Research direction of subdivision:
1. System structure includes: computer architecture, distributed system, cluster computing, grid computing,
Parallel computing system, communication protocol analysis and design, computer collaborative work technology, communication software and protocol engineering.
2. Software includes: intelligent planning and automatic reasoning, intelligent diagnosis and planning, constraint program, intelligent decision support system, programming language and implementation technology, software formalization method, database theory, network search engine, data warehouse and data mining, network parallel computing, etc.
Computer application: There are many researches in this field, which can be designed into many industries, such as computer game programming, machine vision and so on.
That's all I know. I wonder if it will help you.
How to apply for Canadian computer science postgraduate study, choose a school or choose a major orientation can be.
Reference study abroad reference system: Liu Xue 3 15. edu。 /study assesse, enter information such as GPA and major, and the system will automatically match the cases of students with similar situation to you from the database to see which institutions and majors they have successfully applied for. You can also query according to the study abroad goal to see what your target institutions and major background are (language scores, school background, major, GPA, etc.). )
What does computer science study theoretically? Our computer major mainly studies computer hardware, software, programming, processor principle, computer circuit principle, network, information security, operating system and database principle. ......
Can people who read electronic information be admitted to NTU graduate students in computer science? Yes Postgraduate exams can be cross-professional.
Besides, your major is electronic information engineering, which has a little intersection with computers (in digital software).
Moreover, in the past two years, there has been a phenomenon of transferring from telecommunication college to computer college. For example, Hunan University. The reason is very simple, because the scores of computer major and engineering line cross. After the unified computer examination, many students who applied for computer major did not pass the national engineering retest line, and the school was short of people, so they had to go to the Institute of Telecommunications.
I have a living example around me. In 2009, a classmate applied for communication major, and was transferred by Zhejiang Sci-Tech University to study computer application as a graduate student after failing the exam!
Which is better, computer application research or computer science? Computer science is better.
However, the requirements are also higher. You can consult and study Gulf papers.
What can computers do in scientific research? See for yourself, it's abstract.
The Role of Computer Simulation in Scientific Research (School of Management, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 5 10006) Abstract: Computer simulation plays an important role in scientific research: it assists or replaces the traditional analytical mathematical model and improves the cognition of complex systems; As a flexible and effective simulation tool, it actively participates in the establishment of knowledge framework and deals with problems that cannot be studied by traditional experimental methods. This is a special scientific experiment. Keywords: computer simulation; Complex system; Scientific Experiment: Validity Confirmation The purpose of scientific research is to better understand the world. This process of understanding is mainly realized through the interpretation and analysis of various things and phenomena in the world. But in fact, most things in the world are complex, and it is impossible to simply understand and master them with traditional scientific methods such as mathematical analysis or statistical mechanics. With the increasing complexity of cognitive objects, computer simulation is an excellent choice to analyze complex systems that can be seen everywhere. I computer simulation and its feasibility computer simulation, also known as computer simulation, is a computer-based simulation technology. Because the computer has the unique characteristics of fast calculation speed, large storage capacity and high precision, it is suitable for solving those large-scale, difficult to analyze and uncertain problems. Computer simulation is developed with the rapid development of computers. Its first large-scale development occurred in the simulation of the nuclear explosion process of Manhattan Project during World War II. At that time, Monte Carlo algorithm was used to simulate the nuclear explosion process with four pairs of 12 hard balls. Because on the one hand, the power of nuclear explosion and its serious harm to the ecological environment, as well as the cost of nuclear testing. It is not practical to directly carry out frequent experiments on the chain reaction process of nuclear explosion; On the other hand, there are so many nuclei in nuclear weapons that it is impossible to model such a complex and huge system with simple mathematical analytical expressions. At the same time, the transient reaction between nuclei, the purity and variety of nuclear materials, the storage time of nuclear warheads and the surrounding environment have prompted experimenters to turn their attention to a new field-computer simulation nuclear test. This simulation experiment hardly needs any experimental equipment except the computer, but it can get a lot of valuable data, which is an economical and practical experimental