In the aspect of ocean data sharing, foreign countries have made great progress, and many data sharing platforms have been produced, which have been well applied, such as the National Ocean Data Center (NODC) in the United States, the National Ocean Data Center (JODC) in Japan and the National Ocean Data Center (BODC) in the United Kingdom. 1960 formally established the international marine information exchange committee, which promoted the international marine information exchange, standardized the coded data format, and played an important role in ocean centre data sharing among countries (Tian Youqiang, 2005). The World Data Center (WDC) network lists the marine information network as an important part, and provides a great deal of marine and coastal data (Wang Yingmei et al., 1999). The WDC-A Oceanographic Center of the United States has established the national ocean data database group and the world ocean data databases WOD94, WOD98, WOD0 1 and WOD05, and integrated several distributed ocean data databases based on Internet technology to provide * * * access services, including metadata information query, data query and data product query (Li Haitao, 2007). This station (http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/) is under the responsibility of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), which has provided a lot of data about marine research in the United States and other parts of the world, and has completed the merging and splicing of data from its own observation area and other parts of the world, and these data are being updated in real time. The main purpose of MMI (Marine Metadata Interoperability) research project in the United States is to realize data sharing in the marine field. It provides an open platform for resource sharing. Any organization or individual can register information resources related to the ocean into MMI, and MMI will widely publicize the resources registered by users by using its own platform, so that other organizations can find and use these resources. At the same time, MMI is also a marine information cooperation platform. Registered users can apply to MMI, and MMI will create a user group or resource sharing space for them, through which users can communicate with other users. The existing website of the Physical Oceanographic Data Archive Distribution Center (PO.DAAC/JPL) of the JPL Laboratory of NASA is another major source of satellite remote sensing information and data, and its website is http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/.. The website of NASA Goddard Space Center (GSFC) is http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/,, and the center has also set up a web page of water color remote sensing information and data. The Aeronautical Observation and Oceanography Laboratory (AOL) of NASA, the National Defense Meteorological Satellite (DMSP) and the National Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) also provide ocean remote sensing information services. Some universities and organizations have also set up websites to provide remote sensing information, data, research results and links to other websites. For example, regarding the oceanographic research of TOPEX/Poseidon, we can see the oceanographic research of http://www.csr.utexas.edu/eqpac/ and http://www.csr.utexas.edu/sst/gsda-ta.html on SeaWiFS. See http://www.ae.utexas.edu/courses/ase389/terminal/Courtney/seawifs.html/(website related to marine remote sensing information and data, 2005). The station is under the responsibility of the Hydrometeorological and Environmental Monitoring Bureau of the Russian Federation, and has the water depth and sea surface data measured by 64 countries during the period of 65,438+0,890 ~ 65,438+0,994, including the measurement data of 65,438+0,090,000 ocean stations (Wang Yingmei et al., 65,438+0,994). Britain has established a very perfect water and ocean database with high accuracy in time and space coverage and data quality, which has been applied to the construction of marine information systems involving marine communications, marine resources, marine energy and minerals (Zhao Qingwei, 2009). Germany, Sweden, Japan, Thailand, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Viet Nam and Malaysia have also established their own thematic databases and * * * platform systems (Zhao Qingwei, 2009). In terms of marine spatial data infrastructure construction, spatial data infrastructure (SDI) has developed rapidly in developed countries such as the United States, Britain, Canada, Australia and Japan, and some developing countries such as Malaysia and Iran are also actively promoting it. In the past five years, Samarra International's activities have expanded to regional and global fields. "Marine spatial data infrastructure" is an important content of spatial data infrastructure. At present, the national, regional and even global spatial data infrastructure construction attaches great importance to marine spatial information (Xia, 2006). In 1998, many projects in the 16 framework demonstration project of SDI in the United States involve marine hydrological database, marine management, marine multi-source data fusion and so on (summer, 2006).
Based on the marine data accumulated for many years, China Marine Information Center established the China Marine Information Basic Network, which manages and distributes a large number of marine data, including domestic and foreign marine survey data, domestic marine station data, wave data, marine chemical data, marine geology, sea ice, marine biological data and marine pollution survey data (Wang Hongmei et al., 1999). WDC-D ocean centre is the third world data center and ocean centre after American WDC-A and Russian WDC-B ocean centre, with long-term and stable domestic marine basic data sources (Wang Hongmei et al., 1999). Since 200 1, the Institute of Oceanography of China Academy of Sciences, the International Ocean Information Sharing Committee of China Association of Old Professors and the International Ocean Information Research Center of Tianjin Association of Science and Technology have jointly developed the "International Ocean Information Management System for China Offshore and Adjacent Ocean Areas". The establishment and gradual popularization and application of the system will play a positive role in promoting the development of marine information processing, fault analysis and diagnosis technology, the establishment of China's offshore data processing standards and the development of marine scientific research. In 2005, the first phase of Qingdao Marine Scientific Data Sharing Platform, a major national 11th Five-Year Plan infrastructure project, was completed, and the functions of data management, catalog service, data service and functional service were initially realized, which basically met the needs of marine scientific data sharing services (Li Haitao, 2007). On the morning of June 12, 2009, the second China Digital Ocean Forum was held in Tianjin. During this period, Chen Lianzeng, deputy director of the State Oceanic Administration, launched the information service system "iOcean China Digital Ocean Public Edition", which marked that the first social public service system with ocean as the main content developed by integrated innovative technology in China was officially put into application. IOcean, as a window to publicize marine culture, a position to spread marine knowledge and a portal to provide information services, is an important symbol of China's "Digital Ocean" from initial construction to application services. "Ocean China Digital Ocean Public Edition" adopts the international advanced three-dimensional globe expression technology, and realizes the intuitive expression of various marine natural elements and marine phenomena such as seabed, water body, sea surface, islands, etc. through the subsystems of marine survey and observation, digital seabed, marine forecast and maritime military affairs, and shows a dynamic virtual marine world to the public. At the same time, "iOcean China Digital Ocean Public Edition" is the first application achievement to serve the public since the formal implementation of the 908 special project 03-"China Offshore Information Infrastructure Framework Construction" in 2006, which is of great significance for popularizing marine knowledge, publicizing marine culture and raising public awareness of the ocean.
In addition, academically, in 2005, as the first monograph on marine data integration in China, Research on Integration and Sharing of Coastal Zone and Offshore Scientific Data came out (Du Yunyan et al., 2005). This book aims to discuss the difficulties, new ideas and key technologies of data integration from the aspects of the design and construction of underlying data entities, the research and development of data technology system, and the integration and release of multi-source and multi-format data. In recent years, a large number of research papers on ocean data (information) integration have emerged (Shi Suixiang et al., 2001; Li, 2004; Li Yan, 2004; Li Hongxi et al., 2004; Li Hongxi et al., 2004; Lin Ning et al., 2004; Chen Jixiang, 2004; Guo et al., 2005; Li Haitao, 2007; Yang Peng, 2007; He, 2008; Li Jie, 2008; Feng Wenjuan, 2008; Liu Wenliang, 2008; Yang Feng, 2008; Wang Xianling, 2009), which has made a good frontier exploration and foreshadowing for the integration research of marine information services.