Nanotechnology is like millimeters and microns. Nano is a scale concept, one billionth of a meter, with no physical connotation. When a substance reaches the nanometer scale, which is about 1 ~ 100 nanometer, the properties of the substance will suddenly change and special properties will appear. This kind of material, which is different from the original atoms, molecules and macroscopic substances, is called nano-material. If only nano-scale materials have no special properties, they cannot be called nano-materials. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or cosmic space, and often ignored this intermediate field, which actually exists in nature in large quantities, but did not realize the performance of this scale range before. The first person who really realized its performance and quoted the concept of nanometer was a Japanese scientist. In the 1970s, they made ultrafine ions by evaporation. By studying their properties, it was found that a copper-silver conductor with electrical and thermal conductivity lost its original properties after being made into nano-scale, and it was neither conductive nor thermally conductive. The same is true of magnetic materials, such as iron-cobalt alloys. If the size is about 20 ~ 30 nanometers, the magnetic domain will become a single magnetic domain, and its magnetism will be 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people formally named this kind of materials as nanomaterials.

Nanotechnology is a production and working mode in nano-scale space, which can understand nature and create a new skill in nano-space.

The connotation of nanotechnology is very extensive, including the manufacturing technology of nano-materials, the application technology of nano-materials in various fields (including high-tech fields), the construction of a device in nano-space to realize the switching and operation of atoms and molecules, and the understanding of the new laws of material transfer and energy transfer in nano-micro fields.

Nanotechnology is a new frontier and interdisciplinary field that developed gradually in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its rapid development will bring revolutionary changes to almost all industrial fields in the 20th century. At present, all developed countries are investing heavily in the research and development of nanotechnology, trying to seize this strategic commanding height of science and technology in the 2 1 century.

Definition of nanotechnology

At present, the largest range of the material world that humans can study is1025m (about1000 billion light years), which is the approximate range of the universe we have observed. The smallest dimension of the material world studied by human beings is 10- 19 m, and the "nano" in nanotechnology is 10-9 m, which is one millionth of 1 mm, and the diameter of atoms is between 0. 1-0.3 nm. Studying the atomic structure below 10- 10 meter belongs to the category of nuclear physics and particle physics.

Nanotechnology refers to an interdisciplinary science and technology that studies the characteristics and interactions of substances (including the manipulation of atoms and molecules) on the nanometer scale (from 1 nm to 100 nm).

When the size of matter is as small as 1 to 100 nanometer (109- 10-7 meters), many properties of matter have changed qualitatively due to its quantum effect, localization of matter and huge surface and interface effects, showing many strange phenomena different from macroscopic objects and single isolated atoms. The ultimate goal of nanotechnology is to directly produce products with specific functions on the nanometer scale based on the novel physical, chemical and biological characteristics of atoms, molecules and substances.

Nanotechnology will trigger a new industrial revolution.

Due to the quantum effect, the limiting linewidth of microelectronic devices is generally considered to be 0.07 micron (70 nm). According to the forecast of American Semiconductor Industry Association, by 20 10, the size of semiconductor devices will reach 0. 1 micron (100 nm), which is exactly the maximum length of nanostructured devices. Less than this size, all chips need to be designed according to new principles. In order to break through the bottleneck of the development of information industry, it is necessary to study the theoretical and technical problems on the nanometer scale and establish new integration methods and new technical standards that adapt to the nanometer scale. The computing and storage capacity of computers manufactured on this scale will be improved by times compared with the current computer performance under micron technology, which will be a profound revolution for the information industry and other related industries. Similarly, under the influence of nanotechnology, life science and technology are also facing changes. Therefore, people think that nanotechnology is the same foundation for the further development of information technology and life technology in the future.

Nanotechnology will also make traditional industries "brand-new", which is one of the important reasons why the concept of nanotechnology has been heated up in China. For example, through the study of nano-materials, we can deodorize and sterilize chemical fiber products by adding feeding particles. Through the application of nanotechnology, the brush resistance of building exterior wall coatings has been improved from 1000 times to 1000 times, and the delayed aging time has been prolonged by more than 2 times.