method. Subsequently, this promising simulation method was widely used in many fields, which opened up a new road for human beings to explore the development of other disciplines. Generally speaking, computer simulation begins with the establishment of a computer model, and then a program is designed to realize this model. In other words, it is an operable computer program, and modeling the abstract model of a concrete system is a method that combines model and calculation well. Traditionally, the formal model of the system is developed from the mathematical model, which tries to get analytical solutions from a series of parameters and initial conditions to predict the system behavior. Computer simulation is mainly used to assist or replace mathematical models. In practical application, the object of computer simulation is usually a complex system, that is, a complex system or a complex adaptive system with nonlinear interaction between subsystems, such as the pre-biochemical reaction that led to life before life appeared on the earth, biological evolution itself, individual life bodies and life systems. Computer simulation involves a wide range of fields. In natural sciences such as physics, chemistry and biology, social sciences such as management and linguistics, and marginal disciplines such as economics and psychology, computer simulation has become a useful part of modeling, which has improved our ability to identify the true nature of systems and made us understand that ① Monte Carlo method is the basis of computer simulation in these systems, and it has realized the calculation of certain problems based on a large number of statistical results of events? 9? 9 166? 9? 9 activities have a deeper understanding. At present, there are many examples of computer simulation in the scientific field, but as a scientific research method, it is rare to analyze it from the perspective of methodology. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is not to introduce the specific methods of computer simulation, but to analyze its positive role and limitations in helping us understand the world, especially the complex systems in the world. Firstly, the feasibility of computer simulation is briefly explained: as the execution platform of computer simulation method, computer itself is the product of simulation in human thinking and creation; Computer hardware system is a form of simulated cognitive system; Computer software system is a simulation of people's thinking and creative way in the cognitive process. Obviously, the computer has two jobs, which are both the product of simulation and the tool to simulate human thinking. Because people's understanding of things is actually a modeling process of things by the brain, and the dual characteristics of the computer itself make computer modeling possible, that is, its simulation process is a process of transforming human transcendental knowledge into the computer. Computer simulation of thinking makes it possible to express all human knowledge in theory, including the external environment and human knowledge. ... so with the help of computer simulation, we can simulate the real world. With the deepening of scientific research, computer simulation has become an important research method, and its positive role has become increasingly prominent. Second, the positive role of computer simulation (1) Computer simulation has solved problems that traditional mathematical analysis methods cannot solve. Traditional mathematical analysis only studies a certain component in isolation, without considering the overall behavior of interaction. It is only applicable to systems in which the sum of all components is equal to the overall behavior, that is, it is effective when there is a linear relationship between the components of the system. However, we are faced with complex nonlinear systems everywhere in our lives, especially in the application fields of life, behavior, social and environmental sciences and modern technology or medicine (such as cancer research and aging research), which involve very important and complex problem fields. Because the nonlinear systems in these fields do not follow the superposition principle, even if we decompose the nonlinear complex system into simple subsystems that we can identify, the overall behavior of the system is much more complicated than that of each subsystem because of the interaction between many subsystems. Therefore, in order to uncover the mysteries of these complex systems, solve the problems closely related to human living conditions, and draw a deeper explanation from them, Newton's classical mathematics and statistical methods can no longer be completed alone. Holland, one of the pioneers of complexity science, pointed out that even if there is only a small amount of simple interaction between components, we can no longer give the conclusion of complexity research by analytical method. Faced with complex systems that cannot be analyzed by traditional methods, since the late 1980s, scientists engaged in complexity research at Santa Fe Institute in the United States have tried to find the basic principles for controlling the functions of complex systems. They initiated the methodological revolution of computer simulation experiments with computers as tools. Rasmussen and Barit, both members of Santa Fe Institute and Los Alamo National Laboratory, pointed out that due to the inherent system complexity (such as complex life phenomena), in the two research fields of science and engineering, if only analytical methods are used, it is impossible to establish an appropriate and clear model for the nature of interest or the details that cause phenomena. Even in other cases