In astronomy, Newton can be called a great astronomer in modern times. His outstanding contribution is to make a reflective telescope, which is a great innovation in the history of astronomy. Since Galileo invented the first astronomical telescope, people's understanding of the universe has expanded rapidly. At that time, the refracting telescope invented and manufactured by Galileo and Kepler had limited caliber, which made the large telescope not only difficult, but also too large. At the same time, the refractive chromatic aberration and spherical aberration of the refractive telescope are very large, which greatly limits the scope of astronomical observation. Newton designed and manufactured the first reflective telescope in 1668 because he knew the composition of white light. This kind of telescope can reflect light in a wide spectral range without chromatic aberration, and it is easy to obtain a larger aperture, and at the same time, it can correct spherical aberration. In this way, Newton laid the foundation for the manufacture of modern large astronomical telescopes.

Newton's other important contribution to astronomy was a comprehensive investigation of the laws of planetary motion, especially a systematic study of Kepler and others' theories. 1686, he explained that celestial bodies can be treated as particles, and proved Kepler's elliptical orbit of planetary motion and parabolic orbit of comets. Newton further developed his theory that all planets protrude from the flat equator because of their rotation, and predicted that the earth is also such a sphere. Because the earth is not a right sphere, Newton pointed out that the gravitational perturbation of the sun and the moon will not pass through the center of the earth, so the earth axis will make a slow conical motion, which led to the precession of vernal equinox. Newton also explained the tidal phenomenon, which he thought was caused by the gravity of the sun and the moon.

British physicist, mathematician, astronomer and founder of classical physics. 1642 12 was born in a peasant family in wosop village, Xia county, Lincoln. Newton's father died three months before he was born. At the age of 3, his mother remarried and he was raised by his grandmother. /kloc-in 0/654, Newton began to go to primary school, and later entered the Royal Middle School in Sam Town with the support of his uncle. 166 1 year entered Trinity College, Cambridge University. 1663, Trinity College founded a lecture on natural science, Newton became a student of mathematician isaac barrow (1630- 1677), and 1664 became Barrow's assistant. I got my Bachelor of Arts degree from 1665, and went back to my hometown from 1665 to 1667 to avoid the plague. Newton 1667 returned to Cambridge University and was elected as an elective researcher. 1In March, 668, he served as a researcher of specialized courses and obtained a master's degree in the same year. 1669, Barrow resigned and made Newton a professor of mathematics. 1670, Newton became Professor Lucas again. 1672 was elected as a member of the Royal Society and has been working in Cambridge University ever since. 1689 was elected as a member representing Cambridge university. 1696, he was appointed head of the mint and moved to London. 1699 as director of mint. 170 1 year, Newton resigned as a professor at Cambridge University and withdrew from Trinity College. 1703 was elected president of the royal society. /kloc-became a Lord and a nobleman in 0/705. 1727 died in Kensington village on March 20th at the age of 85 and never married.

Newton is a world-famous giant in the history of scientific development. He laid the foundation of modern scientific theory and was the representative of guiding scientific research with correct thinking methods. He is a self-reliant and diligent "genius" who has made indelible contributions to the development of natural science in the world and become a symbol of modern science. His scientific contribution represented the interests of the emerging bourgeoisie at that time, because he made great contributions to the country and was buried in Westminster Abbey after his death.

Newton, a teenager, showed outstanding talent. Many of his small machines, such as windmills, kites, dripping clocks and Japanese instruments, have attracted many people's attention and praise. Newton spent most of his life in scientific practice, teaching and theoretical research. Since the first paper was published in 1672, he has written many extremely famous works in his life, such as Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy written by 1686, Optics published by 1687 and Optics published by 1704. He created amazing miracles in mathematics, physics and astronomy. Mathematically, Newton is one of the founders of calculus, as well as Leibniz. 1665, Newton discovered "binomial theorem" and "flow number method" at the age of 23, and "flow number method" is the modern differential method. At the same time, he also discovered the inversion of the flow number method, that is, the integration method. The establishment of calculus is a major change in the history of modern mathematics, and it is a real variable mathematics, which provides the most effective tool for the development of modern science and opens a new era of mathematics.

In physics, Newton made great achievements in mechanics, heat and optics. Newton was a pioneer of classical mechanical theory. Based on the work of Galileo and others, he conducted in-depth research, summed up three laws of motion through a large number of experiments, and founded a classical mechanical system. The laws of mechanical motion studied by Newton are first based on the absolute concepts of time and space. Absolute time and absolute space refer to time and space that are not affected by the motion state of objects. The observer's measurement results of mechanical motion in two uniform motion States are the same. In the state of high-speed movement, this concept of time and space can no longer be adopted. At this time (the speed of motion can be compared with the speed of light), Newtonian mechanics will be replaced by relativistic mechanics. Under microscopic circumstances, Newtonian mechanics will be replaced by quantum mechanics because of the obvious fluctuation of particles. Another great contribution of Newton to mechanics was the discovery of the law of universal gravitation on the basis of the work of Kepler and others. Newton thought that the sun attracts planets, the planets attract satellites, and the forces that attract all objects on the ground are all forces of the same nature. Newton proved by calculus that if the radius of a particle moving in a curve points to a stationary point or a point moving in a straight line at a constant speed, it will sweep an area proportional to time around the secondary point, and the particle will be affected by the centripetal force pointing to that point. If the square of the period around it is proportional to the cube of the radius, then the centripetal force is inversely proportional to the square of the radius. In the development of mechanics, Newton first defined a series of basic concepts such as mass, momentum, inertia and force. Through Newton's work, mechanics has formed a rigorous, complete and systematic scientific system.

In terms of heat, Newton established the law of cooling. He pointed out that when there is a temperature difference between the surface of an object and its surroundings, the heat lost per unit area per unit time is directly proportional to this temperature difference.

Newton also made great achievements in optics. Newton was the earliest discoverer of white light components. 1666, he made a famous dispersion experiment with a prism and found that white light can be decomposed into spectral bands of various colors. At the same time, he also made an experiment to synthesize white light with polychromatic light. Newton accurately analyzed the refractive index of various colors of light and explained the essence of dispersion phenomenon. He pointed out that the color difference of objects is caused by the different refractive index and reflectivity of substances to different colors of light, thus revealing the mystery of color. Newton put forward the "particle theory" of light for the essence of light. His view reflects the essence of light to some extent. He believes that light is formed by particles and takes a fast straight-line motion path. The particle theory of light can explain the reflection and refraction of light well, but it can't do anything about diffraction. Particle theory is one of the important theories about the nature of light, which is isomorphic with Huygens' wave theory into two basic theories about light. Modern science has proved that any substance has wave-particle duality. Newton also made many discoveries and research results in optics. For example, in 1666, he made a Newton color wheel; In 1675, an interference pattern called Newton's ring was observed with convex lens and flat glass. He measured Newton's rings carefully, but failed to give a satisfactory explanation. In addition, Newton also made various optical instruments, which are widely used in astronomical observation.

Newton's philosophy basically belongs to spontaneous materialism. He acknowledged the objective existence of time and space, but thought that they were divorced from the moving matter. Although his metaphysical absolute view of time and space can be well applied to solve the motion law of moving objects at macro low speed, he can't do anything without macro low speed.

Newton's interpretation of the universe, like Descartes and others, admitted that God was the "first driving force", and later Newton was completely immersed in idealism. Almost all his achievements were made before the age of 45, especially before the age of 23. In the next forty years, he was completely immersed in the study of theology, and there were as many as1.5000 words of manuscripts about theology.