Nanotechnology is a new frontier and interdisciplinary field that developed gradually in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Its rapid development will bring revolutionary changes to almost all industrial fields in the 20th century. At present, all developed countries are investing heavily in the research and development of nanotechnology, trying to seize this strategic commanding height of science and technology in the 2 1 century.

Definition of nanotechnology At present, the largest scale of the material world that human beings can study is1025m (about1000 billion light years), which is the approximate range of the universe we have observed. The smallest scale of the material world for human research is10-19m (0. 1 ami). The "nano" in nanotechnology is 10-9m, which is one millionth of1mm. The diameter of the atom is between 0. 1-0.3 nm. Studying the atomic structure below 10- 10 meter belongs to the category of nuclear physics and particle physics. Nanotechnology refers to an interdisciplinary science and technology that studies the characteristics and interactions of substances (including the manipulation of atoms and molecules) on the nanometer scale (from 1 nm to 100 nm). When the size of a substance is as small as 1 to 100 nanometer (10-9- 10-7 meters), many properties of the substance have undergone qualitative changes due to its quantum effect, localization of the substance and huge surface and interface effects, showing many differences from macroscopic objects and single isolated atoms. The ultimate goal of nanotechnology is to directly represent atoms, molecules and substances on the nanometer scale.

The novel physical, chemical and biological characteristics in the past made the product have specific functions. Nanotechnology will trigger a new industrial revolution. Due to the quantum effect, the limiting linewidth of microelectronic devices is generally considered to be 0.07 micron (70 nm). According to the forecast of American Semiconductor Industry Association, by 20 10, the size of semiconductor devices will reach 0. 1 micron (100 nm), which is exactly the maximum length of nanostructured devices. Less than this size, all chips need to be designed according to new principles. In order to break through the bottleneck of the development of information industry, it is necessary to study the theoretical and technical problems on the nanometer scale and establish new integration methods and new technical standards that adapt to the nanometer scale. The computing and storage capacity of computers manufactured on this scale will be improved by times compared with the current computer performance under micron technology, which will be a profound revolution for the information industry and other related industries. Similarly, under the influence of nanotechnology, life science and technology are also facing changes. Therefore, people think that nanotechnology is the same foundation for the further development of information technology and life technology in the future. Nano family

Technology will also make traditional industries "brand-new", which is one of the important reasons why the nano concept has been heated up in China. For example, through the study of nano-materials, adding nano-particles to chemical fiber products can deodorize and sterilize. Through the application of nanotechnology, the brush resistance of building exterior wall coatings has been improved from 1000 times to 1000 times, and the delayed aging time has been prolonged by more than 2 times. Deployment of developed countries in the field of nanotechnology The United States announced the launch of the National Nanotechnology Plan (NNI) in February this year, and allocated 495 million US dollars in fiscal year 200/KLOC-0. The basis for the government to implement this plan is: today's nanotechnology is just like the transistor in the 1950s, and its scientific research and industrial application will further promote the development of American economy; Cultivate technical talents for the United States in the new century; Enhance the international scientific and technological competitiveness of the United States; Save resources and energy to ensure the sustainable development of the United States in the future; Nanotechnology is the technical basis for the development of future micro weapons and the future of national defense industry. Participating institutions include the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ministry of Commerce and National Institute of Technical Standards. This plan will give priority to five aspects: basic research; Innovative application projects; Establish 10 nanometer centers (6 have been built) and networks; Infrastructure; Personnel education and training, research on ethical, legal and social problems caused by nanotechnology. Germany plans to establish or reorganize six joint R&D centers for government and enterprises, and launch a national research program. France recently decided to invest 800 million francs to build a micron/nano technology innovation center with an area of 8 hectares and a building area of 60,000 square meters, with 3,500 people, equipped with the most advanced equipment and clean rooms, and set up a micron/nano technology home to apply for patents and help researchers establish innovative enterprises. In addition to continuing to promote the nanotechnology plan that has already started, Japan invests 200 million US dollars every year to promote the construction of new national plans and new research centers. The goal of western countries is to make forward-looking arrangements in the field of basic and applied basic research, acquire intellectual property rights, occupy strategic commanding heights, and cooperate with enterprises to rapidly popularize existing scientific research results.