that are not very complicated, there is no model for this phenomenon. Because computer simulation can transform difficult problems in analysis (such as three-body problems) into easy problems in calculation, when analytical methods are difficult to deal with, people begin to use more and more comprehensive methods of computer simulation. (2) Computer simulation is a flexible and effective simulation tool, which provides a main method for the construction of theoretical knowledge. As a simulation tool, computer simulation is flexible. According to the definition of computer simulation, computer simulation refers to an operable computer program that dynamically simulates the evolution process of a system. In other words, computer simulation can simulate many phenomena mainly by means of its programs. Computer programming languages have been proved to be easy to simulate, and computer programming languages are extremely rich (there have been hundreds of advanced computer programming languages since FORTRAN appeared in the 1950s, with dozens of the most common ones). These rich programming languages can describe the state of systems and complex programs conveniently and flexibly. At the same time, computer programs involve few basic sentences, but have strong functions, such as static representation of logical relations, representation of fuzzy or random values, dynamic numerical calculation, representation of time programs and activities. So some people say that when all methods have been exhausted and there is no way to solve the problem, we might as well try computer simulation. J 1 Among many scientific disciplines, some disciplines (such as physics) have mature theories, but some emerging disciplines or comprehensive disciplines (such as life science, psychology, system science, etc. ) lack of concise and beautiful theory to explain the phenomenon. In these disciplines, the explanation of phenomena is usually expressed in natural language and is not always based on clear and complete formalization. Computer simulation is a dynamic process of obtaining results from the execution of a calculation model representing system behavior, which can provide a method to obtain a calculation model by copying system behavior. According to this view, the computer can dynamically simulate more intuitive and clear results, such as printable data, dynamically changing graphics, etc., without a conclusive theory to analyze in the simulation process. In this way, in the absence of satisfactory theory, the results of computer simulation can actively participate in the establishment of theoretical framework and play an important role in the creation of scientific theories. (3) Computer simulation is a special scientific experiment. In scientific research, not all scientific problems can be directly put into experiments. With the deepening of research, there are more and more problems that can't be solved by experiments, which mainly refer to the problems caused by nonlinear systems composed of a large number of subsystems with complex relationships. Facing these complex systems, computer simulation has played an important role in application and epistemology. It can help scientists to study problems that cannot be studied by traditional experimental methods. In this sense, computer simulation can be regarded as a special scientific experiment different from traditional experimental methods. The traditional experiment we mentioned here refers to the operation process of experimental instruments by experimenters in the laboratory to achieve a certain purpose. Taking biology as an example, this traditional experiment refers to the experiment completed in vivo or in vitro (such as in a test tube). Compared with the traditional experimental mode, computer simulation is fast, economical and safe, and can play the role of experiments, and its application field is not limited to experiments. Special experiments completed in the form of computer simulation are usually called silicon experiments. This kind of experiment is completed by executing computer programs. It has two functions: the first function is to intervene (speed up or slow down or interrupt) the experimental process, such as being able to execute, stop and accept inspection at any time, and resume execution under new conditions. These are difficult to obtain from practical experiments and cannot be realized in most realistic dynamic systems (such as ecosystems and economy). With this function, when it is necessary to promote the normal development of things, computer simulation can achieve this goal; The second function is modularity. The modularity mentioned here is mainly from the perspective of function. A module is similar to a "black box", that is, it is "packaged" or "encapsulated", that is, when simulating a system, it is not necessary to know the internal structure of its subsystems, but only what functions it has. Its advantage is that in computer simulation, it is not necessary to delve into the change mechanism of the simulated system, but only proceed from the actual data or intuitive feelings, and then carry out feedback control according to the simulation results, modify the simulation program, and finally make the simulation results as close as possible to the real data. In addition, due to the limitations of practical experiments, computer simulation is often used to study those systems that are difficult to achieve, such as exploring many systems in the micro or macro world, and computer simulation methods have played an important role. Because of this, simulation is regarded as a substitute for experiments that are impossible in reality. The impossibility here is from the theoretical or practical point of view: from the theoretical point of view, impossible experiment refers to the analysis of the opposite situation, such as studying the possible values of some basic constants (such as the charge of electrons) different from the real thing; From practice? 