It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusions of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. This is an independent and complete paper. According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportable abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportable indicative abstracts. Now I have compiled an abstract of a scientific paper, hoping to help you.

The concept and characteristics of 1 abstract

Conceptual abstraction of 1. 1

Abstract of scientific papers is the abstract written by the author according to the rules of abstract writing, that is, the author's abstract. Although it was written by the author,

However, it must be written in the third person according to the rules of abstract writing, so the difference between abstract and personal abstraction has been eliminated. There is no substantive difference between them, and the concept is consistent with the abstract. According to GB 6447-86, an abstract can be defined as a short article that concisely and accurately describes the important contents of a document, with the purpose of providing a summary of the contents of the document without comments or supplementary explanations. From this definition, we can see that the essence of abstract is to compress the number of words in the document by omitting unimportant content, so that the main content of the document can be expressed concisely. It is a substitute for literature.

Characteristics of 1.2 abstract

The concept of abstract determines that abstract is concise, accurate, clear, independent and self-contained.

1.2. 1 Concise means that the abstract must be concise and to the point, eliminating redundant information, so that its length is greatly reduced compared with the original text.

1.2.2 Accuracy means that the abstract must avoid errors and omissions of important information and be accurate.

1.2.3 Clarity means that the abstract should be clear, specific, logical, fluent in language, rigorous in structure and easy to read and understand.

1.2.4 independence means that readers can accurately grasp the meaning expressed in the abstract without relying on the original text. Abstract is an independent literary type.

1.2.5 self-contained means that the terms, abbreviations, symbols and codes in the abstract conform to the specifications, which is self-evident. Abstract itself belongs to a complete essay.

2 the content and form of the abstract

2. 1 summary content

Generally, it includes objectives, methods, results and conclusions.

2. 1. 1 Purpose indicates the premise, purpose and task of research, development and investigation, and the range of topics involved, that is, to clarify the purpose of the research or the reason for writing this article.

2. 1.2 Principles, theories, conditions, objects, materials, processes, structures, means or methods, equipment, procedures, etc. Used in methods, that is, to clarify the experimental techniques, methods or means adopted.

2. 1.3 The results indicate the results, data, determined relationship, observation results, obtained effects, performance, etc.

2. 1.4 Analysis, research, comparison, evaluation, application, questions raised, future topics, assumptions, inspiration, suggestions, predictions, etc. The conclusion is to clarify the meaning of the explanation or result.

2. 1.5 other contents, in addition to the above four contents, sometimes need to include some information that is not the main purpose of the research, but is also very important in terms of its value, such as diagnosis, treatment, dosage, etc. in medical papers.

Due to the different forms of abstracts, the details of the above contents are also emphasized in the abstracts.

2.2 abstract form

There are three forms: reportorial summary, indicative summary and reportorial-indicative summary. Different abstract forms can be adopted according to the needs and types of papers. Abstracts of academic papers should be written in the form of reportorial abstracts.

2.2. 1 report summary GB 6447-86 interprets the report summary as: a concise summary indicating the subject scope and content outline of the document; This abstract, in the form of a reportable abstract, aims to provide readers with quantitative and qualitative information in the original paper, including research objectives, methods, results and conclusions, so that readers can understand the main contents of the article without consulting the original literature. This abstract is suitable for scientific research reports and single-topic papers. Abstracts of scientific papers often adopt this form. The Arrangement Standard of Natural Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China requires that the abstracts of papers should be written in the form of reportage abstracts.

2.2.2 The suggestive summary should prompt or describe the contents of the document in the form of suggestive summary, and only briefly introduce the problems studied in the article or generally express the purpose of the research, so as to achieve the purpose of grasping the main points. However, there are no reporting methods, results and conclusions, so there is no substantive content and it cannot replace the original literature. This abstract is suitable for summarizing and discussing articles.

2.2.3 Reporting indicative abstract GB 6447-86 interprets the reporting indicative abstract as: express the part of the document with high information value in the form of reporting abstract, and express the summary of the rest in the form of indicative abstract. It can be seen that the summary in the form of indicative summary of the report is a compromise form of the first two summaries. For articles with more research contents and wide coverage, this form can not only highlight key points and typical examples, but also prompt the general situation, which is beneficial to readers' reading.

3 Abstract writing

3. 1 Choose the appropriate abstract form according to the characteristics of the article.

Reporting abstracts are suitable for single-topic papers and experimental research, while indicative abstracts are suitable for loose or long multi-topic papers and summary papers. Scientific papers should use reportorial abstracts as much as possible. Improper choice of form will often turn a reportable summary into an indicative summary. The reason is that on the one hand, the meaning of the abstract is not properly grasped, on the other hand, it is self-defeating for brevity, and on the other hand, readers can understand the content of the article with the help of the abstract in subsequent reading. In this way, the abstract loses valuable information and lacks substantive content, which is not conducive to the popularization and retrieval of the results.