Go to the market and gain strategic advantages. Countermeasures and Suggestions for Developing China's Nanotechnology The significance of developing China's nanotechnology lies in: First, it will have a great impact on China's society, economy and national security in the 2 1 century. The 2 1 century, characterized by the era of knowledge economy, will be an era of rapid development and wide application of life science and information technology. Nanoscience and technology will promote the rapid development of almost all technologies, including life science and information technology. At present, western countries and enterprises have classified nanotechnology and new technologies as absolute state secrets and commercial secrets, and strictly restricted the export to China. Secondly, the development of nanotechnology will greatly enhance the scientific and technological competitiveness of China. Although there is still a big gap between China and developed countries, we are basically on a par with the international advanced level in the field of nano-materials, and it is entirely possible to catch up with developed countries as long as proper measures are taken. Third, nanotechnology will promote the transformation of traditional industries in China. Because of the reality of nanotechnology, especially nano-materials in transforming traditional industries, it has less investment, quick results and leading market.

Wide landscape and other characteristics, it is easy to popularize in China enterprises with traditional industries as the mainstay. Therefore, the application of nanotechnology has been widely responded by enterprises in China, which has laid an important dynamic foundation for the development of nanotechnology in China. At present, there are 102 enterprises involved in nanotechnology in China. The problems of nanotechnology in China are mainly manifested in the lack of interdisciplinary integration, important experimental facilities, weak basic research and less information exchange. In order to overcome and solve these problems, China can seize the opportunity to catch up, so we suggest:

1. The development strategy of nanotechnology in China should be determined at the national level, and the short-,medium-and long-term plans for the development of nanotechnology in China should be formulated. Coordinate the development of basic research, applied research and development research, promote the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, and assist relevant departments to formulate technical standards for nanotechnology-related products as soon as possible.

2, the establishment of the national "nano science and technology expert advisory group", to assist the government to do a good job in the formulation and research and development of China's nano science and technology strategy.

3. Establish a national nanotechnology research and engineering center, concentrate on building a technical platform that can provide services for the development of nanotechnology, and organize and coordinate the participation of scientific research institutions, universities, national laboratories and industry.

4. Adhere to the principle of "doing something, not doing something", give play to advantages and highlight characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen the construction of research bases, improve infrastructure conditions, increase investment in scientific and technological projects, and attach great importance to intellectual property protection. At present, nano research in China should mainly focus on creating and preparing nano materials with excellent performance, designing and preparing various nano devices and devices, and detecting and analyzing the properties and phenomena of nano regions. Nanomaterials are the foundation of nanotechnology, and China has considerable strength. This layout should pay more attention to the combination with industrialization, especially with traditional industries, and actively absorb the participation and investment of enterprises; The research level and application level of nano-devices mark the overall level of nanotechnology in a country, which has the greatest correlation with information industry, society, economy and national defense, and needs the largest investment amount. China has invested the least in this respect and has the weakest foundation. It should actively organize its strength and aim at clear application purposes, but in the past 20 years, it has still focused on basic research and applied basic research. The detection and characterization of nano-region properties is the result of nano-materials and nano-materials.

The experimental basis and necessary conditions of nano-device research and development should attach importance to basic and applied research, and at the same time give consideration to the combination with industrialization.

5. Strengthen the construction of information network platform and promote the information exchange of nanotechnology at home and abroad.

6. Establish a new mode of training and attracting nanotechnology talents with the National Center for Nanotechnology Research and Engineering as the carrier.

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