9? 9 168? 9? From the point of view of 9, impossible experiment refers to the research or operation of objects such as the internal structure of stars that we can't get close to. Therefore, in scientific research, computer simulation is not only an experiment, but also a special scientific experiment, a theoretical model experiment and an ideological experiment. It is a bridge between theory and experiment. [4 1] Although the method of computer simulation has many limitations, it is nothing compared with its popularization in scientific research. Taking the development of system science as an example, modern system thought appeared in the field of science and engineering at the beginning of last century, but it was not until the appearance of all-electronic digital computers in the late 1940s and early 1950s that its importance became increasingly apparent, and it developed rapidly in just a few years. The appearance of computer simulation method explains why the research on systems with complex characteristics could not be successful before the appearance of computer technology, and also explains why the development of system science is so closely related to the development of computer technology. Wolfram, the author of A New Science, once pointed out that science is in a period of great change in a new research method, which is computer simulation experiment. Computer-based simulation method is another epoch-making scientific research method after Galileo established the scientific method of controlled experiments in the17th century. It not only makes up for the weakness of human thinking, but also alleviates the limitations of people in research tools. The vigorous development of computer simulation method bears the development of society, promotes the progress of scientific research and improves human cognitive ability. As a scientific research method, computer simulation plays an important role both in practice and in theory and is indispensable.
The research field of computer science is briefly described. The application field of computer has penetrated into all walks of life, changed the traditional way of working, studying and living, and promoted the development of society. The main application fields of computers are as follows:
1. Scientific calculation (or numerical calculation)
Scientific calculation refers to the use of computers to calculate mathematical problems raised in scientific research and engineering technology. In the work of modern science and technology, the problems of scientific calculation are complicated. Using the computer's high-speed calculation, large storage capacity and continuous operation ability, various scientific calculation problems that can't be solved manually can be realized.
For example, in architectural design, in order to determine the size of components, a series of complex equations are derived elastically, which can not be solved for a long time because the calculation method can not keep up. Computer can not only solve this kind of equation, but also cause a breakthrough in elasticity theory, and the finite element method appears.
2. Data processing (or information processing)
Data processing refers to a series of activities such as collection, storage, sorting, classification, statistics, processing, utilization and dissemination of various data. According to statistics, more than 80% of computers are mainly used for data processing, and this kind of workload is extensive, which determines the dominant direction of computer application.
Data processing has gone through three stages from simple to complex. They are:
① Electronic Data Processing (EDP), which realizes the single item management of a department based on the file system.
(2) Management Information System (MIS), which uses database technology as a tool to realize the overall management of a department and improve work efficiency.
(3) Decision Support System (DSS) based on database, model base and method base helps management decision makers to improve their decision-making level and improve the correctness and effectiveness of business strategies.
At present, data processing has been widely used in office automation, enterprise computer-aided management and decision-making, information retrieval, book management, film and television animation design, accounting computerization and other fields. Information is forming an independent industry, and multimedia technology makes information not only appear as numbers and words, but also as emotional audio and video information.
3. Assistive technology (or computer-aided design and manufacturing)
Computer-aided technology includes CAD, CAM and CAI.
(1) computer-aided design.
Computer-aided design is a technology that uses computer system to assist designers in engineering or product design, so as to achieve the best design effect. It has been widely used in airplanes, automobiles, machinery, electronics, architecture and light industry. For example, in the design process of electronic computer, CAD technology is used to simulate architecture, logic, plug-in division, automatic wiring and so on. , thus greatly improving the degree of automation of design work. For another example, in the process of architectural design, CAD technology can be used for mechanical calculation, structural calculation and drawing architectural drawings, which not only improves the design speed, but also greatly improves the design quality.