3.2 No comments and notes.

To objectively and truly reflect the content of the paper, opinions, comments and explanations other than the original text shall not be added.

3.3 Concise 1

3.3. The conciseness of1abstract requires that the well-known technologies, equipment, processes, conclusions, premises, principles and results that have become common sense in this discipline must be omitted when writing the abstract, and the contents it contains can only be new technologies, theories, assumptions, results and conclusions.

3.3.2 A concise abstract should omit the description of historical background, introduction, outdated information, redundant words and details of the research process in the original text, and only extract its main results and conclusions.

3.3.3 The conciseness of the abstract also requires that only the typical data, data samples and examples processed in the original text should be included when writing the abstract, instead of all the original data. We should consider using words to summarize the research results shown in data and charts, rather than abstractly listing relationships, charts and tables. Argument, logical reasoning, mathematical deduction, proof, etc. It should be omitted, and the standard equipment (device), general method and general test process should be replaced by names without detailed explanation.

3.3.4 Only the completed research work and achievements are selected in the abstract, and the tried but unfinished work and the next work should be excluded from the abstract.

3.3.5 The conciseness of abstracts requires the use of commonly used and standardized abbreviations and symbols to save space. Non-standard terms, abbreviations and symbols should be explained when they first appear.

3.3.6 The brevity of the abstract is related to the length of the abstract. According to GB6447-86, the degree of detail of the abstract should be determined according to the content, category, subject area, amount of information, length, language, difficulty in obtaining and actual needs, among which the content of the paper is the decisive factor. At the same time, the number of words in different forms of abstracts is stipulated. Reportage and reportage indicative abstract should be about 400 words. Generally speaking, the indicative abstract is about 200 words. The Arrangement Standard of Natural Science Journals of Colleges and Universities in China requires that the reportable abstract should be within 300 words, the indicative abstract should be around 100 words, and the reportable-indicative abstract should be within 200 words. In principle, national standards and relevant norms only stipulate the number of words in the abstract. When writing an abstract, the author should not be limited by the specific number of words, but should choose the abstract form appropriately according to the content and type of the article to express the content of the article accurately and concisely. Try to be concise.

3.3.7 The summary should be clean, but it should not be too simple, ignoring and omitting valuable information, such as writing a report summary briefly as an indicative summary; Simply repeat the title of the article or use words similar to the title as a summary; Stack the main headings into abstracts, etc.

3.4 Accuracy and clarity

3.4. 1 In order to make the abstract accurate, obstacles and errors need to be eliminated. ① Mistakes in terms, data, abbreviations, codes and symbols of technical terms often appear in abstracts. Authors should use standardized terms when writing abstracts, and the terms in abstracts should be consistent with those used in papers. Abbreviations should be standardized, and the use of symbols and codes must be checked in detail with the paper. Omission makes the abstract unable to accurately express all the important information of the original text. The author should accurately grasp the important information points of the article and spare no effort to describe the new methods, results and conclusions, even if there are many words. (3) For theoretical articles and summary articles, attention should be paid to accurately reporting or prompting the contents of chapters, and the preface should not be used as the abstract of the article.

3.4.2 The clarity of the abstract requires fluent language, rigorous structure, clear and specific expression, and the style should be consistent with the original text as far as possible. (1) The language used in the abstract should conform to the rules of grammar, rhetoric and logic, and there should be no linguistic errors, so that the sentences are fluent, concise and reasonable, and at the same time the meaning is clear, unambiguous, general and concrete. Abstract is very short, expressing a coherent idea, generally not segmented. ③ The order of abstract contents can be arranged according to the principle of saving reading time. Putting the conclusion at the beginning of the abstract reflects the idea that the more important the information is, the faster it will be transmitted, and it can also be arranged in the natural order of purpose, method, result and conclusion.

3.4.3 The accuracy and clarity of the abstract also require the correct use of simplified words and punctuation marks. Misuse of words and punctuation often leads to differences in meaning and confusion in structure.

3.5 Use the third-person writing method

Narrative methods such as "research", "report the present situation", "investigation" and "summary" should be adopted instead of "we", "author" and "author" as the subject of the sentence.

3.6 It is unnecessary to add the word "this article" before the abstract.

"This paper studies …" and "This paper thinks …", "This paper reports …" and "This paper introduces …" Although there are no mistakes in grammar and logic, the word "this paper" can be completely omitted.

3.7 reflects the independence and self-sufficiency of the abstract.

3.7. 1 To reflect the independence of the abstract, we should pay attention to two points: ① Don't quote the reference number, chart number and formula number in the abstract.

(2) Unless the paper affirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to quote.

3.7.2 GB6447-86 also stipulates how to reflect the self-sufficiency of abstracts: ① Standard terms (including place names, organization names and names) should be adopted; Words that are not standardized should be consistent with the original text. If there are new terms and there are no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation. (2) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes that can be clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors must be explained in the place where they first appear.

;