disturb others for no reason, or to visit someone rashly without an appointment; Evenreckoningmakelongfriends accounts are clear and friendship lasts forever; Tellmoneyafteryourownfather and his son settle accounts clearly [5] Wang Zhenya, 2000: P 128, etc. All these show the individualistic values of westerners.

Modesty is a virtue in China culture, so compliments and compliments to others are often politely rejected. For example, people in China often say "no, no"; Westerners, on the other hand, advocate self-struggle, often accept and thank others for their praise, and actively answer "Thankyou!" .

Due to the long-term different religious beliefs between Chinese and western cultures, many expressions in the two languages are different. Anglo-Americans have a deep-rooted Christian tradition, while China people have long believed in Buddhism and Confucianism. Therefore, different religious beliefs should be considered in translation, especially words with religious significance. For example: Man proposes, Man proposes, God disposes, MillsofGodgrindslowbutsure is slow, sparse but not leaking, Godhelpthosewhohelpthemselves helps himself [3] Zhang Peiji et al., 199 1: P 188, etc.

5. Conclusion

It should be said that in English-Chinese translation, we must attach importance to the close relationship between language and culture, grasp the similarities and differences between Chinese and western cultures, and correctly handle the cultural factors involved in translation, so as to promote the improvement of translation quality more standardized and accurately.

refer to

1 Wang. On the Translation of Nouns in An Introduction to China Culture [A]. Language, literature and culture [C]. Beijing: Intellectual Property Press, 200 1.

2 Feng Qinghua. Practical translation course [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.

3 Zhang Peiji et al. English-Chinese Translation Course [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 199 1.

4 Pan-Shao Zhong. On Cultural Factors in Chinese-English Translation [J]. Translated by China, March 2004.

5 Wang Zhenya. Language and culture [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2000.

6 Lv Ruichang et al. A Course of Chinese-English Translation [M].Xi 'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1985.