⑵ Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).
Computer-aided manufacturing is a process of managing, controlling and operating production equipment by computer system. For example, in the manufacturing process of products, computers are used to control the execution of machines, handle materials needed in the production process, control and handle the flow of materials, and detect products. Using CAM technology can improve product quality, reduce cost, shorten production cycle, improve productivity and improve working conditions.
Integrating CAD and CAM technology to realize design and production automation is called computer integrated manufacturing system (CIMS). Its realization will truly realize the unmanned chemical plant (or workshop).
⑶ Computer-aided teaching.
Computer-aided teaching is the use of computer systems to use courseware for teaching. Courseware can be developed and produced with writing tools or high-level languages, which can guide students to learn step by step and make them learn what they need easily from courseware. The main characteristics of CAI are interactive education, individual guidance and personalized teaching.
4. Process control (or real-time control)
Process control is to use computer to collect test data in time and quickly adjust or control the controlled object according to the optimal value. Using computer for process control can not only greatly improve the automation level of control, but also improve the timeliness and accuracy of control, thus improving working conditions and improving product quality and qualified rate. Therefore, computer process control has been widely used in machinery, metallurgy, petroleum, chemical industry, textile, hydropower, aerospace and other departments.
For example, in the automobile industry, using computers to control machine tools and control the whole assembly line can not only realize the automation of parts with high precision and complex shapes, but also make the whole workshop or factory realize automation.
5. Artificial intelligence (or intelligent simulation)
Artificial intelligence is a computer simulation of human intelligence activities, such as perception, judgment, understanding, learning, problem solving and image recognition. At present, the research of artificial intelligence has made many achievements, some of which have begun to move towards the practical stage. For example, expert systems that can simulate senior medical experts for disease diagnosis and treatment, intelligent robots with certain thinking ability, and so on.
6. Network application
The combination of computer technology and modern communication technology constitutes a computer network. The establishment of computer network not only solves the communication between computers in a unit, a region and a country, but also greatly promotes the transmission and processing of various international materials such as words, images, videos and sounds.
There are many topics in computer science that can be studied, such as the design of artificial intelligence operating system. . .
Satisfied, please adopt.
What is the ranking of graduate students in computer science in the United States?
Universities and colleges
mark
# 1
Carnegie Mellon University
5.0
Pitttown, Pennsylvania
# 1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
5.0
Cambridge, Massachusetts
# 1
Stanford University
5.0
Stanford, California
# 1
University of California at Berkeley
5.0
Berkeley, California
#5
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
4.6
Urbana, Illinois
#6
Cornell University
4.5
Ithaca, New York
#6
University of Washington
4.5
Seattle Washington
#8
Princeton University
4.4
Princeton, New Jersey
#9
Geia institute of technology
4.3
Atlanta, Georgia
#9
University of Texas at Austin
4.3
Austin, Texas
# 1 1
California Institute of Technology
4.2
Pasadena, California
# 1 1
university of wisconsin
4.2
Madison, Wisconsin
# 13
University of California, Los Angeles
4. 1
Los Angeles, California
# 13
University of Michigan at ann arbor
4. 1
Ann arbor, Michigan
# 15
Columbia University
4.0
New york, New York
# 15
University of California San Diego
4.0
La Jolla, California
# 15
University of Maryland, Park College
4.0
University Park of Maryland
# 18
Harvard University
3.9
Cambridge, Massachusetts
# 19
University of Pennsylvania
3.8
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
#20
Brown University
3.7
Providence, Rhode Island
#20
Purdue University-West Lafayette
3.7
West lafayette, Indiana
#20
Rice University
3.7
Houston, Texas
#20
University of southern California
3.7
Los Angeles, California
#20
Yale University
3.7
New haven, Connecticut
The above is my answer to this question, I hope it will help you.
How many points do you need to take the Changchun industrial computer graduate exam, and have crossed the national line?